THE MICHIGAN DAILY
PAGE THREE
THE MICHIGAN DAILY PAGE THREE
,-.
ir Force Probes Cheating
. 4
Problem Found
Common in U.S.
By The Associated Press
NEW YORK-About half the
students questioned in a 99-
college survey admitted having
cheated and "this is probably a
conservative estimate," a Colum-
bla University researcher reported
yesterday.
Few get caught. Fewer are pun-
ished severely. Seldom are they
expelled.
The survey findings were report-
ed even as the United States Air
Force Academy was being jolted by
a cheating scandal reminiscent of
the 1951 shakeup at the United
States Military Academy.
Air Force Academy
So far, with the investigation
still continuing on the Colorado
campus, 29 Air Force cadets-in-
cluding some athletes and top
scholars-have left school. In the
earlier West Point scandal, 90
Arnmy cadets were expelled, in-
cluding 43 varsity football play-
ers.
Supported by the federal gov-
ernment, Columbia researcher
William J. Bowers questioned
5,422 students at 99 colleges and
universities, as well as more than
600 college deans and more than
500 student body presidents.
Cheating Prevalent
"Perhaps the most alarming
finding of this body concerns the
prevalence of academic dishonesty
on American college campuses,"
Bowers said.
Students and teachers them-
selves do not realize the extent of
it.
"The magnitude of the problem
is grossly underestimated by mem-
bers of the campus community,"
Bowers continued.
Students' Estimates
"Two and a half times as many
students have cheated as student
body presidents estimate,' and
more than three times as many
have cheated as deans estimate.
"Even students themselves un-
derestimate the proportion of stu-
dents who have cheated at some
time; they tend to believe that
only about half as many have
cheated as their self-reports in-
dicate."
Origins
Bowers traced the origins of
college cheating to the high
schools and the prevailing stu-
dent philosophy thre that being
, "brain" damages the student's
popularity. Thus cheating is the
means of "getting by" without
risk to social standing.
In college, he continued, the
most influential deterrent Is the
student body's opinion of cheating
in general. Where student dis-
approval is high, the frequency
of cheating is low and vice versa.
Large Schools
"Large schools have higher
levels of cheating than small
ones," Bowers reported, "and co-
educational schools have higher
levels than either men's or wom-
en's colleges . ..
He said the lowest level occurred
on campuses with honor systems
where the students themselves
police honesty.
Such a system uncovered the
current Air Force Academy scan-
dal. There, the heart' of the
school's honor code is the cadets'
pledge that "we will not lie, cheat
or steal, nor tolerate among us
those who do."
'WILL HE CHEAT TODAY?'
Bundy Hits
Viet Retreat
WASHINGTON (P)-A top Unit-
ed States spokesman on Far East-
ern policy said yesterday that U.S.
withdrawal from South Viet Nam
is "unthinkable." He held open
the possibility of enlarging the
war in response to Communist
actions.
Assistant Secretary of State Wil-
liam P. Bundy said that in the
past year infiltration of Red guer-
rilla fighters and supplies from
North Viet Nam through Laos and
South Viet Nam has "markedly in-
creased."
This infiltration from the North
"has included for the first time
significant numbers of indigen-
ous North Vietnamese trained in
North Viet Nam in regular mili-
tary units," he said.
Bundy's disclosure of Vietna-
mese problems and U.S. policy for
dealing with them was contained
in a speech prepared for the
Chamber of Commerce in Wash-
ington, Mo.
His speech publicly confirmed
information disclosed by high of-
ficials Friday night. that heavy
infiltrations of North Vietnamese
roops into South Viet Nam had
taken place during 1964. Officials
put the number at several thou-
sand.
This appeared to introduce a
new element into the conflict,
which was already going badly
for the United States, primarily
because of political dissension
in Saigon and the Instability of
South Vietnamese governments.
Investigation of
Cadets Continues
AIR FORCE ACADEMY, Colo.,
(M--Air Force investigators from
the outside have been brought in
for a probe of classroom cheating1
which has already caused 29 resig-
nations at the Air Force Academy.
Col. Richard Haney, the acad-
emy information officer, said yes-
terday the investigation has been
placed in the hands of officers
from other Air Force installations
who are experienced in this type
of work.
It was disclosed that about 30
football players were among the
approximately 100 cadets involved
in the classroom cheating.
No Comment
Ben Martin, Academy football
coach, said regulations forbid any
comment from him at this time.
Secretary of the Air Force Eu-
gene M. Zuckert issued a state-
ment in Washington saying that
an investigation indicates the
existence "of a well organized
group of 10 or 12 cadets who
were stealing examination papers
and offering them for sale.
Resignations
"Some of these cadets have al-
ready submitted their resignation
for the good of the service," he
said.
Haney said that no more resig-
nations would be announced over
the weekend and that he was
closing down the information of-
fice for that period.
Zuckerthemphasized that the
"overwhelming majority of the
2700 cadets are not involved."
Honor Code ,
The honor code manual, by
which each cadet is bound two
months after he enters the Acad-
emy in June as a freshman, says:
"The cadet honor code consists
basically of four precepts: 'We
will not lie, steal or cheat or
tolerate among us anyone who
does.'
"There can be no shading, no
equivocation, no quibbling among
honorable men. Therefore, a cadet
who violates the cadet honor code
indicates his unworthiness to be
a member of the Air Force cadet
wing."
The manual goes on to say that
"cadets and officers of the USAF
Academy must report every sus-
pected breach of the cadet honor
cole."
Maj. Gen. Richard H. Warren,
academy sueprintendent, was re-
ported in Washington, but was
flying back later yesterday.
It was at the Air Force Acade-
my that President Kennedy made
his last appearance in Colorado.
He gave the commencement ad-
dress to the graduating class in
June 1963, five months before his
death.
Judge Halts Interference
In Selma Voting Drive
SELMA, Ala. (AP)-Federal Judge Daniel H. Thomas restrained
Dallas County law enforcement officials yesterday from interferring
with a Negro voter registration drive in Selma, Ala.
The order said that "persons legally entitled to register as voters
should be permitted to do so in an orderly fashion, calculated to
produce that result. And this court intends to see that opportunity
is afforded."
The petition for the temporary restraining order had been sought
by attorneys for legal defense fund of the National Association for
World News Roundup
By The Associated Press
WASHINGTON - President Lyndon B. Johnson went into the
hospital yesterday with a bad, hacking cough and a pain in his chest,
and the White House said he is "responding well to treatment and
there is no cause for alarn."
At noon, Johnson already had recovered sufficiently to talk to
newsmen in the bedroom he occupies on the 17th floor of the Bethesda
Naval Hospital.
Johnson chatted for 13 minutes with four reporters chosen to
represent the dozens of newsmen who had gathered at Bethesda
" Naval Hospital after his early-
iTmorning hospitalization was an-
REV. MARTIN LUTHER KING'
King Opens
New* Drive
SELMA, Ala. -In a county!
where they outnumber whites but
trail far behind in registered vot-
ers, Negroes hope their current
voter registration campaign and
others to follow will bring on a
day when no candidate can be
elected without their support.
How long it will take to achieve
the balance of power-if ever they
do-depends on the success or
failure of the registration drives.
Eventually, the Negroes hope to
elect candidates of their own race.
Similar conditions exist in oth-
er counties, but Nobel Peace Prize
winner Dr. Martin Luther King,
Jr. chose Selma as the starting
point for a promised statewide
voter registration movement.
Black Belt Capital
"One reason for this is that the
people here requested our' help,
and, Selma symbolizes. the capi-
tal of the black belt defiance of:
the civil rights law," said the Rev.
James Bevel, a member of King's
staff.
The black belt is a strip of
land running through South Ala-
bama and is named for the rich
black soil. But because it is pri-
marily farming country, it also is
a center of heavy Negro popula-
tion.
Negro Majority
Although Negroes outnumber
white residents in Dallas County,
their voting strength is too weak
to have any effect on an election.
Only about 335 Negroes are reg-
istered to vote out of an adult
population of 15,000. In the white
community, there are 9000 voters
out of a potential of 14,000.
King, keynoting the new civi:
rights struggle, promised his fol-
lowers the time will come when
they can elect officeholders of
their own race. That, he said, is
precisely what they aim to do.
Blame Authorities
Negro leaders blame state and
county authorities for what they
call a pattern of discrimination
which keeps their people from vot-
ing. At the present rate of regis-
tration, says King, it will take
more than 100 years to catch up.
County officials, disavowing any
discriminatory intent, say the Ne-
groes are at fault. In the twc
weeks before the current civi:
rights drive began, the registra-
tion board was in session six
days but county authorities say
only a few Negroes tried to reg.
ister.
the Advancement of Colored
People.
Harass Negroes
The request accused Dallas
County officials of harassing
Negroes in their attempt to regis-
ter to vote in Selma earlier this
week. The voter registration drive
was led by Nobel Peace Prize win-
ner the Rev. Martin Luther King
Jr.
Sheriff James Clark made
wholesale arrests Tuesday and
Wednesday after the Negroes first
refused to use an alley entrance,
and then the front door. The
Negroes demanded that they be
allowed to use a third entrance
which led past Clark's office. The
sheriff accused them of trying to
make trouble and arrested them
for unlawful assembly and refus-
ing to obey an officer.
The approximately 230 Negroes
arrested by Clark and his men are
free on bond.
Registration Procedure .
The United States district Judge
outlined how the voting registra-
tion procedur'e should be carried
out:
"Those seeking to register and
those seeking to act as vouchers
(registered voters vouching for the
applicants) will form an orderly
line not more than two abreast
from the entrance of the office
of the board of registrars, down
the corridor of the courthouse .. .
on a first come, first served basis
for the white or colored."
The sheriff was not available
for comment on the decision.
King Encouraged
In Atlanta, King called the rul-
ing very encouraging.
"It will help the voter registra-
tion drive a great deal," he said.
King had returned to his At-
lanta headquarters Friday night,
but said he planned to lead an-
other registration drive in Selma
Monday.
"We still face obstacles inside
the courthouse," King added.
"There are still complex literacy
tests and the slow process of
registration. In some cases, these
can be more injurious than any-
thing else."
Teachers Register
Selma was quiet yesterday fol-
lowing an unsuccessful attempt by
approximately 100 Negro school
teachers to register. They tried
three times to enter the court-
house before Clark and his men
pushed them back. The officers
bore clubs but did not touch any-
one with them. No one was
arrested.
King called it the most signi-
ficant development of the current
campaign.
"This is the first time in the
history of the movement that so
well organized and dramatic a
protest has been made by any pro-
fessional group in the Negro
community," King said.
The voter drive was concurrent
with a test of public accommoda-
tions in Selma cafes and lunch
tcounters.
l i.
f
i i
Y
1
EDITOR'S NOTE: For years physi-
cist C. P. Snow through his novels
has tried to bridge the intellectual
gap between scientist and artist,
technician and politician. Now, as
a minister and court sage of Brit-
ain's Labor government, he has an
opportunity to bring his book char-
acters to life.
By The Associated Press
LONDON-Thirty years ago a
London publisher issued a new
novel, "The Search," by a rising
young writer. In the same year
Britain's Royal Society published
a research paper, "Physico-Chem-
ical Studies of Complex Organic
Molecules -Monochromatic Irra-
diation."
Both works had one thing in
common-their author. He was a
Cambridge University physicist
named C. P. (for Charles Percy)
Snow.
During the past three decades
Snow has attempted to bridge the
intellectual gap between those two
early publications, while advanc-
ing up the ladder of success as
scientist, novelist, administrator
and now as the British Labor gov-
ernment's resident sage.
'Two Cultures'
The gap symbolizes what he
calls "the two cultures," a situa-
tion in which scientists and art-
ists, or technicians and politi-
cians, no longer speak the same
language.
PrimeMinister Harold Wilson
has granted Snow an opportunity
of the sort writers and thinkers
have dreamed about since Socra-
tes first conceived of the philoso-
pher-king-the power to put ideas
into practice. He named Snow
parliamentary secretary in the
Ministry of Technology.
Government Minister
The appointment is Snow's first
as a government minister, rather
than as one of the faceless bu-
reaucrats who people his novels.
He says he accepted it out of a
sense of duty and "because I
wanted to see what it would be
like."
"Action is a release for me. I
enjoy it," he told an interviewer
recently in his office overlooking
the river Thames.
Snow and his chief, Frank Cous-
ins, former head of Britain's big-
gest labor union, are charged with
the task of introducing a reluctant
British industry to modern tech-
nology - automation, electronics
and modern methods of manage-
ment and labor relations.
Raise Technology
Snow in particular is responsi-
ble for raising the status of tech-
nology in the public eye.
Engineering counts for so little
in Britain that although every
humanities place in the nation's
universities is filled, hundreds of
engineering places are empty.
Young people don't want them,
Snow commented.
:Free to
iMi ch igan
Students
250 to others
A new booklet, published by a
non-profit educational founda
tion, tells which career field lets
you make the best use of all
your college training, including
liberal-arts courses-which
career field offers 100,000 new
jobs every year - which career
field produces more corporation
presidents than any other-what
starting salary you can expect.
Just send this ad with your name
and address. This 24-page,
career-guide booklet, "Oppor-
tunities in Selling," will be
mailed to you. No cost or obli-
gation. Address: Council on Op-
portunities, 550 Fifth Ave.. New
E York 36, N. Y., UM-1-18
"This is maddening, and if it
goes on long enough., all our ef-
forts are going to get us nowhere.
We still don't believe in the tech-
nological revolution."
Admires United States
He is a frank admirer of
way the United States and
Soviet Union have mobilized
entific talent. "Nowhere in
MAN OF MANY TALENTS:
Snow Mixes Politics, Science
C. P. SNOW
world has the
low status as in
ica, in Russia,
head up high.
said.
engineer such a
Britain. In Amer-
he can hold his
Not here," Snow
the
the
sci-
the
Remedying this is at best an
amorphous task, and Snow is
somewhat reticent about his plans.
He favors the discreet methods
of the "closed politics" he de-.
scribes in his books-bringing sci-
entists and businessmen in con-
tact with each other. "When peo-
-.s.............
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ple come into something, they
bringtheir friends in, too," he
said.
Open Method
Beyond that, there is one open
method which carries, weight in
class-conscious Britain, the semi-
annual honors lists of peers,
knights and medal-winners. The
new Labor government's list, in
which Snow had a voice, had more
engineers and technologists on it
than ever before.
By the time he was 30, Snow
had published a dozen papers on
his specialty of crystallography. He
abandoned a promising future in
physics to devote more time to
literature. A friend and colleague,
physicist J. D. Bernal, recently
said:
"Snow was more interested in
scientists as people, and in their
effect on the world they lived in."
Contemporary World
Through the years Snow has
written of the world in which he
has lived: a world as he calls it,
of closed politics -- the intimate
gathering of college deans deciding
on who shall receive a fellowship,
the almost too-casual committees
of civil servants formulating poli-
cies which they hope their politi-
cal masters will be forced to fol-
low.
Above all, it is a world of per-
sonal and political commitment,
whether out of ambition, ideal-
ism, duty, or a mixture of all
these. It is a story of man work-
ing out his destiny within so-
ciety, a story on which many mod-
ern novelists, like their heroes,
have turned their backs. He deals
with the problems of commitment
to modern society rather than
alienation from it.
ATTENTION: CIN EMA DDICTS
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SAIGON-The Communist Viet
Cong have begun a campaign to
steal government uniforms in
what may be a prelude to a new
deceptive twist in their fighting
tactics.
A Vietnamese government em-
ploye disclosed yesterday that
guerrillas twice stopped a bus tak-
ing him back to Saigon and made
government soldiers aboard sur-
render their uniforms.
SAIGON - Anti - government
demonstrators burned books yes-
terday in a United States infor-
mation service library in Hue, 400
miles north of Saigon, smashed
all the building's windows and
ransacked offices.
Premier Tran Van Huong urged
his people "not to be dragged into
this monkey business" in a des-
perate radio appeal to halt the
growing violence.
* * *
UNITED NATIONS - Secre-
tary-General U Thant appointed
Maj. Gen. Syseno Sarmento of
Brazil commander of the United
Nations emergency force in the
Middle East yesterday. He replaces
Maj. Gen. Carlos Flores Paiva-
Chaves of Brazil, who left the
post because of illness.
1 X
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Mass Registration
Mass registration could give the
Negroes control of the county, just
as it did in Tuskegee. A federal
Judge found that registration of-.
ficials there long had discrimi-
nated against Negroes, and order-
ed it stopped. Now the Negroes
have a voting majority and have
elected two city councilmen and
four county officials.
With a 15,000 to 14,000 advan-
tage in voting age population, Dal-
las County Negroes could do it, too.
Tie art of fine wring ives eautiful support to drip-dry
'.~. .~Mermaids
,.
rI
DR. CARL COHEN
Associate Professor of Philosophy
SPEAKS at HILLEL
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