THE MICHIGAN DAILY
SUNDAY. MAT
INTERNATIONALISM:
Copland Notes Present Tastes
Fricke Seeks To Relate
Personality, Motivation
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS:
School Launches New Series of Books
--.
By JEFFREY K. CHASE
"Imagine, to be born in Brook-
lyn and to try and make compe-
tion with B e e t h o ve n a'nd
Brahms!" Aaron Copland, Ameri-
can composer, exclaimed: recently
'about his career.
Copland'explained that -he grew
up in a time during which Ameri-
can composers were primarily con-
cerned with putting America and
American music onthe musical
map. Those were the days of Amer-
ican nationalism in miusic.:
But this is not the situation to-
day, Copland said. "Today inter-
nationalism is the thing."
. Jazz Harmonies, Rhythms_
In his "American period," Cop-
land said he utilized American
folk tunes-often cowboy and work
songs--and jazz harmonies and
rhythms in his compositions. But
today his music "tends to be dry,
emphatic, rhythmic and percus-
sive."
Copland has also ti'ied his hand
at twelve-tone composition. The
"Quartet for Piano and -Strings,"
written in 1950, is his first real
twelve-tone work, he explained.
"Connotations for ;, r c h e s t r a
(1962)," commissioned for the
opening of Lincoln Center in New1
York, is his first real twelve-
tone orchestral work.
"My twelve-tone pieces are not
written to please Schoenbergians,
but to please me," Copland em-
phasized.
Lets Material DictateS
"I feel that a composer can
write successfully in many styles.
I have no embarrassment about-.
the major triad; it is my material
that determines the style a com-f
position will take. Therefore I amI
most comfortable in writing a'
work in the style dictated by thet
4'1
" {
Architeceture
Inringement
Must Cease
By BURTON MICHAELS
Architecture today must end the
infringement on public and private,
rights which is increasing in mod-
ern cities, Prof. Serge Chermayeff,
of Yale University said Thursday.
"There is only one kind of ar-
chitecture: total architecture.
Great men must plan their world,
from chairs to cities. And planning
means making order," he said.
The need for'- total planning
stemsifrom the population growth,
the result of which is that "the
whole human habita soon will be
man-made. Man's survival is at
stake; it is a question of human
ecology," he said.
Private Vehicle
One of the major' problems is
"automania," which is making
cities "not cities, lut a lot of
places becoming inaccessible."'
Prof. Chermayeff feels the car "is
a private vehicle invading public
places; and there is nothing more
obscene than a car which is not
moving." Exemplary is downtown
Los Angeles, where two-thirds of
the land is reserved for cars.
Modern communications - es-
pecially the television-represent
"a public voice invading private
places," he said. '"Noise is in-
cessant today. And rather than
being able to adjust, :we are'de-
veloping all sorts of neuroses from
it.',
Prof. Chermayeff sees a solution
in total planning, which will lead
to "zoning as the obvious answer."
He calls for a separation of fam-
ily and civic centers, for places
where the pedestrian "will be
king" and places where "every-
thing must move."
Development Cycle
But the never-efiding progres-
sion of technology presents a
problem even to total planning:
Obsolescene. The "development
cycle" has evolved to include re-
search, design, production, distri-.
bution, utilization and 'finally
elimination.
Furthermore, total ;planning
must include the house, which
must insure privacy without bring-
ing complete withdrawaflfrom na-
ture. Prof. Chermayeff's solution
is a home like ,his. own, where
children and adults -are' insured
privacy from each other and from
outsiders by living in different
parts of the house, all of which
have their own locks and which
meet in the "family center"-the
kitchen.
The house should have court-
yards formed by rooms of the
house and closed :to the street, to
afford an "everchanging view" of
nature. This house, in the planned
city, derives its merit from its
"programmatic base, the aim of
every architect," he. said.
AARON COPLAND
... material dictates
material, and do not have to force
myself to employ it," Copland con-
tinued.
He noted that composers vary
in temperament. Mahler, for in-
stance, mainly wrote symphonies.
As soon as he finished one he
would begin on another. "I would
be bored doing only one kind of
work.However, the thing is to
know what you were meant to do
and do it well.",
Copland went on to describe
briefly the trend of music in the
twentieth century and the general
state of music today. "Everything
that's going on now in music be-
gan in the highly experimental
period, of 1920-30.
"Electronic music is the only
exception because advanced engi-
neering techniques did not exist
then. Even chance music, stem-
ming from jazz, came from that
period! . . . .I.. 1 .
Simple Style
"By the time the '30's arrived
composers felt they were getting
too far away from their audience.
They tried to communicate not
by writing down 'to the level of
the audience, but by writing good
music* in a more -simplestyle. This
emerged as the neo-classicism of
the '30's.
"Today, as was the' case during
the '20's, is a Very revolutionary
time in music-it seems like any-
thing goes! Schoenberg and espe--
cially Webern seem to be the great-
est influence on the younger gen-
eration of composers, who are able
to evaluate them and their tech-
nique of serialization in an objec-
tive manner. .
These younger composers have
made the twelve-tone technique
international-not just -a thing of
Vienna, the home of Schoenberg
,nd Webern. Theychose Webern
as their mentr primarily bcause
he was able to do what Schoen-
berg- couldn't: he took the Scho-
enbergian ideals and used them in
a 20th century way. Schoenberg
was still deeply rooted in the 19th
century.
Electronic Music
"It is too early to tell about
electronic music, but one prob-
lem with it is evident. This is the
limitation of starting sounds.
"In 'sound stuff' every electron-
ic piece resembles every other. The
basic stuff is machine produced
and is limited. Mostly everyone
is familiar with the 'electronic
sound.' But I think that this prob-
l-m will eventually be solved.
"If a composer cannot interest
anybody with his idea, he is the
,only' one who has lost. Worthless
composers don't continue to hold
an audience, no matter how much
they startled the people the first
time."
New Sources
"It is inconceivable that music
will stand still with all the new
sources of sound today. Some peo-
pie like to think 'of music as a
quiet art, something you come
home to relax to, but it just isn't!"
Copland explained that audi-
ences seem to catch up to the
composer. But, because the com-
poser is constantly advancing, the
audience always lags about fifty
years behind -him. The public has
finally grown to accept Stravin-
sky's "The Rite of Spring," com-
pleted in 1913!
The status of good works of the
19th century is in no. danger of
being lowered by contemporary
ideals, he said. Works of that cen-
tury help us to sense what living
in those times was like.
"The greatest threat is that peo-
BENTON HARBOR
COMMUNITY COLLEGE
SUMMER SESSION,
June 17 to July 26.
For
information and application,
write
Director of Summer Session.
ple think 19th century music is the
only music. This is not good."
Copland is glad that our gov-
ernment is finally beginning to be
concerned with the arts. He thinks,
though, that it should "really" be
concerned with the arts. But this
will take a long time, he said.
"I have a fascination for writ-
ing film scores because no two
films are alike," Copland stated.
He pointed out that it is easier
to write film scores than concert
music, because in movies the ac-
tion suggests t2:e music.
Also it is rare for a musical por-
tion of a film to be more than
two or three minutes; "seven is
like an eternity!" This time limi-
tation simplifies the formal impli-
cations tremendously.
He explained that the biggest
problem for the movie composer
is staying out of the way of the
dialogue. Any extraneous sounds,
too, are a menace to the film
music writer.
The composer must know the
places of all the extraneous noises
before he begins to compose. "A
love scene in the rain is absolute
poison," Copland exclaimed.
In Hurry
The music is composed after the
rest of the film has been finished.
Therefore everyone is in a hurry
for the music to be written. The
movie officials and the composer
usually discuss where the music
should be and the composer usu-
ally gets his way. -
But he must be present when the
sound is added to the reels to make
sure that the dialogue and other
sounds do not "completely" drown
out all of his "beautiful" music.
"It's funny," Copland contem-
plated. "In Europe if an artist is
discovered in a family everyone
is happy. In America, where every-
one is for the arts, if a talented
son or daughter is found, the par-
ents say, 'That's nice, but why
does it have to be in my family.'
"Every civilization has the drive
to get down the essence of every-
day living. No one chooses to be
an artist, he is somehow picked
out."
By LAURENCE KIRSCHBAUM
Relating the personality and
motivation of an entering law
student to his later success or
failure in Law School is the goal
of a study now being conducted
by Prof. Benno G. Fricke of the
psychology department.
Administered to all entering
University law freshmen over the
past three years, the "Opinion,
Attitude and Interest Survey"~ is
attempting to find criteria other
than the undergraduate grade-
point average and Legal Scholastic
Aptitude Test as indicators of
academic promise, Prof. Fricke ex-
plained.
"The Law School here has a
real problem in identifying the
kinds of people who can succeed
in Law School," he said. "We loose
a substantial n umber of our stu-
dents after their freshman year."
OAIS Purposes
The purpose of the OAIS is to
find, by contrasting the attitudes
of successful with unsuccessful
law students, "the items which dis-
criminate good from bad students
and particularly those items which
predict grades," Prof. Fricke noted.
Although it is too early for con-
clusions, both Prof. Fricke and
Prof. Roy L. Steinheimer, admis-
sions officer of the Law School,
have expressed hope for success-
ful results.
According to Prof. Steinheimer,
"if we could make a breakthrough
on this motivation study it would
add a new tool which would be
extremely useful in connection
with approving candidates for Law
School."
Striking Results
Prof. Fricke explained that a
similar survey administered to
University undergraduate fresh-
men, had "rather striking results."
He said the OAIS scores had
proved equally efective predictors
of academic performance as the
College Board tests or high-school
class-ranking.
The OAIS for law freshmen
consists of about 400 statements
requiring true or false answers.
The statements are worded to call
upon the responder "to make judg-
ments about other people, himself
and certain situations," Prof.
said.
For example, the statements re-
quiring true-false personal evalua-
tions ranged from "It is easy to
admit when I am wrong" to "I
enjoy thunder and lightening'
storms" and to "I act differently
with different people."
PROF. BENNO G. FRICKE
. . . law attitude,
By TIM DRAPER
The first in a new series,
"Michigan International Business
Studies," has been published re-
cently under the auspices of the
Program in International Business.
The first book, "The Balance of
Payments and Domestic Prosper-
ity" consists of two papers by
Prof. Paul W. McCracken of the
business administration school
and member of former President
Dwight D. Eisenhower's Council of
Economic Advisors and one by
Prof. Emile Benoit of Columbia
University.
In Prof. McCracken's first paper,
he deals with the question, "Is the
United States caught with a slug-
gish economy that we cannot af-
ford to stimulate because of an
uneasiness about the balance of
payments?"
Business Activity
"The recovery in the business
activity since early 1961 hasbeen
the nation's poorest cyclical per-
formance since World War I and
is probably one of the weakest in
our history," Prof. McCracken
states.
With equal economic signifi-
cance, Prof. McCracken recalls the
march of inflation from 1953 to
1959, and the need for a decision.
"We had apparently come to a
fork in the road. We could have
played the game for short run
gains (easy credit monetary poli-
cies) . . . or we could try to coun-
ter this emergent preoccupation
with inflation, on the assumption
that if this were done the economy
would eventually be ahead of the
game."
Policy Results
Commenting on the anti-infla-
tionary decision, he says, "Indeed,
it is probably not an overstate-
ment to assert that in the last
year or so there has been a pro-,
found change in attitudes about
our price-level prospects and prob-
lems."
Assuming inflation is sufficiently
retarded, Prof. McCracken shifts
attention to the problem of creat-
ing a booming economy. He pre-
sents the "central issue of eco-
nomic policy confronting the na-
tion": "Would a higher level of
domestic business acitivity worsen
the dollar's international position
and undo the improvement that
has been achieved?
PROF. PAUL McCRACKEN
... payments balance
"United States imports would
certainly increase if business ac-
'tivity expanded, increasing the al-
ready excessive outward flow of
dollars to the rest of the world.
And easier monetary and credit
policies and lower interest gates,
which would be one way to stimu-
late business activity here, would
almost certainly aggrevate further
this imbalance . "
Dual Role
To perceive the problem clearly,
Prof. ,McCracken emphasizes the
"dual role of the United States in
the world economy." That is, the
United States is both a major
world trader and banker.
On this basis he defines two
necessary objectives. The United
States "must maintain reasonable,
equilibrium in its balance of pay-
ments" and it "must also keep the
dollar strong."
Of interest in the light of Gen.
Lucias Clay's recent recommenda-
tion to Congress to cut. foreign aid
is one of the points Prof. Mc-
Cracken develops in his review of
the modern balance-of-payments
problem.
Dollar and Security
"The idea that for reasons of
international finance or a disequi,
librium in our balance of pay-
ments the nation should even en-
tertain the possibility of reducing
aid or our military operations
Program Notes
around the world may seem little
short of horrendous. We must not
however, underestimate the grave
damage that would be done to the
free world, and even our own na-
tional security, from a critical
weakening of confidence in the
dollar," he points out.
"Whether a nation's interna-
tional balance of payments im-
proves generally as domestic busi-
ness activity strengthens depends
on whether the favorable effect
on capital account would be larger
than the expected deterioration
in its balance between exports and
imports.
Favorable Effect
"For the United States, exports
and imports are small in relation
to the size of the economy. For
this country it is quite reasonable
to expect that the favorable effect
which vigorous and orderly domes-
tic business expansion would have
on capital movements might well
exceed the adverse effects of the
higher level of imports."
Dealing with the problem of
achieving the initial steps towards
domestic prosperity, Prof. Mc-
Cracken differs somewhat on the
policies prescribed in the Univer-
sity's introductory economics
course.
"Clearly a massive use of easy
credit and low interest rates would
not work because such a policy
would positively accelerate the
outflow of United States capital.
The preferred way for domestic
policy to encourage domestic eco-
nomic expansion would be a major
overhaul of the tax structure," he
notes. j
The question of whether invest-
ment by United States firms in
foreign countries is a burden on
the national balance of payments
is handled in the third paper by
Prof. Benoit.
Prof. D. Maynard Phelps of the
business administration graduate
school and acting director of the
program in international business
said that there are five booklets
of the series in prospect.
- - D a 2 - 6 2 6 4
Shows Start at 1-3
5-7 & 9:08 0 Feature
20 Minutes Later
The Ann Arbor Cantata Singers
will present a special Lenten con-
cert at 8 p.m. today at the First'
Baptist Church. The concert will
feature Heinrich Schuetz's "Pas-
sion According to St. Matthew."
The .cast will include Prof. Harold
Haugh of the music school. The
program also lists Scarlatti's "Te
Deum Laudamus," Bach's "Can-
tata Number 50" and Roman's'
"Psalm 117."
Ethno-Botany...
Prof. Volney H. Jones of the
anthropology department will ad-
dress the Michigan Botanical Club
on "The Ethno-Botany of the In-
dians of North America" at 2 p.m.
today at Ann Arbor High School.
Quartet .. .
The Stanley Quartet will play
Mozart, Brahms and Gerhard at
8:30 p.m. Wednesday in Rackham
Lecture Hall.
Violinist . .
Violinist Paul Makara will per-
form Schubert, Stravinsky, De-
bussy' and Bartok compositions ac-
companied on piano and clarinet
at 4:15 p.m. today in Aud A.
Degree Recital . .
Organ pieces of Bach, Dupre,
Monnikendam a n d Clerambault
will comprise the degree recital of.
Brandeis Shelters
Termed Voluntary
WALTHAM, Mass.-The fallout
shelter program at Brandeis Uni-
versity was adopted voluntarily
by the school, Richard'Draine of
the Brandeis civil defense office
said. The college was not bound
by federal statutes in designating
buildings as fallout shelters, he
explained.
organist Grace Zetterstrom, who
will be assisted on trumpet ana
trombone, at 8:30 p.m. Tuesday
in Hill Aud.
Lutenist . .
Julian Bream, English lutenist
and -guitarist, will present a pro-
gram of works by Cutting, Dow-
land, Byrd, Purcell; Bach and Al-
beniz at 2:30 p.m. today in Rack-
ham Aud.
Poetic Drama*...
The Student Laboratory Theatre
will present Tennessee Williams'
only poetic drama, "The Purifica-
tion," at 4:10 p.m. Thursday in
Trueblood Aud. The drama con-
cerns the trial of a man for the
murder of his unfaithful wife.
Statements requiring judgments
about people include "people are
hard to get along with" "people
generally want their own way," or
"people can be happy without
close friends."
From the responses the various
attributes which might possibly
lead to academic success or fail-
ure can then be tabulated. About
85 .of the responses on the test
indicate the attributes which per-
tain directly to academic, grade
success.
About the same number relate
more indirectly to academic suc-
cess, concerning the student's "in-
tellectual orientation" or aptitude.
Creative Behavior
Finally, 101 of the responses are
applied to predicting "creative be-
havior," which reveals the students
who "show the greatest imagina-
tion and originality in their think-
ing and the highest capacity for
reorganizing ideas," Prof. Fricke
said.
The advantage of the OAIS is
that-it not only -:ccgtains ,parts
which "correlate highly with ap-
titude test scores" but it is "more
than an academic success. pre-
dictor. It assesses those factors
which are not already adequately
measured by academic ability
tests," he said.
The original OAIS was prepared
and checked out by Prof. Fricke
over an 11 year period. He said
that the "Law School officers hope
that this pilot study being carried
out here will be useful to law
schools all over the .country."
s yc.
p
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