PAGE TWELVE
Education In Italy Dur
Thousand Years' De
The Country of National Control in Universi
est Educational Institution of ,H
It is not possible to understand
the history of the universities of
Italy without knowing something of
the history of modern Italy-of this
new nation only a little over half a
century old, born from the chaos of
the Middl3 Ages, and freed from the
dismemberment and oppression of
many foreign usurpers after a long
struggle amid almost insuperable dif-
ficulties.
The fall of the Roman Empire left
Italy exposed for centuries to the in-
vasion and depredation of the bar-
barians. Goths, Ostrogoths Vandals,
Runs, and Saracens, attracted by the
beauty and wealth of the country, pil-
laged everything, leaving her in ruin.
Later, German or French rulers dis-a
puted for centuries her fertile land, i
giving origin for self-defence, to the f
Lombard Communes, to the repub-
lics of Venice, of Genoa, of Pisa, and (
of Florence, and to the duchies of S
Milan, of Savoy, and Tuscany. In f
addition, were formed the little king-
doms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia.
All these strove for local and national h
spremacy.
To Dante Alighieri, the great na- t
tional poet of Italy, belongs the glorys
of being the first exponent of a na-
tional unity, and his ideas for cen-c
turies were the dream of most of thes
intellectual people of the country.a
The American war of independence, :
and the French revolution lighted a E
sacred fire for liberty which inflamedI
the minds of the best intellects of
the country, and the Italians, led byp
the writings of eminent patriots like i
Guiseppe Mazzini, bya great diplo-p
mat like Camillo Cavuur, and by the n
sword of men like Guiseppe Gari-t
baldi and King Victor Emanuel1
fought hard for their freedom fromf
foreign tyranny and domination.
A liberal constitution, framed and
given to the people of Piedmont by
its king, Carlo Alberto in theyear
1848, bound together all liberal lead-
ers of the. rest of Italy. They rushed
to the colors under one flag of three
symbolic colors-green, white and
red, which ever since has been the
flag of New Italy. From that year
started the gigantic fight between the
little kingdom of Piedmont and the
mighty, powerful double empire of
Austria-Hungary.
It would be too long to recount
here the several wars fought by Italy
from the middle of the last century
to the present day, for the successive
liberation of Lombardy, Venice, Ro-
magna, Tuscany, Naples, and Sicily,
and at last of Trento and Triest, that
ended with the great victory of the
Battle of Vittorio Vento on Novem-
ber 3, 19184 practically terminating
the great war by the complete col-
lapse of the dual monarchy of Aus-
tria-Hungary.
This last war has cost Italy 500000
soldiers killed, 300,000 deal of diseas-
es contracted in war, 800,000 wpunded
and 400,000 crippled for life, and an
enormous war debt which she will
pay by peaceful and hard labor.
However, she has gained independ-
ence and the liberty 9f her people,
who will from now on work for their
progress and advancement.
The university, in its earliest con-
ception was a scholastic guild-a
gathering of men anxious to learn.
These groups of independent teach-
ers and pupils, in the course of time
were obliged to organize for mutual
protection and for a public legal
recognition of their rights and of
their duties. From that time univer-
siies becamedwell-established orga-
nirations placed under the protection
of the laws and under special rules
set by the government of their own
countries.
The privilege of granting rights to
a university and to establish certain
rules under which the institution
should be administered, was assured
by emperors, kings, popes, princes,
ji
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,
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Earliest E
Italy, forerunner in the Renais
in.g nation in the possession of art
take steps toward higher education
At Salerno in the nineth centur
men anxious for the furtherance o
ledge set about establishing a schoo
Anatomy was the chief study, and as
were frequently compelled to aband
work in order to preserve their ox
At present there are 17 univers
the Italian government. The aut
tells of the early struggles and later
and the exclusive rulers of the var-
ous countries in medieval times. The!
irst institution of this kind in Italy
and perhaps in the world) datesj
rom the nineth century, when the l
School of Salerno is mentioned as the
f'rst center of medical studies. 1
When Salernum had already begun
o decline, and Padua was in its in-
fancy, the School of Bologna was at
ts apogee. Begun in the middle of
he eleventh century with a school of
sacred letter, and civil and canonical
law, by the close of the thirteenth
century there had been added a'
school of medicine and philosophy. It
attracted in a sinble year, not fromE
Italy alone, but from every part of(
Europe as far north as the British
Isle, ten thousand students.
To Bologna was assigned the rare
privilege of connecting the old learn-1
ing and the new, and of occupying a
place of equal prominence in each. Its
medical school, however, belongs to
the new, for it begins with the date
1260, when Taddeo di Alderotto came
from Florence and began the teach-
ing and practice of medicine in Bo-
THE MICHIGAN DAILY
so as to ascertain if he is fitted to to one of the different faculties ac- modern laboratories for scientific and
continue the courses which follow. cording to his application. practical experiments and works.
After passing successfully the The life of the students . before In the plains of Emilia, not far
' thin university is al- Bologna, are also flourishing
exainaionm ecn t tierteuniversities of Parma and
v e o padite t fna pbicdeae el;mostalysafmiyiebittj Modens. These ancient cities, full of
before the faculty, which, after a home or in boarding houses, and their monuments and traditions of that
favorable vote confers upon him the associations begin only at the lyceum, glorious period of the renaissance,
degree inthe faculty which he had kept Europe intellectually alive
ities Boasts the Earli- selected. He is presented with a and become more important at the kept Enrpeintellectall al
diploma called "Laurea", the final university. amidst invasions, wars and continual
dilm"heo nvrstef soi-struggles,
istory.legal document of admission into the In regard to the student associa- Still in the of
practice of the profession. tions of the universities of Italy, one nti intherly, iestPemidsto fsthe
Since the unification of Italy under should not forget that the country cient city ith iesadunvls -a
I egoermen i te lstfityis a united nation only since the mid- ancetiy with its ancient univer-
one government in the last fifty C me ainonysnetemd sity, trival of Bologna, where Galileo
years, the standard of university edu dle of the last century, and that the tyg r of yoa, here Gheo
,d cat rs Itaught for ten years. Here the most
I cation has rapidly improved in every lapse of two generations is not suffic- precious monuments of learning are
sone of the universities not only on ac- ient to blot out ancient superstitions,,
sance, and recognized as the lead- count of the better selection of the habits and customs of life. r preserved religiously as a document
treasures, was the first nation to staff of teachers, but also through There is a national spirit of as- o a glorious pas.
in definite institutions. regional emulation. sqciation among the students of the The tragic history of Pavia, the
Th little city near Milano where Boeth-
y of the Christian era, a group of As no student is admitted to the various universities in Italy. The iote uthr o There on ton
f their own and common know= university in Italy, unless he has ,last war helped to cement still more of (ohy itenin T rion)oas
l to be called after the town. been promoted from the last year o that patriotic spirit, which warmss
the times were unsettledl, the men the high school system, it is well to under the flag of the Goliardi, univer- put to death by Theodoric the Great,
Ion temporarily their, educational know the working of that system of sity association. But every univer-' is connected with that of her univer-
vn lives. public schools. The whole education sity has some regional character, sity, once a great place of learning.
It isytteonro ag n
ities in Italy under the control of of the country is under the superin- which is more evident among the yet the owner of a large and
I thesupein Iprecious library and original mono-,
hor of the accompanyink article tendence of the Minister of Public north and south of the country. Stu-
triumphs of the Latin institutions. Instruction, who presides of a Super- dents gather usually in the coffee ments of her past grandeur and im-
ion Board of Public Education com- houses, to discuss their business and portance.
posad of 20 members partly chosen politics with that lively character Pavia today is the center of stud-
logna, where he finally settled, ac-Iby the head of the government and j which is inborn in Latin races. On jies of the province of Lombardy, and
quiring in a short time extraordinary partly by the faculties of the var-; many occasions they have contribu- !notwithstanding the nearness of Mi-
celebrity and immense riches, ious universities. There is also a ted seriously to important political , e grea capi rich
College of Inspectors attached to the events, which were very influential part of the north of Italy, holds an
During the early years of the and each n in the national destiny of the coun- important placa as a scientific field
Rnisneth glrofteIn-governmnent, ad ac urovince has yo h on
Renaissance, the glory of the Uni- a special inspector (Provveditore try. I for original studies in modern inves-
versity of Bologna was its school of.tigations This is especially so inI
medicine, and the glory of the school degli 't4idii who exercises supervis- It would be out of place to give gmedicine.
medicine a the glory ng of eschl ion over the higher and lower grade here a history of each one of the 17 eicines
of nmedicine was the teaching of anat- of schools. I Ws fPva vr10mlsd
omy. In fact, for many centuriesanilg n dc universities of Italy, but it is not im- Wt of Paie 10 apital of
Attendanceat (schoo istcntpusisytheoplargemeanin toldecapis aldof
Italy had the distinction of being the Attendance at school is compulsory proper to mention the efforts made Piedmont, with half a million of in-
country of the most eminent anato- in Italy. The popular school is free, by the young nation in reorganizing dustrious
mists, who flourished in that period h xpns being borne by the cor- 0( institutions in trying to revive an ancient university, famous for
of the Renaissance which was also munes with the aid of' the state. the glory of a great past. some great anatomists, amon fwhom
glorious in art and literature. There Children are admitted to school at Rome, the capital of the kingdom, is Rolando, who gave the name to
are at present seventeen universities the age of six, and they have to fol- is at present the moral center of the the Rolandic area or fissure of the
in Italy, all under the control of the low the regular elementary course of intellectual life of the nation, and brain.
SUNDAY, MARCH 1, 1925
In beautiful Tuscany there are two
universities, one in Pisa and the
other in Sienak both full of ancient
traditions, and rocently modernized
for the presenitrequirements. Theie
is also an institute for the advance-
ment of every branch of science in
Florence, the famous city of arts.
In the southern part of Italy,
Naples, the largest in population, has
also the largest university, being the
center of a country inhabited by 14
millions of people. The University of
Naples was at first a dependence of
the School of Salerno, a city only 30
miles from Naples, where the first
school of medicine was established in
Italy in the year 1150.
The Island of Sicily had three uni-
versities. :However, one has been
destroyed when the city of Messina,
in December, 1908, was wiped out of
existence by an earthquake and tidal
wavet leaving the old one of Catania
and the other smaller university of
Palermo. The government, is rebuild-
ing the city of Messina and with it
the university, but it will take a long
'time to renew a center of learining
from the ashes of a rich library, and'
the equipments of many expensive
laboratories.
Less important are the two univer-
sities of Cagliari and Sassari, the
largest and most conscipuous cities
of the island of Sardinia. Although
(Continued on Page Sixteen)
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government each
the same standards
administered by
and regulations.
They are provided with a staff of pro-'
fessors and instructors elected by a
special board, after a public examina-
tion, or by the exhibition of some
scientific studies, publications or con-
tributions which would entitle the
candidate to the responsible position
of teacher.
At the end of each year the pupil
is submitted to an examination on
every subject taught during the year
four years before they are admitted the "Sapienza", as the university of Genoal the richest commercial port
to the gymnasium, after successful the beautiful city is called, is the of the Mediterranean, has also a uni-
examinations. temple from which it irradiates the versity, and at present can boast the
The gymnasium curriculum is of' scientific work of New Italy. greatest and most modern clinical 1
five years, after which the pupil with! Then comes Bologna, the capital of hospital of the world. It has just
another successfful examination is ad- one of the richest regions of the been finished at the large expense of
mitted to the lyceum. This lyceum, north of Italy, with her traditions thirty millions of lire, with sixty pa-
which corresponds in some ways to; of eight hundred years of existence,' vilions, each one equipped with the
the high schools of America, pre- her ancient monuments of a great best modern appliances for the com-
pares the student for the university; past, rebuilt to suit the most modern fort of the patients, and for the ad-
where he is admitted, after three requirements, with the old library, vance in the studies of the various
years and a successful examination, full of precious documents, and many disease.
A
"I'
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'Wrought Iron Bridge
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Adustable light!
A pendid std amp!
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Creating the New and Better
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earn her
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The priceof Corona Four is $60
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0. D. MORRILL
17 Nickels Arcade
to the people of Ann Arbor.
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that would please the most discriminating.
upon
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Our service is
Grill Room in Connection
Lincoln Hotel
HURON ST.
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W- -
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At the Varsity dainty things are
treated with unusual care
I
No
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need be experienced by milady
Z+. A1.
Rentschler specializes in por-
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the new and better is part of
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Nearly every time you visit
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It is to this end of specializa-
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Sittings can be arranged for
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$7.00 the Dozen and Up
when her dainty silks and linens are being
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i
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No Matter How
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All sorts of cereals, fruits,
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Fc'i ' our approval a
ne portrait of
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Phone 2076-2077
1111
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'11111