Eichmann Had Unlimited _Power in Extermination
(Direct JTA Teletype Wire
to The Jewish News)
JERUSALEM—The Rev. Hein-
rich Gruber, 69-year-old dean of
the Lutheran Evangelical Church
in Berlin who tried in vain from
1939 to 1943 to save Jews from
Adolf Eichmann's persecutions,
told the Eichmann trial court
here this week that Eichmann
himself was responsible for the
actions against the Jews.
"He always used the first per-
son," said Dean Gruber. "He
would say I can't or I shall or
I will. I do not recall that he
ever said he had to contact higher
authority."
Dean Gruber, who was sent
to Dachau Concentration Camp
himself in 1943 and was sub-
jected to physical torture, told
of his many meetings with
Eichmann during a four-year
period. Looking apologetically
at the prisoner in the glass
cage, Dean Gruber assured the
court he was not seeking per-
sonal revenge. "I hope the ac-
cused does not mind," he
stated. "I do not come here
out of revenge or hatred."
Countless times, said Dean
Gruber, he tried to help the Jews.
But, he declared, "Eichmann
never said yes to anything. Al-
ways he said either no or kept
the question in the air."
"I had the impression," he said,
"of a man who sat there like a
block of ice or marble not feel-
ing anything at all. His name be-
came a symbol oblivious to the
call of justice and his own con-
science."
Dean Gruber said that he as
well as other Christians and Jews
in Berlin who tried desperately
to aid the Jews often wondered
how Eichmann "knew so much"
about Jewish holidays.
"We trembled with our Jew-
ish friends the night before
every Jewish holiday," he testi-
fied. "S pecial persecutions
were always carried out on
those holidays. We wondered
what would happen next time.
We said to ourselves, who was
this man who knew so much
about the Jewish religion?"
Only when he was in Dachau,
said the clergyman, did he rea-
lize that Eichmann "and others
of his ilk" started in life with
hatred and that the hatred "was
ever soaring." He finally conclud-
ed that "Eichmann's rabid hate
for the Jews was boundless."
Eichmann showed no emotion
whatever as Dean Gruber con-
demned him from the witness
stand. Once, in fact, he yawned
while the minister was on the
stand.
Earlier, Attorney General Gid-
eon -Hausner read into the court
records statements from three
former Nazi officers about the
persecutions of Jews in Hungary.
Another document introduc-
ed by Hausner showed that at
one time Heinrich Himmler,
chief of the Gestapo, summoned
Eichmann and reprimanded the
Colonel for flouting an order to
halt the deportation of Hunga-
rian Jews to annihilation
camps. The papers showed that
Himmler had acted on a com-
plaint filed by Col. Kurt Bech-
er, the Nazi officer who in 1944
headed the SS Economic Office
at Budapest.
It was Becher who had nego-
tiated the infamous "trucks for
lives" deal with the late Israel
Kastner, a leader of Hungarian
Jewry, under which Jews would
have "paid" the Nazi trucks and
other goods for their lives.
While that deal was under way,
the court was shown through doc-
uments that Eichmann double
crossed his own Nazi apparatus by
smuggling 1,500 Hungarian Jews
from a camp outside Budapest to
the Auschwitz death factory.
One document showed that SS
Gen. Hans Juetner, Himmler's
chief adjutant, was "shocked" by
anti-Jewish atrocities he witness-
ed and by the death march of
the Hungarian Jews. Juetner was
shown to have tried to ease the
situation but was "shunned" by
Eichmann.
Dr. Robert S
, i of
of Eichmann'
e doemnen
ed to som
of the court tha
and requ
ose names figured
two me
ners--Juetner and a
in th
Nazi official rd
form
-
Horst Grell—be permitted to Crimes trials La.ter, he was the ers, former Gestapo chief Ernst
testify in the trial here. When judge in the case trying former Kaltenbrunner, told him, Mus-
Hausner told the court the two members of the Nazi commando manno testified, that Eichmann
men would be subject to prose- units in charge of murdering was among the men "who ran
cution as war criminals, if they Jews prior to the establishment the Jewish extermination pro-
came here, presiding Justice of the annihilation camps.
gram." When some "cooler
Moshe Landau ordered that
Musmanno testified he was heads" in the Nazi apparatus
they be interrogated in German told by Joachim von Ribbentrop, objected to the German Army's
courts.
Hitler's Foreign Minister, that he shooting of captured Allied air-
On Monday, Pennsylvania Su- resented Eichmann's interference men, Musmanno said, it was
preme Court Justice Michael A. in foreign ministry affairs, declar- Eichmann who had insisted that
Musmanno, testified that Eich- ing: "I am sorry that Hitler gave fliers of Jewish descent be
mann was "the" man in the Nazi Eichmann so much authority re- killed.
apparatus responsible for every- garding the program of Jewish
Under cross - examination by
thing having to do with Jews.
extermination." Musmanno testi- Servatius, Musmanno held his
The American judge,. . who, fied that Hans Frank, Nazi Gov- ground, insisting that the main
after the fall of the Hitler regime ernor in Poland, had told him un- responsibility for the annihila-
interrogated on behalf of the der questioning that he had com- tion of the Jews was Eichmann's,
United States Government virtu- plained to Himmler, requesting and that the latter - "was practic-
ally every Nazi leader surviving that the slaughter of Jews cease. ally unanswerable to anyone for
the German debacle, testified that
However, Frank had said, the policy of Jewish extermina-
the Nazi hierarchy affecting "the Himmler was very busy with mili- tion." •
final solution" of the Jewish tary affairs and recommended
"Did Reichsmarshal Hermann
problem ranked as follows: Adolf that the Nazi governor see Eich- Goering try to divest himself
Hitler; Martin Bormann, Hitler's mann instead. Frank then told or responsibility by placing the
deputy; Heinrich Himmler, chief Musmanno he had seen Eichmann blame on a minor official?" asked
of the Gestapo, the Nazi secret on the Jewish extermination prob- Servatius.
police; Josef Goebbels, Hitler's lem, "but Eichmann would not
"On the contrary," replied
propaganda minister; Reinhardt budge."
Musmanno, "he made it clear that
'Heydrich, chief of the Nazi secur-
(Continued on Page 9)
Another of the top Nazi lead-
ity services and one of the prin-
cipal planners of "the final sold-
tion"; and Eichmann.
The fact that Eichmann held
only the rank of a lieutenant col-
onel in the Gestapo was meaning-
less, Musmanno said. Actually,
the judge testified, as head of
Section IV-B-4, Eichmann's re-
sponsibility was spelled out in
the official directives with only
one word: "Jews."
Musmanno quoted one top
Nazi leader after another, as
he occupied the witness stand
as an expert testifying volun-
tarily for the prosecution. All
the leaders he quoted had told
him, the judge said, that Eich-
mann was responsible for t
atrocities implemented b
Hitler regime against t
ish people.
Justice Musmanno
e d,
among others, Briga
eneral
Walter Schellenber
o was in
charge of both mi
y and civi-
Han intelligence
lhe Nazi re-
gime. General S
llenberg to
Holidays
juris
him, the Amer
ai
and every day
hat "Eichmann s chic
epartment in
arge
ersonally supe sed a
einsat
en
ed the activities
(commando unit in the ext
nation of Jews. ram tim to
time, Eichmann
'lied the ein-
' Id, and
satzgruppen in th
tended the executio
The commando units constitut-
ed "a slaughterhouse on wheels,"
Kosher your
said Musmanno. While the offi-
meat and
cial purpose of the commando
units was "to protect the rear of
fowl with
the German army in occupied ter-
ritories," that duty was called by
the American judge as "just a
facade."
"The principal purpose of the
einsatzgruppen," he said, "was to
kill Jews and rob them of prop-
erty." Eichmann, he testified, at-
tended the original Nazi meeting
whore that purpose was. spelled
out. Himmler, he said, recruited
the staff of thp commando units
"according to 'recommendations
by Eichmann."
Sometimes, according to Mus-
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manno, commando unit leaders
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Musmanno had personally ques-
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