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MIDAY, riLARCH ;'.9, 1940
~PA2G~ WO1~R PRJ.DAY, MARCH ~9, 1940
THE MICHIGAN DAILY
- ~
3 0
Edited and managed by students of the University of
Michigan under the authority of the Board in Control of
Student Publications.
Published every morning except Monday during the
University yearand Summer Session.
Member of the Associated Press
The Associated Press is exclusively entitled to the
use for republication of all news dispatches credited to
it or not otherwise credited in this newspaper. All
rights of republication of all other matters herein also
reserved.
Entered at the Post Office at Ann Arbor, Michigan, as
second class mail matter.
Subscriptions during regular school year by carrier,
#4.00; by mail, $4.50.
REPRESENTED FOR NATIONAL. ADVER .SING BY
National Advertising Service, Inc.
College Publishers Representative
420 MADISON A AE.GNEW YORK, N. Y.
CHICAGe OsTON C Los ANGELES - SAN9F4ANCISCO
Member, Associated Collegiate Press, 1 939-40
Carl Petersen
Elliott Maraniss
Stan M. Swinton
Morton L. Linder
Norman A. Schorr
Dennis Flanagan
John N. Canavan
Ann Vicary
Mel Fineberg
Editorial Staff
. s es. .
. . . .
Business Staff
Managing Editor
Editorial Director
. City Editor
. Associate Editor
. Associate Editor
. Associate Editor
*Associate Edito;
. Women's Editdr
. Sports Editor
. Paul R. Park
Ganson P. Taggart
Zenovia Skoratko
Jane Mowers
* Harriet S. Levy
$usiness Manager..
Asst. Business Mgr., Credit Manager
Women's Business Manager
Women's Advertising Manager
Publications Manager .
NIGHT EDITOR: LAURENCE MASCOTT
The editorials published in The Michigan
Daily are written by members of The Daily
staff and represent the views of the writers
only.
Why Deprive Aliens
Of Civil Liberties? . . .
A T PRESENT there are more than
100 bills pending in Congress which
aim at curtailing the civil liberties of aliens.
One of the most vicious of these proposals is
the one introduced by Senator Reynolds of
North Carolina which would require the man-
datory registration and fingerprinting of all
aliens in the United States.
This bill, which was recently passed by the
Senate Committee on Immigration, is one of
the most undemocratic bills ever proposed be-
fore any legislative body in the United States
and would eventually lead to the curtailment
of civil liberties of all Americans. Secretary of
Labor Frances Perkins, when asked about the
possible effects of the bill, remarked:
"The registration of aliens would constitute
a tremendous step toward regimentation of the
citizen. Once applied to aliens, it is likely to
be only a matter of time when some similar mea-
sure is applied to citizens . . . it offers possibility
of abuse in political situations, labor disputes,
etc., and opens the way to racketeering at the
expense of these people."
The adherents of the Reynolds Bill claim that
it is absolutely necessary, and advance the fol-
lowing reasons: 1. Registration would check
the smuggling of aliens. 2. Registration of all
aliens would be useful in time of war. 3. Regis-
tration would be an incentive for naturalization.
These arguments are all easily disposed of.
There is no need to check the smuggling of
aliens because no appreciative number of aliens
now gets into the country illegally. The immi-
gration law of 1924 is very effective here.
The controls established in wartime over citi-
zens and aliens alike adequately meet the needs
of ascertaining the whereabouts of all residents
as they did in the last war. A system of regis-
tration in wartime would be useless therefore.
The arguments against coercion as a method
of naturalization are manifold. Aliens who
would be forced into becoming citizens would
hardly be the type the country desires. There
are more effective measures which could be
taken to remove the obstacles to naturalization.
The case against compulsory registration and
fingerprinting is very strong. First, it would
treat our immigrant population as criminal.
One of the most precious heritages of the Amer-
ican system is that all individuals should be
free from police surveillance until they ar sus-
pected of crime.
Secondly, it would set up a system of espionage
similar to that of the Gestapo in Germany.
Aliens would become an easy prey to all unscru-
pulous persons posing as agents of the govern-
ment.
Thirdly, it would be a powerful weapon in
the hands of employers against alien workers
in trade unions and in times of strikes. Aliens
could be threatened with deportation or impri-
sonment if they joined labor unions or partici-
pated in strikes.
Finally, it would lead to the eventual regis-
tration of all citizens, in order to enforce regis-
tration of aliens, because it is almost impossible
to discriminate between aliens and naturalized
citizens.
For all these reasons and many more this bill
should be opposed as unnecessary, impractical
and as a definite threat to democracy.
- Yale Forman
A Personal Moral Code
And The Honor System ...
THE SOLEMN PROMISE that "I have
neither given nor received aid dur-
ing this examination" is a familiar pledge to
every student in the University of Michigan's
College of Engineering; and although the honor
system has been under fire at various times,
its 24 successful years in the engineering school
have demonstrated the worth and effectiveness
of the plan.
In essence the honor system is founded upon
the psychological basis that college students are
past adolescence and should know their own
minds by this time. However, even in depart-
ments employing the conventional proctor sys-
tem it stands to reason that a person who
cheats is the loser in the long run anyway, and
if a student consistently cheats he cannot hope
to receive full beieit from his college education.
Contrary to popular belief, the engineering
code of ethics is not designed exclusively to curb
"unfair competition" in the form of cribbing or
plagiarizing, but it sets an ideal for all engineers
to uphold-a spirit of honor and fair play. It
is an educative as well as regulative instrument.
Prof. E. K. Hillbrand. of Dakota Wesleyan
University remarked in a speech several years
ago: "There is, it seems, no panacea for the
problem of cheating. One way to eliminate
cheating is to hammer away at a spirit of
noblesse oblige and build up a feeling of esprit
de corps among the students such that the
general atmosphere will be unfavorable to
cheating."
ESPRIT DE CORPS best characterizes the
attitude of students in the engineering
school. When they take their seats to write an
examination they are fully aware of their obliga-
tions to the engineering motto "Engineers are
square." The honor system operates immediately
after the professor leaves the room, and each
student is under oath not only to be honest
with himself but to report any infractions he
might observe to the Student Honor Committee.
One of the principle aims of the honor system
is to develop a sense of cooperation and personal
resp<*sibility among students. Thus it serves
a dual purpose-first to insure a means for
mutual protection on examinations, and second
to serve as a moral goal for students to strive
toward.
Several times in the last two decades the
faculty has been split on the issue whether the
honor system should be extended to include the
College of Literature, Science and Arts. As yet
the literary college still clings to the proctor
system-those professors not favoring a change
arguing that a student body so large would be
unwilling to cooperate toward the maintenance
of such a plan.
However, according to statistics issued by
School and Society, in 1933 16 well-known col-
leges and universities in the country employed
the honor system exclusively, and there are
many more which use the plan in certain de-
partments. Some of those using the honor sys-
tem alone include Virginia, North Carolina, Cal-
ifornia, Oberlin, Princeton, Stanford, Vanderbilt
and William and Mary. William and Mary has
successfully used the plan in all departments
since 1779!
PROF. N. B. TUCKER of William and Mary,
writing in the University Quarterly, ex-
presses the faith of the faculty in the system:
"He (the student) comes to us a gentleman.
As such we receive him and treat him, and reso-
lutely refuse to know him in any other character.
He is not harassed with petty regulations; he is
not insulted and annoyed by impertinent sur-
veillance-we receive no accusation but from
the conscience of the accused."
As Prof. Earl Griggs of the English department
wrote in the Michigan Daily for April 17, 1933:
"The honor system treats students as human
beings, not as naughty children." College author-
ities cannot compel students to be moral, but
they at least owe it to them to provide for con-
ditions as favorable as possible to moral behavior.
- Malcolm Hunger
Two news stories printed the same day tell
the story of the misfortunes of China, They
are announcement of the new Wang Ching-wei
Cabinet and an appeal from Consul General
Gauss in Shanghai for American help to meet
"a desperate food shortage" in China.
---New York Times
Of ALL Things...
e...By Morty-Q ... .
IT BEGINS to look as if they ought to change
the name of this page from the "editorial
page" to the "drama section," for it seems there
has been an especial lot of print on plays and
the theatre in the past few days. Starting with
Saturday's review of "The Gentle People," and
Mr. Q.'s disgust with the audience on Sunday,
there followed 4oung Gulliver's splendid piece
on student-written plays Tuesday and Mr. Q.'s
reaction to Paul Muni and "Key Largo" Wednes-
day. Then yesterday, there appeared Jim Green's
very adequate review of "The Critic," another
bit by Gulliver, and a letter from Charles Leavay.
This is all as it should be, for the drama in
Ann Arbor has long suffered from lack of public
interest, and any attempt to revitalize the thea-
tre here is well worth while. There can be no
question that the drama is the most forceful,
the most mobile, and the most enjoyable of all
audience entertainments, and should be given
whole-hearted support. There is something alive
and real about a play that is lacking in a motion
picture, a concert, or a lecture. Here we have
real people, real situations, real emotions, walk-
ing and talking before you. It lives and, if
written and presented well, makes the audience
live. The aesthetic principles of empathy and
catharsis are nowhere used to more advantage
than in the drama.
,HE FORCE and tremendous scope of this
medium were beautifully enphasized these
past few days. In five days, Mr. Q. saw produc-
tions of "The Gentle People," "Key Largo," and
"The Critic." And, also during that period, he
read W. H. Auden's "The Ascent of F 6" and
heard a reading in Professor Rowe's playwright-
ing course of a student-written play based on
the life of Dr. Ignatz Phillip Semmelweiss, the
father of modern obstetrics. The play was
written by Arnold Cohen, a junior medic, and
was read in class by Art Klein, one of the better
actors in the Play Production troupe. Every
possible emotion known to man, or anybody
else who feels emotions, can be found in these
five plays, and Mr. Q. dares anyone to show
him a more forceful and enjoyable means of
preserting them.
It is a pleasure for this column to announce
that he and Young Gulliver are now working
on the possibility of producing a student-written
play, probably under the auspices and spon-
sorship of The Daily. The play would be one
chosen by Professor Rowe, who claims he is
not as brilliant as Gulliver insists, but that he
gets his unequalled results by being tough. If
the necessary technical obstacles can be cleared,
the production will come off about the middle
of May. But enough drama for a while. More
on this subject later.
FROM Prof. Norman Anning, of the mathe-
matics department, who is The Daily's most
persistent critic and one of its more ardent
boosters, comes another of his welcome notes.
Professor Anning is one of the most amazing
men on this campus. Any of you who have
had math courses from him will know what
Mr. Q. means. Where he gets his store of energy
from is a continual source of amazement, and
Mr. Q. doubts if there is a single current topic,
whether it be the war or the national collegiate
swim meet or the inches of snowfall since spring
began in which he does not have a lively interest.
And Mr. Q. will offer a slightly used set of Rus-
sian justifications to anyone who can catch Pro-
fessor Anning without a little whimsical smile on
his face. Anyhow, here's his latest:
Hello Morty:
The Daily reporter made Professor Williams
say "..... liberties of a free people would be
slowly and invidiously destroyed." Want to bet
that he didn't say "insidiously?"
FROSH TRACK SQUAD AUGERS WELL FOR
NEXT YEAR. Is Harold Wilson boring from
within?
Page 5. "This ceremony symbolizes the creation
of the world and the growth of world civilization
since then." That's all.
Orchids for somebody who correctly spelled
CARILLONNEUR. I knew you could do it.
- N. Anning
When Peace Comes, Where Will We Be?
By EMILE GELE
S THE UNITED STATES alter-
nately yawns at the inactivity
on the Western Front, and registers
indignant interest when the warfare
wanders into American waters, Euro-
peans and many Americans cast quiz-
zical eyes on United States' foreign
policy. Sumner Welles' recent pil-
grimage to European political shrines
freshens queries as to the exact na-
ture of the United States' intentions
in the present conflict.
Apparently, the result of Mr.
Welles' fact-gathering has been an
emphatic reaffirmation of policy on
the part of Hitler, Chamberlain and
Daladier (and Reynaud) in behalf
of their respective governments. Of
course, the usual rumors of myster-
ious undercover agreements and pro-
posals persist, largely because of Mr.
Welles' taciturn diplomatic tjch-
nique. But the questions are, what
effect will the mission have on Amer-
ican attitude? And what proposals
will the United States make for the
promotion of peace?
American attitude, as reflected
through President Roosevelt's for-
eign policy during the last few appre-
hensive years, has been a curious
phenomenon. And President Roose-
velt's leadership is not alone respon-
sible for the nature of this foreign
policy. Although the President has
considerable leeway in maneuvering
:iplomatic negotiations, the opinion
of the people remains the ultimate
power behind foreign policies.
SCANNING indications of American
opinion since 1935, one cannot
help wondering what part the United
States will take in bringing peace
and in the reconstruction of the
world at the end of the war. The
American Institute of Public Opin-
ion, noted as an unbiased and ac-
curate gage of public attitude, has
tabulated tendencies that shape for-
eign policy.
In October of 1935 according to the
Institute, 71% of the pollees declared
that if war occurred in Europe no
assistance in stopping the conflict
should come from this side of the
Atlantic; and 50% believed the Uni-
ted States should prohibit all trade
with belligerents. This isolationist
policy of the early '20's was again!
indicated in August of '36 as 95% de-
manded that the United States take
no part in the next world war. Thus
the American people regarded a war-
diseased Europe as a leper too dan-
gerous for intercourse.
But not to advocate complete iso-
lation, 66% approved calling a world
disarmament conference in Septem-
ber of '36. However, 59% preferred
that someone other than President
Roosevelt call the conference. In
other words, it was feared that initia-
tive in organizing a conference would
bog the United States in foreign af-
fairs.
The poll of April, 1937 disclosed
55% choosing England as the best
liked European country. Germany
attracted 81. Another world war
was prophesied by 73% in August;
and 77% said if one nation caused
the war, it would be Germany. A
policy of non-credit to China was
advocated by 95%, but few protested
when a loan was made later. Con-
gress was requested to pass stricter
neutrality laws by 69% in November.
AQUICK SHIFT was evidenced in
February of '38 as 69% favored
giving England and France complete
aid outside of military support in
event of war. By March of '39, 76%(
were willing to sell Britain and
France food supplies, and 52% would
add war materials. In April the pre-
ceding figures had mounted to 82%
and 66% respectively, and 57%
wanted to change the neutrality law
to aid Britain and France.
These figures given an incomplete.,
but representative cross-section of
the public 'opinion that influences
foreign policy. They trace briefly
the trend from almost complete iso-
lation to concerned cooperation in
world affairs. They, along with the
sympathies' expressed during the re-
cent Polish and Finnish wars, show
American disapproval of aggressor
nations and uneasiness at the spread
of Communism and Nazism. What
they do not indicate is how powerful
public opinion will have to be before
the United States substitutes action
for talk.
The American people scored Eng-
land and France for talking instead
of fighting as Hitler marched into
Czechoslovakia; for talking until the
I I
blitzkrieg was halfway across Poland
before declaring war; for awaiting
an engraved request from Finland
for 40.000 men until the humiliating
peace was signed. Yet, as the United
States properly keeps out of the war
to make the world safe for peace,
what plans are being considered for
the formulation of this peace?
As public opinion swings toward
more participation in world affairs,
the United States must realize that
the belligerents will be economically
and physically exhausted regardless
of who wins; that the nations re-
maining neutral in order to make
the world safe for peace must be
willing to take the initiative, if nec-
essary, in organizing a peace plan.
Assuming that the democracies will
allow a nation that has remained
out of the war to have a part in
the peace, the United States should
make an effort to mitigate the ven-
geance of the victor and the suffer-
ing of the vanquished. Another Ver-
sailles would be another threat to
American security.
UNLESS MR. WELLES succeeded
in securing more compromising
terms from the belligerents than the
ones they publically reiterate, Amer-
ican opinion is not likely to be af-
fected by his mission. And unless
he has been secretly more specific
in his proposals of post-war peace,
Europe will remain skeptical of
American sincerity. The United
States' attitude on post-war economic
reconstruction, as conveyed to French
Premier Reynaud by Mr. Welles, can
hardly be called definite. He said
healthy commercial relations must
be established first; no two nations
should discriminate against others in
trade, and world trade must not be
hampered by animosities among na-
tions after the war. How far the
United States would go in fostering
these conditions was not mentioned.
Whether the United States would be
willing to lead in establishing a peace
.plan, or would stand by as an in-
terested kibitzer was not disclosed.
The richest, and presumably the
greatest, nation in the world remains
indecisively suspended in mid-air be-
tween the frying pan and fire of iso-
lation and active participation in
foreign affairs.
DAILY OFFICIAL BULLETIN
Musical Pedagogy (0ort dr ed:
Teaching The Appreciation Of Music
(Continued from Page 2) d
._s
in general demand, on application at
the Charging Desk after April 1. d
Wm. W. Bishop,
Librarian. 3
Faculty, School of Education: The
regular luncheon meeting of the
faculty will be held Monday noon,
April 1, at the Michigan Unior.
v
Faculty, College of Literature, a
Science, and the Arts: Midcsemestere
reports are due not later than Sat-a
urday, April 6. More cards if neededr
can be had at my office.k
These reports should name those
students, freshman and upperclass,
whose standing at midsemester time I
is D or E, not merely those who re-t
ceive D or E in so-called midsemester
examinations.I
Students electing our courses, butt
registered in other schools or collegesz
of the University, should be reported
to the school or college in which they
are registered.
E. A. Walter, As'istant Dean
"- -
Students who plan to enter the
Hopwood Contests should read thei
rules of the contests before the Spring
Vacation.
I. W. Cowden
The University Burea u of Appoint-
Ments and Occupational Information
has received notice of the following
United States Civil Service examina-
tions, applications to be filed by
April 22.
Senior Animal Geneticist, salary
$4,600.
Animal Geneticist, salary $3,800.
Associate Animal Geneticist, salary
$3,200.
Assistant Animal Geneticist, salary
$2,600.
Associate Coal Price Analyst and
Investigator, salary $3,200.
Assistant Coal Price Analyst and
Investigator, salary $2,600.
The Bureau has also received a bul-
letin of Illinois State Civil Service
examination notices, open to citizens
of Illinois. The list includes exami-
nations for social workers, engineers,
statisticians, physicians, nurses, bac-
teriologists, librarians and others.
Residence may be waived in some
cases.
Complete announcements on file
at the University Bureau of Appoint-
ments and Occupational Information,
201 Mason Hall. Office hours: 9-12
and 2-4.
Women's Team Bowling Tourna-
ment: All tournament matches must
be completed by Friday, April 5. Be-
cause of limited accommodations,
reservations must be made early. The
1-n~c .rr arnfir- q . -. ,i.nn . .01
ay 1:30 to 4:15, Barbour Gymna- R
ium. W
Swimming: Tuesday and Thurs- A
day, 7:30 p.M., Union Pool.
Riding: Monday and Wednesday,
:20, Barbour. Gymnasium. n
Academic Noticese
Candidates for Master's Degrees in b
History: The language examination
4ill be held inRoom B, Haven Hall,
at 4 p.m., today. Please bring your a
own dictionaries. Copies of old ex-7
aminations are on file in the Base-b
ment Study Hall, of the General Li-
brary.
Final Examination, for Hygiene>
Lectures for Women will be given atg
the regular class period on April 1
and 2 in Natural Science Auditorium.r
It is important that students attend
the section in which they have en-
rolled.
Concerts
Organ Recital: Chester Alan Tuc-
ker, organist, of Richmond, Virginia,
will give a recital in partial fulfill-t
ment of the requirements for the de-
gree of Bachelor of Music, on the
Frieze Memorial Organ, in Hill Audi-
torium, today at 4:15 o'clock. The
general public is invited.
Exhibitions
Exhibition, College of Architecture
and Design: Photographs of Finnish
architecture, by Ernst L. Schaible,
'37A, Booth Traveling Fellow in Arch-
itecture in 1938. Architectural cor-
ridor, ground floor cases, through
April 5. Open daily 9 to 5, except
Sunday. The public is invited.
Exhibit: Rubbings from Han Tombs
showing Legends and Life of the
Chinese in the 2nd Century A.D.
South Gallery, Alumni Memorial
Hall; 8:30-5:00 one week only, end-
ing March 30.
Lectures
University Lecture: Dr Richard P.
McKeon, Dean of the Division of
Humanities, University of Chicago,
will lecture on "Discovery and Proof
in the History of Logic" under the
auspices of the Department of Phil-
osophy at 4:15 p.m. today in the
Amphitheatre of the Rackham Build-
ing. The public is cordially invited.
University Lecture: Professor C. H.
Behre, Jr., of the Department of Geo-
logy at Northwestern University, will
lecture on "The Role of Minerals in
the War" under the auspices of the
Denartment nf Geologv at 4:15 n.m.
oom of the Rackham Building on the
work of a state insurance department.
li those interested are invited.
Modern Dace Club will meet to-
might at 7:10 in Barbour Gymnasium.
Stalker Hall: Bible Class at Stalk-
r Hall tonight at 7:30 o'clock. Hob-
ile groups at 9 o'clock.
Conservative Services will be held
at the Hillel Foundation tonight at
:30 p.m. A Fireside Discussion, led
by Prof. Roy W. Sellars, will follow.
Westminster Student Guild of the
Presbyterian Church will hold Open
House tonight 8:30-12:00. A pro-
gram of entertainment, dancing and
refreshments. All students are in-
vited.
Coing Events
Suomi Club meeting Saturday 8
p.m., Room 305, Michigan Union.
International Center: Conference
on International Education will meet
Saturday, from 2 to 4 o'clock. Any
students interested in eclucational
problems are welcome. '
Mrs. Ammu Swaminadan, one of
the foremost leaders in the National-
ist Movement in India, is to be speak-
er on the program Sunday, March
31, at 7 o'clock.
The movie Monday evening, April
1, at 7:30 will present the Magnolia
Gardens and the Cypress Gardens,
the famous Charleston gardens in
technicolor with sound effects.
The "He vs. She" Bridge Tourna-
ment will be held Saturday, March
30, at 2:00 p.m., in the Glee Club
Room of the Union. The contest is
open to all campus men and women
-women's teams will compete against
chose of the men. Entries may be
made by calling the Union Student
Offices between 3:00 and 5:00 any
afternoon this week.
All Girls interested in living cheap-
ly and cooperatively are invited to
a joint tea given by the Alice Free-
man Palmer and Katherine Pickerill
Cooperatives on Saturday, March 30,
from 3:00 to 5:00, at the Katherine
Pickerill Cooperative, 328 East Wil-
liam St. For information about co-
operatives, phone 2-1454 or 2-2218.
An April Fool's party and dance
will be given in the Congregational
Church, Saturday, March 30, at 9
p.m. All young people cordially in-
vited. Small charge.
Graduate Students, and other stu-
dpntIsintered-ator invited tn a
By JOHN SCHWARZWALDER
Among the other matters which this column
considers harmful to music the theory and prac-
tice of musical pedagogy rank high. This is
particularly true in universities and colleges in
the Midwest which have been influenced by
the methods employed at that great boys' fin-
ishing school, Harvard. The very term "Har-
vard musician" has become one of those 'smile
when you say that' remarks, but the tradition
lingers on.
The curriculum at Harvard's Dept. of Music
includes all possible courses in Appreciation of
Music, Theory of Music, Counterpoint, Har-
mony of all kinds, and Musicological Research.
But it is impossible at Harvard to learn how to
sing, play the piano or any other instrument,
compose music, conduct, or take any other
active part in music. It seems these subjects
are "practical" and cannot be taught in a school
which makes a pretense of academic distinction.
The taxpayers of the Middle West, may their
wisdom be cherished, never quite saw the valid-
ity of this sort of reasoning. They have always
insisted that if they paid the bill little Mary
and Johnny should be able to sing a tune and
play Paderewski's Minuet. Hence, albeit some-
what grudgingly, most Midwestern colleges have
had to include such instruction in their curricula.
towards greater emphasis on Music Apprecia-
tion and Musicology (strange term). It is this
fact which we find so deplorable. To us an
appreciation of any art is and by necessity
must be based on some slight degree of partici-
pation in that art. The basic step in an appre-
ciation of music should be some participation
in that artistic medium. All the reading of learn-
ed books in the world cannot make a musician
and it is quite possible to pass any musicological
course we ever took by three hours a week of
studious application to no more than two sources
of reference. We doubt if we appreciate the
Nibelungen Ring Cycle any more because we
know how to find a digest of Wagner's theory
on the importance of alliterative verse. We did
learn a lot about Wagner by having to sing a
minor role once on two weeks' notice.
The consequences of such teaching are ex-
tremely injurious to music as a whole. The num-
ber of excellent students who have left the Mid-
west in recent years, to take up private study
elsewhere is appalling; nor has Michigan been
immune. The emphasis on the academic has
forced fairly decent instrumentalists to become
rather bad harmony teachers, and has placed
what instruction is given in "applied music" in
the hands of capable people who are too often
slighted by their colleagues for lack of academic