U..S. EXTENDS
INVITATION TO WAR
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Seventy-Six Years of Editorial Freedom
VOL. LXXVI, No. 44S
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, SATURDAY, JULY 9,11966
SEVEN CENTS
FOUR PA
:i
Poverty
Program- Working
To
Aid
Rural
Poor
EDITOR'S NOTE: City slums are
spectacular, but halfttheanation's
poor are down on the farm. The
fight on rural poverty has just be-
gun, and already it is plain-the
problems are immense, and prog-
ress will be slow. But the fight
goes on-against bad schooling, big
families, racial antipathy and the
flight to the slums.
FRIENDSHIP, Tenn. OP) - Shef
dropped out of school during the
fifth grade, and at 14 married a
sturdy young man of 20 who had
reckoned that six years of educa-
tion were plenty.
Now, nine years later, Mr. and
Mrs. Ray Sharp still live in these
rolling hills of Crockett County in
western Tennessee. Sharp gets his
house rent free and $6 a day as a
farm worker-on' days when farm
work is wanted.
Yet their future looks moder-
ately promising because they and
the federal government are allies
in a small but enthusiastic war on
poverty. Their poverty.
"I've cut taters till I look like
one," Olene Sharp said cheerful-
ly after helping slice 400 pounds
of seed potatoes.
Under the poverty program, the
Sharps got a $1,940 loan so they
could buy a second-hand truck, a
small tractor, a chain saw.
When other work isn't available,
Sharp can tend his own cabbage,
sweet corn and potatoes. And, by
cutting posts and doing hauling
jobs, he made $700 during the win-
ter. Not spectacular, maybe, but
manna to the Sharps whose in-
come previously had been $700 for
an entire year.
No longer is Sharp alarmed
when no job is available.
"On my own, I'll make right
smart more," he said, "Bfore that
loan, I couldn't move, so I just
sit."
The chances appear good that small, personal gains like the migrant finds himself only quali- Has this nation drifted too near
the Sharps will repay the $1,940 Sharps-balanced, of course, by fied for the unskilled labor mar- the welfare state? Or is it - as
they owe the nation's taxpayers, disheartening losses. ket. He has a lack of culture some of the poor protest by boo-
plus the 48 per cent interest. -The belief prevails, at least in needed for city living, and he goes ing antipoverty chief Sargent
In her modest but tidy home, some areas, that while city slums into the slum areas and on to Shriver and by camping out across
chatting with her sister-in-law, attract nearly all the attention, the welfare roles." from the White House--too late
Patsy Jean Warren, from Frog and, so far, most of the money, the Because violent disagreements with too little?
Jump, Tenn., Mrs. Sharp looked key to poverty remains in rural rage over even simple definitions,
confidently ahead. America. Even though this has any discussion of the poor runs In this swirling controversy it's
She said she hopes her 2-year- become an urban nation, half of into dismaying problems. easy to forget the main point:
old daughter will stay in school its poor live in the country. At what precise point do you that human beings are involved-
longer than she did and thus be The city's woes can never be become poor? The Office of Eco- the poor and those trying to help
better equipped to face a world solved, so this theory goes, so long nomic Opportunity says a family them - and that human beings
which no longer has any use for as the country poor surge in like of four needs an annual income of rarely fit pat theories.
the unlettered and the unskilled. lemmings from farm and hamlet, $3,140 if it's in a city or $2,190 Already one theory - that the
With 35 million poor around, maybe looking for better jobs, if it's in a rural area. poor are poor credit risks-is tak-
the Sharps don't mean much sta- maybe counting on bigger relief Do the impoverished want ing a beating.
tistically, but they do illustrate checks. work? Or do they prefer welfare? The Farmers Home Administra-
two important points: In folklore the bumpkin was a Is President Johnson's war on tion can make what are called
-Increasingly, those who work joke; in reality he's a disaster. poverty designed to raise incomes economic opportunity loans of up
directly with the poor seem to be In a recent Washington inter- of the poor or is it, as some Re- to $2500 to individuals so poor no
concluding that there will be no view, Howard Bertsch, the farm- publicans claim, neatly arranged bank could afford the risk. Their
spectacular breakthroughs, that if ers home administrator, described to help the politicians in an elec- repayments have been surprisingly
progress is made it will be by what happens: "The average out- tion year? prompt.
William R. McIntosh, the farm-
ers home supervisor responsible
for the loan to the Sharps, says
only siv of his 35 loans of this
type may be in arrears.
In one vital respect, the Sharps
are lucky.
They are white, in a strongly
segregationist county.
Poverty and civil rights are
closely intertwined, especially in
the rural South. So a visitor, fa-
miliar with the stories of violence
and hatreds, is understandably
surprised at evidences of interra-
cial cooperation.
Take Clarksdale, Miss., Coahoma
County seat in the fertile Missis-
sippi River delta.
As the richest cities maintain
the . vilest slums, so the richest
farm lands are surrounded by
some of the most forlorn poor.
An Agriculture Department map
with a dot for each 500 poor rural
families, shows poverty in all 50
states, but along the lower Mis-
sissippi the dots are so thick they
become solid black.
King Cotton is blamed. Once
this nation planted 40 million
acres of cotton. Because of new
fertilizers and technology, plus
competition from synthetics, cot-
ton acreage has been whacked to
10.5 million acres, this year's cuts
alone will affect another 1000
workers in Coahoma County.
One man being aided by the
poverty program, after pointing
out what he thought were cer-
tain successes, tried to assess the
present state of the struggle to
help the country poor.
"It's got a helluva long way to
go," he said, "before it does some-
thing to cut poverty."
Report Drop
In Size of
Police Rolls
Survey Shows High
Employment Rate
Hurts Recruitment
By The Associated Press
An Associated Press survey of 10
cities across the nation shows that
police recruitment is down in half
of them. But the drop in police
rolls apparently has little to do
with the recent Supreme Court
decision on confessions, which
many law enforcement officials
'4 view with alarm.
Rather, it's mainly the high em-
ployment situation, more money in
industry, and a raft of retirements,
by officers who joined the force
just after World War II which
have been affecting both the size
and caliber of some police depart-
V ments. Of course the hazards, and
harassment, play their parts.
Washington, D.C., reports in-
creasing recruiting difficulties for
several years and is 225 men short
of an authorized strength of 3,100.
Recruiting is not keeping pace
with retirements and resignations.
Police Chief John B. Layton is
seeking pay boosts for beginners.
He cites high pay scales for po-
lice in Washington's suburban
areas, which also have a lo er ser-
ious crime rate. General prosper-
ity makes it hard to recruit the
* type of men his department wants,
Layton said.
In Los Angeles, deputy Police
Chief Noel McQuown, in charge of
personnel and training, comment-
ed: "There have been twice as,
many resignations this year to'
date compared to last year."
It was pointed out, however,
that although fewer men are ap-M
plying now than in past years,
the quality of applicants is better.
,Employment is up," McQuown
noted, "and everybody is after
top-quality people."
He said the department has
been understaffed for a number
of years, but cited the Los Angeles
population growth. In 1950, the
ratio was 2.11 policemen to 1,000
persons. In 1965 it was 1.84.
St. Louis Police Department
officials say they are holding their
own on recruiting, although it
"still Yas difficulty" g e t t i n g
enough higher-caliber applicants.
In Detroit, Police Commissioner'
Ray Girardin says a number of
retirements are coming through
this year because patrolmen hired
in 1941 have reached their 25-1
year eligibility. Also, said Girar-
din, "we get stiff competition from
industry in salary scales."
heMWI-gan Daily
NEWS WIRE
Late World News
By The Associated Press
PAPEETE, TAHITI - Military authorities yesterday re-
established a nuclear test danger zone around Muruoa Atoll in
the Tahitian Islands of French Polynesia effective at midnight
Saturday, indicating another French atomic bomb test is sched-
uled for next week.
SAIGON-American warplanes struck two more petroleum
areas in Viet Nam yesterday, a U.S. military spokesman reported
Saturday. He said the new raids were 30 to 40 miles from Hanoi.
One was near a rail line northeast of the North Vietnamese
capital and the other in the Red River Valley area northwest
of Hanoi. These are the two main lines into Hanoi.
ANN ARBOR RESIDENT Gerald F. Tape was recently sworn
in for a second term on the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
The commission will select a site for a new atomic accelerator
sometime before the end of this year; one of the sites under con-
sideration is in Northfield Township, near Ann Arbor.
President Johnson with Senate approval nominated Tape for
a second term of five years, extending through June 30, 1971.
UNITED STATES SENATOR Robert Grilfin R-Mich) will
be in Ann Arbor tomorrow as a part of his campaigning in the
Washtenaw County area. After attending the Ann Arbor Soap Box
Derby, Griffin will participate in an "oil can derby" against
Mayor Wendell Hulcher, U.S. Rep. Weston Vivian (D-Ann Arbor)
and State Rep. Marvin Esch (R-Ann Arbor).
* * * *
SOPH SHOW PLANNERS prepare to observe "How To Suc-
ceed In Business Without Really Trying" tonight at Detroit's
Northland Playhouse, and there are speculations that they will
choose that musical for next year's production. The group will
meet in Ann Arbor this afternoon before attending tonight's show.
EAST LANSING-A small group of Michigan State University
students recently staged a protest "camp-out" in front of the
city hall to complain about a lack of an open occupancy ordinance
in the city, according to Associated Press reports.
The city council last month defeated an anti-housing dis-
crimination ordinance 3-2.
DR. W. N. HUBBARD OF THE Medical School has been
awarded a grant of $143,175 and Dr. William Mann of the School
of Dentistry a grant of $70,515. The funds were recommended by
the National Advisory Council on Medical, Dental, Optometric
and Podiatric Education and approved by the Surgeon General
of the United States.
TiE UNIVERSITYHAS BEEN awarded a defense supply
service contract for $1,749,985. The contract is for maintainence
and operation of the Mt. Haleakala Observatory in Maui, Hawaii.
S a
THREE ARMY PRIVATES who have orders to report this
month for embarkation to Viet Nam said recently that they would
not go,
They denounced the war as "immoral, illegal and unjust," and
likened the United States' involvement in some ways to the Nazi
aggression in Europe.
Air Strike
Negotiations
Break Down
Government Calls on
Both Groups To Go
Back To Talks Today
WASHINGTON (AP) - The gov-
ernment summoned both sides to
resume talks today aimed at end-
ing the tieup of five major air-
lines, but a key union source pre-
dicted, "The strike will last more
or less indefinitely."
Acting under instructions from
President Johnson, the Labor De-
partment called for renewal of
the contract negotiations whose
breakdown led to a walkout by
machinists union members yester-
day morning.
The strike by the AFL-CIO In-
ternational Association of Machin-
ists shut down Eastern, National,
Northwest, Trans World and
United Airlines. In all, they carry
an estimated 60 per cent of the
nation's air passengers.
While United was accepting
some reservations for Monday,
there was no other sign from the
carriers to contradict the predic-
tion of a lengthy tieup made by
Joseph W. Ramsey, vice president
for arlines and railroads of the
Machinists.
Ramsey told newsmen the union
will continue to seek a settlement,
but he said the union is "not pre-
pared to go into marathon bar-
gaining sessions that would weak-
en our position."
The Defense Department took
steps to assure that the tieup will
not interfere with essential travel
by an estimated 100,000 military
and civilian personnel about to
leave for, or just returned from,
duty in Viet Nam and nearby
areas.
Deputy Secretary of Defense
Cyrus R. Vance directed that mil-
itary aircraft be made available on
a priority basis, and added: "I
expect that we can meet this re-
quirement with available military
resources."
The union had announced prior
to the strike that its members
would continue to work on de-
fense-chartered flights.
Both Vance and Postmaster
General Lawrence F. O'Brien said
steps have been taken to see that
there are no undue delays in trans-
porting mail to servicemen in
South Viet Nam.
O'Brien acknowledged, however,
that some serious delays in mall
movement in this country are in-
evitable as long as the strike
continues.
-Daily-Thomas R. Copi
THE SCHEDULE TELLS THE STORY, as the worst airline strike In history cancelled all flights of Eastern, National, Trans World,
United and Northwest airlines. Picketing was heavy at airports around the country by members of the AFL-CIO International Associa-
tion of Machinists, but had halted, at least for a time, at Detroit's Metropolitan Airport last night.
POLITICAL PRESSURE:
Third Par ty Movement Growing)
By PAT O'DONOIIUE
There has been much specula-
tion in the last few months about
the possibilities of an emerging
third party movement. Though no
third party movement has made a
strong showing since 1912 there
are a number of reasons for the
development of a third, or even
fourth party movement at the
present time.
-The war in Viet Nam is a
controversial administration policy
which appears to have as many
critics as supporters. There have
been a number of "peace can-
didates" entering the congres-
sional primaries throughout the
country, and one such candidate,
Robert Scheer, an editor of Ram-
parts Magazine, received 44.9 per
cent of the vote in California's
Seventh Congressional District
which includes Berkeley.
-The various civil rights or-
ganizations (Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee and CO-
RE) have been potential third
parties in the last few years. How-
ever, -with SNCC leader Stokley
Carmichael's rallying cry for
"black power" they are expected
to exert more political pressure on
the two major parties.
-It is generally conceeded that
the '64 presidential election di-
vided the Republican Party and'
left it groping for leadership. The
conservative and liberal elements
within that party have yet to find
a solid common bond.
In the California Republican
primary for the party's guberna-
torial nomination Ronald Reagen,
that the candidate obtaining the their direction. For example, in
largest number of votes is the the 1960 and 1964 elections the
victor many people don't vote for Democratic party adopted many
a third party candidate because measures advocated by the civil
"they don't want to waste the rights organizations.
vote," he said. Thus, while the third party may
The major historical function of not place any candidates in power
the third party movement has they can exert political pressure
been a balance of power role. on the two major parties to adopt
Many members of a third party one or more of their proposals.
will have been members of either They can do this in two ways:
the Democratic or Republican Dissenters
parties and will thus remove their The dissenters can threaten to
support during an election which remove their support of the ma-
may result in a victory for the jor party of which they are mem-
other party. bers. In an election year the ma-
Kallanbach said that, third jor party will most likely com-
party movements have a tendency promise in an effort to regain
to "burn out" because one of the their lost members.
major parties will have moved in If there is a large amount of
T
J
L
support for the goals or goals of
the third party, either one, if not
both, of the major parties will
adopt it as its own in an effort
to secure potential votes.
While a third party movement
may never put a candidate into
office or win a major election they
have had much effect in political
history.
The Prohibition Party, for ex-
ample, was successful in soliciting
legislative support for their pro-
gram and saw prohibition passed
as an amendment, albeit short-
lived.
In this same vein, the peace
candidates and civil rights lead-
ers may see their proposals become
policy.
Poll Indicates Most Americans
UObject to Use of Death Penalty
Physicists Find Fallacy in Old Nuclear Law,
Discover New Test for Particle Charges
Opposition to the death penalty
continues to mount among the
nation's adults.
Results of the latest Gallup Poll
survey show that nearly half of
the American people-47 per cent
-now object to capital punish-
ment as compared with 42 per cent
who favor it. In 1953 the com-
parable figures were 25 per cent
opposed, 68 per cent in favor.
This marks the first time since
4AC 4.- - v,"a-o nfnp-
and Wyoming) and one by elec- 1965 mayk
trocution (Alabama) All seven changing vi
men were sentenced for murder. 1965 survey,
The downward trend in executions two ratio ex
is shown in annual totals over the this form o
past six years: 1960, 56; 1961, 42; men at tha
1962, 47; 1963, 21; 1964, 15; 1965, about the sa
seven. of the supre
Since 1953, the Gallup Poll has ethe f
periodically surveyed the Ameri- the attitud
can people on the subject of changed ap
capital punishment. This is the about as ma
naQtin askedr in Peah survev: punishment
be attributed to the
ews of males. In the
women by a three-to-
xpressed opposition to
f punishment. Among
t time, the ratio was
.me but it was in favor
eme penalty.
ollowing tables show,
s of women have not
ppreciably, but today
any men oppose capital
as favor it:
NEW YORK (--Law-abidingj
physicists happily believe they
have broken another law.
They have found evidence that
a basic law or principle in nuclear
physics apparently isn't true.
The overthrow of a long-accept-
ed theory always excitesphysicists
because it opens the way for
clearer understanding of what na-
ture really is all about. It's a bit
like overcoming a prejudice that
limits one's understanding of
reality.
The physical law which they
in broad speculation, that might
save the lives of' future astronauts.
The point here is that all the
matter in our world-from atoms
to people and machines-is com-
posed of basic particles such as
protons, neutrons and electrons.
Antimatter is the reverse, con-
sisting of antiprotons--with a
negative charge rather than a
positive charge, antineutrons, and
positrons, or positively charged
electrons.
When matter meets antimatter
thv annihila.te each other in a
wo
th
of
pa
mi
ing
col
res
of
ha
-
uld tell earth people whether breakdown ow a particular nuciear
ose inhabitants lived in a world particle, the eta meson. It decays
matter or antimatter. into three pi mesons of pions, one
Previous theory maintained that positivelyhcharged, anothernega-
rticles and antiparticles were tively charged, the third neutral.
rror image of one another act- They found that the positive
g in exactly the same way. particle emerging from the decay
Invariance is frequently more energetic and
This theory is known as "charge travels away from the decay site
njugations invariance." faster than the negative particle.
Recently, Princeton University This wouldn't happen if the in-
searchers discovered a violation variance law held true-unless
a related law, and theorists something yet unknown about par-
ve since predicted that the in- tides is involved.
S -11- ia c l miap+n ifll The en'eriments were conduct-
i
'I