Holy Days: Rosh Hashana, Yom Kippur
•
Rosh Hashana, the Jew-
ish New Year; the autumn
festival celebrated on the
first and second .days of
The name Rosh Hashana,
as it is in the Bible (Ezek.
New Year
, Greetings!
11-0K
PEST CONTROL
SERVICE, INC.
I
40:1), simply means the be-
ginning of the year and does
not designate the festival.
The months of the year
were counted from the
spring month, later called
by the Babylonian name
Nisan. The month known by
the Babylonian name Tishri
is, therefore, called the
"seventh month" in the Pen-
tateuch.
In the Bible, the festival
lasts for one day only; the
two-day festival arose out
of the difficulty of deter-
mining when the new moon
actually appeared.
The Mishnah speaks of
four periods of the year,
each known as Rosh Has-
hana. One of these is the
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DAYENU
first of Tishri, and it is to Rosh Hashana, it is cus-
this day that the name tomary to greet one's
generally refers. It is a day friends with "May you be
when all mankind is inscribed (in the book of
judged. In the Rosh Has- life) for a good year." The
hana liturgy the reference Sephardi version is: "May
to the day as the day on you be inscribed for a good
which the world was year; may you be worthy
created, follows the opin- of abundant years."
ion of R. Eliezer.
At the festive meal, it is
The theme of God as King customary to dip a piece of
is particularly stressed on bread, over which grace has
Rosh Hashana because the been recited, into honey as a
day's association with His token of the sweet year it is
judgment. During the pray- hoped will come. For the
ers of the day, it is neces- same reason, a piece of ap-
sary to recite 10 biblical ple is dipped in honey.
texts which have the theme
The prophet Micah speaks
of God as King, He who re- of God casting the sins of Is-
members, and which have rael into the depths of the
reference to the shofar.
sea. On the basis of this, the
The four names of the fes- Tashlikh ceremony arose in
tival in Jewish tradition are: which Jews go to a place
Rosh Hashana, Yom Ter- where there is running wa-
.ii'ah ("day of blowing the ter to recite that verse and
horn"), Yom
Ha-Din other scriptural verses, as
("judgment day"), and Yom well as penitential hymns
Ha-Zikkaron ("day of re- and prayers on the first aft-
membrance"). ernoon of Rosh Hashana.
Three books are opened
Day of Atonement one of
on Rosh Hashana: one f or the "appointed seasons of
the completely righteou s, the Lord, holy convoca-
one for the completel
tions," a day of fasting and
wicked, and one for the a v _ atonement, occurring on the
erage persons. The corn _ Tenth of Tishri. It is the
pletely righteous are imm e _ climax of the 10 days of pen-
diately inscribed in the boo k itence and, the most impor-
of life. The completel y taut day in the liturgical
wicked are immediately in _ year.
scribed in the book of death •
All manner of work is
The average persons ar e forbidden on the Day of
kept in suspension from
Atonement, as it is on the
Rosh Hashana to Yom
Sabbath, and the soul is to
Kippur. If they desery e be "afflicted," the punish-
well, they are inscribed i n ment for transgressing
the book of life; if they d o these commandments
not deserve well, they ar e being destruction and ex-
inscribed in the book o f tirpation.
death.
The Pentateuch does not
The essential ritual o f
Rosh Hashana is the sound - explain what is to be under-
ing of the Shofar. The Mish - stood by "afflicting the
nah rules that the horn of soul" on the Day of Atone-
ment. However, other pas-
any animal (e.g., sheep,
sages
in the Scriptures
goat, antelope), except the
cow, may be used as a sho- speak explicitly of afflicting
far on Rosh Hashana. At a the soul by fasting.
later period the ram's horn
According to the sages,
was preferred in order to re- there are five ways in which
call the binding of Isaac, for the duty of afflicting the
whom a ram was substi- soul applies: by prohibitions
tuted. It is considered meri- against eating and drinking,
torious to use a curved sho- washing one-self (for plea-
far, symbolic of man bowing sure), anointing the body,
in submission to God's will.
wearing shoes (of leather),
There are 10 frequently and cohabitation.
quoted reasons why the
The same kinds of work
horn is blown on this day:
are forbidden on the Day of
• Trumpets are sounded
at a coronation, and God is Atonement as are forbidden
on the Sabbath, and danger
hailed as King on this day.
to life (pikku'ah nefesh) ov-
• The shofar heralds the
errides all the prohibitioris
beginning of the penitential
of
the Day of Atonement,
season.
• The Torah was given just as it does those of the
Sabbath.
on Sinai accompanied by
blasts of the shofar.
It is customary to arrange
• The prophets compare the table for the eve of the
their message to the sound Day of Atonement in the
of the shofar.
same manner as the Sab-
• The conquering armies bath; to adorn the syn-
that destroyed the Temple agogue with beautiful dra-
pery; to wear white clothes;
sounded trumpet blasts.
• The ram was substi- to light candles at home and
tuted for Isaac.
recite a blessing over them;
• The prophet asks: to light a candle for the
souls of the living; to men-
"Shall the horn be blown in
a city, and the people not tion the dead and to donate
tremble?"
charity in their memory.
• The prophet Zephan-
ian speaks of the great "day
of the Lord" (Judgment
The Educated
Day) as a "day of the horn
True
knowledge and cul-
and alarm."
ture who strive to obtain,
• The prophet Isaiah
the older they grow the
speaks of the great shofar
more wisdom they gain; but
which will herald the mes-
those who to knowledge and
sianic age.
culture are foes, as older
• The shofar will be
each gets the more foolish
sounded at the resurrection.
he grows.
On the first night of
—The Talmud
Friday, September 5;1975 75
BY HENRY LEONARD
11
2
a
1
V
•
ft.
cis
"It fell with his second blast!"
Best Wishes to the Community
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