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Washington (JTA) — A split
in the Jewish community
over how best to encourage
completely free emigration
from the former Soviet
Union was evident at hear-
ings this week on Capitol
Hill.
The issue under discussion
at a House Ways and Means
trade subcommittee hearing
was whether or not to ex-
empt Russia permanently
from the Jackson-Vanik
amendment.
The amendment, a Cold
War-era statute, links the
granting of most-favored-
nation trading status to
Russia and other countries
to their emigration policies.
Some advocates for Soviet
Jewry believe that current
conditions in Russia indicate
that this is not the time to
exempt the country from
provisions of the 1974
amendment.
On the other hand, some in
the Jewish community
believe that democratic
forces in Russia would
benefit from an exemption,
which would in turn help the
Jewish community there.
The congressional hearing
took place against a
backdrop of a Clinton ad-
ministration review of
Jackson-Vanik.
Currently, U.S. policy is to
grant the Russians one-year
waivers of the Jackson-
Vanik restrictions, in recog-
nition of the progress Russia
has made in its emigration
policies.
This policy meets with the
approval of most Jewish
organizations.
But at the summit meeting
between President Clinton
and Russian leader Boris
Yeltsin in April, Mr. Yeltsin
urged Mr. Clinton to remove
Jackson-Vanik restrictions
against his country per-
manently.
In 1974, just over 20,000
Jews were allowed to leave
the Soviet Union. In recent
years, however, emigration
has skyrocketed, with nearly
600,000 Jews emigrating
from the former Soviet
Union since 1989, according
to figures from the National
Conference on Soviet Jewry.
The NCSJ, a coalition rep-
resenting the Jewish organ-
izational establishment, was
one of the groups testifying
at the hearing that while
one-year waivers were ac-
ceptable, Russia should not
be exempted from the
Jackson-Vanik amendment.
Both the NCSJ and the
Union of Councils for Soviet
Jews, another group cham-
pioning the rights of Jews in
the former Soviet Union,
argued at the hearing that
as long as there are still
Jews in Russia not allowed
to emigrate, the amendment
should not be permanently
repealed.
In addition, many in the
Jewish community are con-
cerned about the continuing
economic and political in-
stability in Russia. They
point out that Mr. Yeltsin's
standing is threatened by a
coalition of nationalists and
former Communists, many
of whom are anti-Semitic.
Harold Luks, a member of
the NCSJ's executive com-
mittee who chairs the
group's Jackson-Vanik
committee, told the sub-
committee that his organiza-
U.S. policy is to
grant the Russians
one-year waivers
of the Jackson-
Vanik restrictions.
tion opposed "any legislative
measure to repeal the
amendment, to suspend the
waiver requirement, or to
remove any (former Soviet)
state from its scope" at this
time.
Mr. Luks said there are
currently "more than 200
refuseniks, most of whom
are in Russia," who are
"still denied the right to
emigrate due to 'state
secrecy' policies.' "
Union of Councils Assis-
tant Director for Govern-
ment Relations Gideon
Aronoff testified that Russia
should not be exempted from
all further compliance from
Jackson-Vanik.
He cited the facts that
there are still refuseniks in
Russia, the institution and
apparatus for refusal remain
in place and none of the
former Soviet republics has
enacted a freedom of emigra-
tion law complying with
international standards.
The Union of Councils
provided the members of
Congress with a list of cur-
rent refuseniks.
On the other hand, the