THE MICHIGAN DAILY
PAGE
THEMIC IG- - AIY- 1I
AL ravr, 1 alai
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By The Associated Press
WASHINGTON - Senators be-
gan their formal study of the nu-
clear test banhtreaty yesterday in
the first of what some said would
be many weeks of hearings.
Undersecretary of State Averell
Harriman, who negotiated the
pact, outlined it yesterday to a
closed meeting of members of the
Senate Foreign Relations, and
Armed Services Committees and
the Senate-House Atomic Energy
Committee.
Chairman J. W. Fulbright (D-
Ark) of the Foreign Relations
Committee,'explained that today's
session was primarily aimed at
sounding out Harriman on general
terms of the treaty which he ini-
tialed in Moscow last week. Formal
ratification hearings won't begin
until the treaty is signed.
Informed sources said yesterday
that Secretary of State Dean Rusk
will leave for Moscow Saturday
or Sunday for the signing expect-
ed to take place next week.
Harriman ran into numerous
questions in yesterday's session
with the Senators. Chairman
Richard B. Russell (D-Ga), of the
Armed Services Committee, said:
"Mr. Harriman made a very
spirited defense of this treaty. He
was asked some very probing ques-
tions."
From their comments it appear-
ed senators hit hard on the pos-
sible effects of a test-ban agree-
ment on U. S. military security.
This appeared to bear out indica-
tions that for many the testimony
of military leaders on the possible
effects of the treaty will weigh
heavily in their decision.
Lacks Capacity
Harriman, in reporting Khrush-
chev's views on Red Chinese nu-
clear capability, said the Soviet.
leader believes China- lacks the in-
dustrial capacity for swift devel-
opment of a weapons system.
He noted that Russia has not
provided any technical assistance
for Chinese industry since 1960
and that Russia also is anxious for
France to join the agreement.
Fulbright said he doesn't be-
lieve de Gaulle's news conference
rejection of the treaty would af-
fect Senate ratification.
NEWS CONFERENCE-French President Charles de Gaulle ex-
pounds his views on nuclear test bans, NATO defense policy and
European trade policies at one of his rare news conferences yes-
terday. De Gaulle disdained the test-ban pact and said France
would continue testing.
NEW YORK:
City Hall Demonstrators
Halted by Police Action
SPact;
YRCI*I
~robe
Spurns Bani1
As Danger
1 1
France To Continue
Nuclear Build-Up
PARIS-President Charles del
Gaulle yesterday refused to join
the United States, Britain and the
Soviet Union in their Moscow ac-
cord for a limited ban on atomic
tests.
He also spurned the idea of an
East-West nonaggression pact.
In an eagerly-awaited reply to
last week's successful test ban
talks in Moscow, de Gaulle said
France must continue to build its
nuclear arsenal or "bid goodby
forever to security and indepen-
dence."
Own Proposals
De Gaulle grandly announced at
a news conference that France
will call for a meeting "among
interested parties" before the end
of the year to take up France's
own disarmament proposals.
While differing sharply with
Washington on policy, de Gaulle
declared that France's friendship
with the United States is historic
and will not be disturbed by pres-
ent disagreements.
He said the nuclear club should
be disbanded altogether: all' nu-
clear arms must be junked, along.
with their delivery systems, and
all production halted, to bring all
nations' defenses down to the non-
nuclear level under international
supervision.
No Charge
"The Moscow agreement," said
de Gaulle, "has not lifted the
atomic menace which weighs on
the world. None of the signers
has renounced the use of atomic
weapons and under these condi-
tions the world situation has not
been changed in any way .. .
"If one day the Americans and
the Russians disarms, and come
to the destruction and prohibition
of nuclear weapons, France will
then refrain from procuring them
herself, but they don't seem to be
at that point yet."
De Gaulle pointedly recalled
that France is furnishing strategio
European real estate with its geo-
graphic position. Allied planners
are well aware that an adequate
defense of Western Europe re-
quires supply lines across France.
Rejects Non-Aggression Pact
De Gaulle rejected any non-
aggression pact between the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NA-
TO) and the Warsaw Pact of So-
viet bloc states of Eastern Europe.
He claimed France could never
consent to a deal by the "Anglo-
Saxons" and the Russians "over
France's head."
Furthermore, he added, such a
treaty would be completely need-
less as far as France is concerned
since France would never strike
the first blow against anyone.
State department sources said
de Gaulle's rejection of the test
ban agreement and possible non-
aggression pact does not complete-
ly close the door to cooperating
with his allies on these issues.
No official White House com-
ment was available though.
Britain's Foreign Secretary Lord
Home declared yesterday that the
French refusal had been expected
because "the United States and
ourselves have the nuclear bomb
-France has not." France, he
said, "is a long way behind" the
three nuclear powers-the Soviet
Union, the United States and Brit-
New Head
Tells Goal
Of HUAC
By The Associated Press
NEW YORK-The House Un-
American Activities Committee
will turn to legislation rather than
investigation, its new chairman
Rep. Edwin E. Willis (D-La)
pledged recently.
Willis, who succeeded the late
Rep. Francis E. Walter (D-Pa),
said that the committee will con-
centrate on legislative activities to
put into -bills the fruits of past
investigations.
However, Willis quickly added
that the committee is not going
to ease the pressure of its investi-
gations on the Communist ap-
paratus in the United States.
No Policy Change
"There will be no change in
policy, scope or direction" of the
committee, Willis declared. i
"On the basis of investigations
we have conducted, I think we
have material which shows the
need for addition legislation," he
explained.
Willis indicated that it will take
some time for the results of past
investigations to turn into legis-
lative action.
A temporary shift in emphasis
could quiet some of the criticisms
of the committee's activities. "The
committee members and staff have
made clear all too many times
that their primary purpose is ex-
posure, rather than the gathering
of evidence for legislation," Rep.
James Roosevelt (D-Cal), the fore-
most Congressional critic of HUAC
has declared.
But Willis noted that the com-
mittee is not only empowered by
House rules to conductdinvestiga-
tions-it is ordered to do so.
Underscoringrthe change in
HUAC temper, but not policy,
were recent quiet hearings in Los
Angeles on illegal travel of Ameri-
can citizens to Cuba.
Different
The hardly-noticed sessions bore
little resemblance to the sensa-
tional sessions of the late 1940's
and 1950's-the days of the com-
mittee probes of Communism on
the campus and in the movies, of
investigations of spies in govern-
ment, of Whittaker Chambers and
Alger Hiss.
Willis is the ninth chairman of
the committee in its more than
25 year history. The committee
began as a special House group
investigating Communist and Nazi
groups in the 1930's. It was made
a standing House committee in
1945 with nine members-cur-
rently five Democrats and four
Republicans.
The group has held hearings in
all parts of the United States-
including Michigan in 1954 when
it questioned several University
faculty members.
After refusing to answer several
of HUAC's questions, three Uni-
versity faculty members were fired
by the University. The American
Association of University Profes-
sors censored the University for
three years for its action.
Koreans 11
Two U.S. Men
By The Associated Press
WASHINGTON - The United
States expressed outrage yester-
day at what it called the "latest
murders" of two American soldiers
in South Korea.
It charged North Korea with a
premeditated murderous attack in
the dawn ambush slaying of two
American soldiers Sunday and the
wounding of a third more than a
mile inside South Korean terri-
tory.
Meanwhile, U. S. soldiers took up
patrol position along the Korean
armistice line last night hoping
to find the North Koreans who
ambushed the three.
TURNING POINT?
Soviet Objectives for Treaty Unclear
By JOHN M. HIGHTOWER
Associated Press News Analyst
LONDON - The Soviet Union's
agreement with the United States
and Britain on a nuclear test ban;
treaty may mark a turning point
in Russian policy toward the West,
opening a period of world peace-
or it may be merely a Cold War
tactical maneuver.
Behind the enthusiastic acclaim
of leaders in Washington and
London, there is considerable si-
lent skepticism about what Pre-
mier Nikita S. Khrushchev really
wants to accomplish.
When United States Secretary
of State Dean Rusk and British
Foreign Secretary Lord Home go
to Moscow in mid-August to sign
the pact they are expected to
probe the Kremlin's intentions
further.
Follow Up
Their job will be to follow up,
at a higher level of diplomacy,
the ground-breaking negotiations
just concluded by Foreign Minis-
ter Andrei Gromyko, Under-Sec-
retary of State H. Averell Harri-
man and British Science Minister
Lord Hailsham.
If the probe goes well, it will
almost certainly lead to a fall
summit meeting of Khrushchev,
President John F. Kennedy and
Prime Minister Harold Macmillan.
Some top British officials warn
in private conversation against
great optimism. As they see the
outlook, such tough East-West
problems as the future of Berlin,
the division of Germany and dis-
armanent inspection inside the
Soviet Union are still a long way
from solution.
The b e s t judgment among
Western diplomats at the moment
World News
Roundup
By The Associated Press
UNITED NATIONS, N.Y. -
Ghana appealed to the United
States and Norway yesterday to
support an Asian-African resolu-
tion urging Portugal to put its
African territories on the road to
independence.
Ghana Delegate Alex Quason-
Sackey told the UN Security Coun-
cil the African nations do not
expect Britain or France to vote
for the resolution, which also calls
for a partial arms embargo
against Portgual.
He spoke as United States Chief
Delegate Adlai E. Stevenson en-
gaged in private consultations
with African and other delegates
on amendments that would water
down the resolution submitted by
Ghana, Morocco and the Philip-
pines,
WASHINGTON - Secretary of
the Treasury Douglas Dillon yes-
terday asked the House Ways and
Means Committee for legislation
extending the present $309 billion
ceiling from Sept. 1 to Nov. 30. If
no action is taken by Sept. 1, the
debt ceiling automatically reverts
to the "permanent" figure of $285
billion.
* * *
HAVANA-A group of 58 United
States students ended a month-
long tour of Cuba yesterday say-
ing they were convinced that only
a "war of incredible proportion"
can unseat Cuban Premier Fidel
Castro from the Caribbean Island.
They said they were convinced
most Cubans support Castro.
The group, who defied a state
department ban on visits to Cuba,
said that due to the ban the
American public is uninformed
and misinformed a b o u t the
achievements of the Castro regime.
* * *
NEW YORK-The stock market
snapped the string of Monday
declines as measured by the Dow
Jones industrial average which
advanced 1.33 to 690.71. Other
closings were: railroads, 166.17;
utilities, 139.42; stocks, 249.32.
is that Khrushchev's current ef-
fort to improve relations with the
West is a direct outgrowth of his
split with the Chinese Commun-
ists over his peaceful coexistence
policy.
The agreement, which excludes
underground testing, does not
even require that Khrushchev ad-
mit a token number of foreign in-
spectors. It can be policed from
outside Soviet borders. The sec-
recy cover of the Soviet closed
society is left intact.
Escape Clause
The test ban also contains an
escape clause and thus constitu-
tes. a minimum commitment to
stop testing. The clause specifies
that, on three months notice, any
one of the powers may withdraw
"if it decides that extraordinary
events, related to the subject mat-
ter of this treaty, have jeopar-
dized the supreme interests of its
country."
That seems to mean that if Red
China explodes a nuclear device
the United States can pull out of
Header Seeks
Court Facility
By The Associated Press
WASHINGTON - Rep.
Georgel
Meader (R-Ann Arbor) yesterday
urged the General Service Admin-
istration to include federal court
facilities in the new federal build-
ing planned for construction in
Ann Arbor by the GSA.
At the same time, Meader in-
troduced a bill in the House which
would authorize holding federal
court in Ann Arbor as part of the
southern division of Michigan's
Eastern Judicial District.
Present 'laws permit holding of
federal court in the southern divi-
sion only at Detroit and Port
Huron.
Meader acted on the federal
court matter at the request of
Maxwell F. Badgley of Jackson,
president of the Michigan State
Bar Association, and Prof. Charles
W. Joiner, associate dean of the
University Law School.
the agreement. Or if France con-
tinues testing, as President Char-
les de Gaulle has left no doubt it
will, the Soviet Union can do
likewise.
In spite of limitations, the
treaty symbolizes a remarkable
change in the atmosphere of East-
West relations. If it proves to be
the first step in a series of agree-
ments on Europe and disarma-
ment it could turn out to be one
of the great historic documents of
the modern world.
Side Effects
The treaty is likely to have cer-
tain side effects, whether Khru-
shchev intended them or not:
-It will make far more diffi-
cult-perhaps impossible -Ken-
nedy's task of pushing through
plans for a North Atlantic Treaty
Organization nuclear missile navy,
devised to give West Germany a
voice in nuclear weapons policy
without formation of a German
national nuclear force.
-The treaty is also likely to
make it more difficult for either
Kennedy or Khrushchev to con-
duct underground nuclear tests,
even though those would be per-
mitted. This is a problem in world
public opinion. The implication
of the ban on tests in the air,
under water, and in outer space
is that the powers want to stop
all testing.
No Crisis
-A new East-West crisis over
Berlin becomes 1e s s possible.
Krushchev cannot play his dip-
lomatic game both ways.
--Quarreling among the West-
ern powers, as well as within the
Soviet-Chinese camp, is certain to
increase.
One reason is that the test ban
itself and various issues which the
Russians have associated with it
are divisive. France has an-
nounced it will not join in the
test ban treaty. West Germany is
opposed to a non-aggression pact
which is Khrushchev's next pro-
ject for East-West negotiation.
Another reason 'is that, when
Soviet hostility recedes, the nat-
ural differences which exist in the
Western alliance always come to
the fore.
Uy The Associated Press O
NEW YORK-Racial demon-
strations were held in both the
North and South yesterday with
most of the action centered in
New York City where. 50 persons
were arrested for picketing.
Demonstrations were conducted;
at four construction sites in New
York City and police arrested more
than 50 pickets.
Demonstrators are demanding a
halt in all publicly-financed build-.
ing unless a quota of 25 per cent
non-white construction employes is
established.
Resists Arrest
In other action the Rev. L. W.
Chase, president of the integra-
tignist Danville (Virginia) Chris-
tian Progressive Association, was
led forcibly from his home by
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policemen yesterday when he shut
the front door in their faces as
they tried to arrest him.
Later, he appeared in court to
oppose an injunction against racial,
demonstrations. The Negro min-
ister was charged with contribut-
ing to the delinquency of his two
minor children by permitting them
to march in a civil rights demon-
stration Sunday.
In Austin, Tex., W. T. Bonner,
an unsuccessful candidate for the
Austin City Council last spring,
began a one-man sit-in demon-
stration in Gov. John Connally's
office.
Discuss Rights
Bonner said he would sit in
Connally's office throughout the
week in an attempt to see the gov-
ernor to discuss civil rights.
About 50 persons, Negroes and
whites, blocked the entrance to
the Boston School Committee
headquarters for an hour yester-
day, delaying 100 office workers
from their jobs.
Change Plans
In Washington, plans to try to
force a Fair Employment Prac-
tices Commission to the House
floor were laid aside after a stra-
tegy conference of Negro civil
rights leaders.
Rep. Adam Clayton Powell (D-
NY) said that Negro leaders de-
cided instead to try to persuade
the House Judiciary Committee to
put the provision in the Kennedy
civil rights program.
Judges Hear
Scholle Case
By The Associated Press
PORT HURON-A panel of
three federal judges began to hear
oral arguments yesterday on At-
torney General Frank Kelley's mo-
tion for dismissal of the newest
suit against Michigan's legislative
system.
Kelley has asked the U. S. Dis-
trict Court to dismiss as "prema-
ture" the suit filed by Michigan
AFL-CIO President August Scholle
against the districting formula of
the new Constitution.
'r eve,
CaNTeM 1?R~
ge them at..
307 S. State St.
ain.
He added that, "General de
Gaulle has always made it clear
that France will wish to have a
French bomb. We shall have to
have discussions with the French
on this matter. At present we did
not anticipate anything else."
1.6 *
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