Seventieth Year
EDITED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
UNDER AUTHQRITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS
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"Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall,
Who's the Fairest One of All?"
Ten Opinions Are Free
Truth Will Prevail"
FOREIGN AID:
American Assistance
Effective in Laos
(EDITOR'S NOTE: A little Asian country that lacked even shoes for its
soldiers - that was Laos when the United States went in with bulging
pockets not long ago. But although America will never get a cent back, as
tar as the free world goes subsidizing Laos is a gilt-edged investment.)
By DAVID LANCASHIRE
Associated Press Analyst
VIENTIANE, Laos - Laos is a drowsy Southeast Asian kingdom the
size of Kansas, supported largely by the American taxpayer.
The United States pays for the 30,000-man army - from shoes to
salaries, rice to guns. It foots most of the bill for the police force.
United States dollars back the kip, making the country's colorful ele.
Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers
or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints.
AY, JANUARY 6, 1960
NIGHT EDITOR: KENNETH McELDOWNLEY
Steel Settlement
Calls for.Statesmanship
x
HETHER THE new steel settlement will
work depends on how badly the industry
and union want to make it work. The contract
appears workable, and, if the parties will exert
a real effort, it should work.
Prof. William Haber of the economics de-
partment yesterday emphasized that the cen-
tral issue of the strike, work rules changes, will
be a central issue of labor, management disputes
in the coming decade. If the union shows a
statesmanlike attitude in this area, the recent
strike settlement will work.
A great many economists have been em-
phasizing the danger of inflation; a steel price
boost would be new impetus to a new round,
since nationally prices would go up, and then.
all wage rates tied to a "cost-of-living" scale
would follow. If industry shows a statesman-
like attitude in this area, the settlement will
work.
T HE STAKES are high; the settlement could
be a pattern for resolution of expected labor
troubles in the near future. The country can-
not afford many long strikes if the promised
prosperity of the '60's is to be realized.
USW President David MacDonald yesterday
claimed victory for the union; and the union
probably did do better than the industry. The
rejection of arbitration in work rules clauses
is probably the big victory, rather than the
wage boost; management did offer more money.
The procedure of the resolution of work rules
questions now puts the burden of increased
efficiency by rules changes squarely in the lap
of the union, for mutual agreement must be
reached on all changes.,
OVIOUSLY, management will always support
changes increasing efficiency. If the union
has its own interests, and the nation's, in mind,
it will agree to alterations. This is not to say
that all management's ideas are correct, or
that changes should be made without regard
for the workers; the plan will only work if
management does take a sympathetic attitude
in this area. The big responsibility though is
on the union. The arguments for greater effi-
ciency through better work rules are well-
known. It must be pointed out, however, that
union cooperation is necessary if management
is to perform its task of statesmanship-hold-
ing down steel prices.
The ruminations of Roger M. Blough seem
to hint industry has something up its collective
sleeve, though of course nothing can be proved.
Any price boost, though, that industry decrees
will be a sorry disappointment. It is not fair to
ask the workers to contribute to the national
cause without a like contribution from in-
dustry.
If union and industry carry out their parts
of the bargain, the specter of further federal
strike legislation may be removed. Such7 gov-
ernment interference is an unnatural element.
in the labor picture, and should be eliminated
as much as possible. However, national con-
siderations outside labor-management disputes
necessitate some federal authority. This inter-
vention power should at all costs though be
kept to a minimum.
Again, the whole question resolves down to:
how will the parties conduct themselves. If the
steel settlement works, it can be a fruitful
prototype. If it does not, chaos could con-
ceivably break loose in American industry.
--PHILIP SHERMAN
When?
THE GOLD PLATED DOOR:
Immigration to America
phant-decorated money one of
the hardest currencies in Asia.
EVERY SIGN of progress in the
primitive state of two million
people - schools, drinking wells,
the capital's electric plant - in-
volves the United States Opera-
tions Mission (USOM).
"Laos itself does not have a
penny to invest," says Laotian fi-
nance Minister Thao Leuam Ra-
jasombat.
The American taxpayer has no
prospects of getting anything back
in dollars and cents.
BUT WITHOUT American aid
Laos probably would collapse
overnight and fall to the Commu-
nists who are waging guerrilla
warfare to overthrow the pro-
Western government.
Since 1955 the United States
has poured 165 million dollars in-
to the tiny Buddhist nation
nestled in the heart of Southeast
Asia, flanked by Red China and
Communist North Viet Nam.
About 60 per cent of this money
has gone toward military support.
In addition, a secret amount of
military equipment has been
shipped in for the amry, raising
the over-all total of American aid
to an estimated 225 million dol-
lars.
FORMER USOM Director Daly
C. Lavergne says Laos is so stra-
tegically located that "if this na-
tion were lost to Communism the
political integrity not only of
Southeast Asiawould be placed in
serious jeopardy but also South~
Asia... our program in Laos not
only makes sense, it's imperative
to the preservation of our way of
life."
Laos receives one of the largest
per capita allotments of United
shipped in for the army, raising
world, but there are few trained
personnel to administer, the pro-
gram.
* * *.
"IT IS WELL beyond our ex-
pectations," says USOM Director
John Cool. "We were told it would
never work out. The self-help plan
has done more than any other
project to show off American aid!
and to represent the central gov-
ernment to remote villages.
"If it had been initiated a few
years earlier it might have done
much to head off the current pro-
Communist rebellion. But Lao
politicians did not see the need
for it they. The (pro-Communist)
Pathet Lao movement went into
the villages rarely visited by gov-
ernment officials and convinced
the villagers the administration in
Vientiane had no interest in them,
and said Amercan aid went only
to help the politicians."
I
A freshman asked an upperclassman to
read over a draft of a paper he had writ-
ten for English 23. While doing so, the
upperclassman pointed out a few gram-
matical mistakes.
"Oh, that doesn't matter," the upper-
classman was assured, "my instructor
doesn't care about grammar."
When was freshman English going to
be dropped?
I'
-P.P.
TODAY AND TOMORROW
The Political Doldrums.
THE POLITICAL campaign is about to have
its official opening, and there arein the
running one Republican and several Demo-
cratic candidates. Of none of them can it be
said that he has identified himself clearly with
any largt national concern or taken a posi-
tion which distinguishes him clearly from his
rivals. None has aroused more than what may.
be called the enthusiasm of a faction.. As of
now the only issue within either party or be-
tween the two parties is who can be nominated
In the conventions and who can win the elec-
tions.
Considering the size and the import of the,
questions which the next President will have
to deal with, it is strange and it is disconcert-
ing to find that there is as yet no promise and
no prospect that the campaign of 1960 will be-
gin to prepare the minds of our people for the
future which is at hand.
Yet in this campaign there will come to
pbwer the new political generation. With the
retirement of Eisenhower, the old Generals and
Chiefs of the World War and of the post-war
period will give way to their successors. These
successors will have their own battles to fight,
not the same old battles which Roosevelt and
Truman and Eisenhower fought. But as of
now, the Republicans are stuck with the ideas
of the Eisenhower interlude and the Democrats
are stuck with the ideas of the Truman ad-
ministration.
YET WE KNOW that at least some of the
candidates, indeed all the serious candi-
dates, are aware that at home and abroad we
are entering a new period. At home we are
entering° it because of the need to meet the
mounting and unfilled needs of our growing
and urbanized population. Abroad, we are en-
tering a new period because the brief years of
our material, economic, technological, and mili-
tary supremacy are over..
Why then is the campaign so listless, so
vacant, so uninteresting, and so unimportant?
Some would say because the people are lulled
by their material comforts and are drugged
by the official assurances that all is well and
that nothing will happen to them. But this
leaves unanswered, indeed it begs, the question
which is why in these momentous times our
people have been lulled and drugged into
apathy and complacency?
I VENTURE to think that the answer to the
question is that the party system is not
working as it is meant to work. It is throttling
debate and it is stifling ideas. This is because
the opposition party, that is the Democrats,
are not functioning as an opposition. They
criticize Eisenhower. But they do not challenge
ALTER LIPPMANN
ers on the one hand and by the Truman office
holders on the other. Speaking broadly, the
Congressional leaders are concerned with do-
mestic affairs and the Truman office holders
are in charge of the party's position in inter-
national affairs. Beyond the three-mile limit
Sen. Johnson defers to Mr. Truman and Mr.
Acheson. Inside the three-mile limit they defer
to him.
This cooperative arrangement - if that is
the right name for it - has neutralized the
Democrats as the opposition party. On the
domestic front Sen. Johnson has accepted
without question, and indeed with some fervor,
the basic dogma of the Eisenhower administra-
tion. This dogma is not, as is often said, that
the budget should be balanced in time of
prosperity and that inflation should be avoided
and that the currency should be kept stable
and sound. The basic dogma is that defense
and public improvement must be tailored in
order to balance the budget at the 1954 level
of taxation. The ark of the covenant is the
rates set by Secretary Humphrey when he re-
duced taxes in 1954.
HAVING ACCEPTED the dogma that these
1954 rates are untouchable, unless they
are red'uced, the Democrats have disqualified
themselves from criticizing the Eisenhower
program. They are unable to look forward. For
when anyone looks forward nothing is more
probable than that in the times to come it
will be necessary to divert to public spending
some larger part of what now goes to private
spending.
It is conceivable, but it is not likely, that'
some money can- be saved by a reduction of
armaments. It is more likely, however, that
more money will. have to be spent on arma-
ments because the weapons are becoming
more and more costly. In any event the civilian
needs of our people, beginning with our schools
and medical services and going on to the re-
planning and the rebuilding of our cities, will
demand a ,rising share of our expanding eco-
nomy.
It is the business of the Democratic opposi-
tion to prepare the way. It is their business
to do it even if they cannot be elected on thesej
issues in the year 1960. But this is what they
are not doing. What they are doing thus far is
to make it as likely as possible that they can
elect, not a President, but a Congress.
ON THE INTERNATIONAL front, Mr. Tru-
man and Mr. Acheson have caused the
Democrats to miss the bus. For what they have
done is to oppose the President's effort to find
an accommodation. Thereby they have handed
him a monopoly on "peace." Moreover, they
,have confirmed the old and very unfair but
(EDITOR'S NOTE: This is the
first in a series of three articles on
the current United States Immigra-
tion policy.)
By NORMA SUE WOLFE
Daily Staff Writer
LATVIA'S immigration quota is
mortgaged to the year 2274.
China, which has the largest
population of any single country
in the world, is allotted a yearly
quota of 100 immigrants.
Three countries (Britain, Ire-
land, and Germany) may send
immigrants who make up 72 per
cent of the total United States
nationality system quota, but they
have never filled this quota.
A LOOK at the trends leading
to immigration legislation with
the above provisions makes the
idealistic lines engraved on the
Statue of Liberty seem a little less
pure, less encouraging, more iron-
ical.
After approximately 130 years
of unrestricted immigration, the
first federal regulations were ef-
fected in 1882. A temporary mea-
sure ending Chinese immigration
was enacted, and "undesirables"
such as criminals, paupers and
the insane were forbidden to land
on American shores.
Although exclusion was extend-
ed in 1891 to those suffering from
contagious and loathsome dis-
eases, these early restrictions have
been described as "aimed at keep-
ing out certain kinds of immi-
grants rather than at reducing
the tide of immigration."
THE EARLY years of the 20th
century saw few changes in poli-
cy.
In 1897, Congress enacted a bill
requiring all new arrivals to prove
their ability to read and write.
However, the bill was vetoed by
President Grover Cleveland, and
similar proposals were subse-
quently vetoed by Presidents Wil-
liam Howard Taft and Woodrow
Wilson.
Congress was not to be deterred,
though, and in 1917, over Wilson's
veto, a law was effected refusing
admittance to immigrants unable
to read or write. Vagrants, chronic
alcoholics, and persons believing
in violent overthrow of the gov-
ernment were also restricted.
S 4 4
UP TO 1921, however, almost
any person in good physical and
mental health, not illiterate, of
good moral character and not
racially ineligible for naturaliza-
tion could eAter the country. But
during World War I, a reaction
against immigration set in which
led torwidespread demand for
some form of restriction.
Accoringly in May, 1921, Con-
gress enacted a law limiting the
number of immigrants who might
enter. Because a definite quota
was assigned to each country (ex-
cept those in the Western Hemis-
phere), the act has become known
as the Quota Act.
It limited the number of im-
migrants to three per cent of the
number of that nationality resid-
ing in the United States in 1910.
THE QUOTA ACT was replaced
in 1924 by the Lodge-Johnson Act,
under which two per cent of the
iumber of a given nationality liv-
ing in the U. S. in 1890 could be
admitted. In the same year, the
Japanese were barred from enter-
ing.
After 1921, when the National
Origins Law became effective, the
total number of immigrants was
limited to 150,000 per year and
each country was given a quota
depending on the percentage of
people of that origin in the Amer-
ican population in 1920.
These acts, the Depression of
the '30's and World War II com-
bined to reduce immigration to
the lowest point in 100 years. But
following the war, partially be-
cause of emergency legislation de-
signed to admit 341,000 displaced
persons (it was under this legis-
lation that Latvia became mort-
gaged to the 23rd century), im-
migration again increased.
WHAT WAS to become the
groundwork for the McCarran Act
of 1952 was laid with the 1947
authorization of the Senate to in-
vestigate immigration and natur-
alization systems in the United
States.
Enacted over President Harry.
Truman's veto, the act repealed
48 laws and parts of laws and
amended 10 laid down by previous
legislation. Under the act, which
went into effect the following
year, the number of immigrants
for any quota country has been
limited tohone-sixth of one per
cent of the number of that na-
tionality residing in the United
States in 1920.
National origin was ascertained
by determining "as nearly as pos-
sible" the number of inhabitants
whose origin by birth or ances-
try was attributable to the various
countries to which separate
quotas were allocated.
* * *
OF AN ANNUAL immigration
total of 154,657 and 84 quotas in
all, 56 have been set at 100 immi-
grants each -- the minimum al-
lotted per quota country. Since
quotas remained almost identical
with those of the '20's, it was ex-
plained that the purpose of en-
actment had not been to change
the quotas, but rather to simplify
mathematical calculations.
Japan was allotted a quota of
185 immigrants; acts excluding
the Chinese had been repealed in
1943; and the people began con-
gratulating themselves on a well
planned, non-discriminatory im-
migration policy.
First had come a period of wel-
coming aliens, such as the Chi-
nese, as a source of cheap and
available labor. Then, when jobs
were completed (for example,
completion of the transcontinen-
tal railroad in 1869), the native
labor began to worry about con-
tinued employment and good pay.
It rose in groups and was able,
to effect discriminatory legisla-
tion in order to avoid a drop in
the average native workingman's
standard of living. And slowly but
surely; Asiatics and groups known
as the "new immigration" (from
eastern and southern Europe)
were restricted.
DAILY
OFFICIAL
BULLETIN
(Continued from Page 2)
tion and Records, Rm. 1513 Admn.
Bldg., by 8:30 a.m., Mon., Feb. 1.
Disciplinary action in eases of uW-
dent misconduct: At the meetings of
Dec. 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10 and 15, cases in-
volving 52 students were heard by the
Joint Judiciary Council. In all cas~
the action was approved by the Sub-
Comnmittee on Discipline.
1. Conduct unbecoming a student in
that the Student Automobile Regula-
tions were violated.
(a) Failure to Register: One student
fined $30.00, all of which was suspend-
ed; Five students fined $20.00; three
students fined $20.00 with $15.00 sus-
pended; one student fined $20.00 with
$10.00 suspended; eight students fined
$20.00, all of which was suspended and
five students issued a written warning.
(b) Failure to register and attempt
to falsify: One student fined $40.00 with
$20.00 suspended; one student fined
$35.00, all of which was suspended and
three students fined $35.00 with $20.00
suspended.
(c) Driving without authorization:
Three students fined $35.00; one stu-
dent lined $35.00, all of which was sus-
pended; two students ined $35.00 with
$10.00 suspended and two students
lined $35.00 with $15.00 suspended; one
student'ined $20.00 and one student is-
suied a written warning.
(d) Driving without authorization
and attempt to falsify: One student
lined $50.00 with $40.00 suspended and
one student ined $50.00 with $25.00
suspended.
(e) Attempt to falsify: one student
lined $15.00. all of which was suspend-
ed.
(f) Misuse of special business permit:
One student ined $25.00 with $15.00
suspended and one student ined $25.00
with $10.00 suspended.
(g) Misuse of special commuting per-
mit: One student issued a written let-
ter of warning.
(h) Unauthorized presence of auto-
mobile: One student fined$20.00; one
student fined $20.00 with $10.00 sus-
pended and one student issued a
written letter of warning.
(1) Unauthorized presence of auto-
mobile and attempt to falsify: One stu-
dent fined $35.00 with $20.00 suspended.
(j) Misrepresentation of facts in ob-
taining a driving permit: One student
lined $40.00.
(I) Use of an unregistered automo-
bile: One student fined $10.00, all of
which was suspended.
2. Conduct 'unbecoming students in
that University property was defaced
and misappropriated: Two students
fined $20.00 each, all of which was sus-
pended.
Student Accounts: Your attention is
called to the following rules passed by
the Regents at their meeting on Feb.
28, 1936: "Students shall pay all ac-
counts due the University not later
than the last, day of classes of each
semester or summer session. Student
loans which are not paid or renewed
are subject to this regulation; how-
ever, student loans not yet due are
exempt. Any unpaid accounts at the
close of business on the last day. of
classes will be reported to the Cashier
of the University and
"(a) All academic credits will be
withheld, the grades for the semester
or summer session just completed will
not be released, and no transcript of
credits will be issued.
"(b) Al Istudents owing such ac-
counts will not be allowed to register
in any subsequent semester or 'su-
mer session until payment has been
made."
Sir Donald Wolfit and Rosalind Iden,
noted British Shakespearean actors,
wil be presented Sat., 8:30 p.m., in
Hill- Aud. They will enact, in costume,
scenes from their favorite Shakespear-
ean roles, including scenes from am.
let, Henry V, Othello, Macbeth and
others. Tickets for "Scenes from
Shakespeare" are now on sale at the
And. box office, 10-5 daily. Students
are given a 30 per cent reduction on
all tickets.
Agenda, Student Government Coun-
Minutes of previous meeting.
Officer reports: President: Letters,
Dramatic Arts Center Report; Vice-
President (Exec. )-Sigma Kappa'Study
Comm. Appointments: John Feldkamp,
Charm. Mary Wellman, Roger Season-
wein, Phil Zook, Tom Turner; NSA -
Nancy Adams, Pat Backman, Tex
Chertkov; Vice-President (Admin.) -
Ad wing Bulletin: Treasurer.
Old Business: Joint Judiciary Report
(Levine); Questionnaire; Forestry Club
Petition.
standing Committees: Student Acti-
vities Committee; Calendaring Com-
mittee - Odonto Ball, ISA events (4).
Ad Hoc Committees: Restrictive Prac-
tices Committee; Homecoming Dance -
financial report (Jenks).
New Business.
Members and constituents time.
Announcements.
Adjournment.
The Michigan Marketing Club, a col.
legiate chapter of the American Mar-
keting Assoc., cordially invites you to
attend a talk on,"Advertising's Role
in Marketing" by Hugh MacMillan,
Marketing and Research Director of
Campbell-Ewald Advertising Agency,
tonight at 7:30 p.m. in Rm. 131 of the
Bus. Admin. School.
Lectures
University Lecture: George C. Ho-
mans, Dept. of Social Relations, Har-
vard University, "Status Congruence,"
Wed., Jan. 6, 4:15 p.m., Aud. A, Angell
Hall.
The 1960 Ziwet Lectures in Mathe-
matics will be held Mon., Wed., and
Fri., Jan. 6, 8 and 11, 13, 15 at 4 p.m.
in 1025 Angell Hall. J. H. C. Whiteead
Waynfleet, Prof. of Pure Mathematics.
r .
{;I
INTERPRETING THE NEWS:
Jittery Political Outlook
By J. M. ROBERTS
Associated Press News Analyst
THE FREE WORLD is entering
a period of danger about which
its leaders have been jittery ever
since the cold war started.
This is a period in which the
easing of fears of physical danger
could lead to lack of alertness and
a critical increase in political dan-
ger.
Indeed, it is a period in which a
relaxation of the western defense
posture could produce a quick re-
turn by Soviet Russia to the policy
of physical threat which proved
so profitable for her in the first
years after World War II when
the West lay undefended.
* 4 '
THE WORLD welcomed the new
year and the new decade with a
strong display of hope that 1960
would see the real turning point
in relations with Moscow.
For the first time in many years
hope for peace, for disarmament,
and for a start toward real world
cooperation outweighed dragging
fear.
Yet in the background remained
the hard, factual situation that
trying to make peace between de-
mocracy and totalitarian, expan-
sionist communist is like going
over Niagara Falls in a barrel
padded with little more than hope.
One of the few voices which
attempted to keep this in the fore-
front during the new year's wave
of optimism was that of Secretary
Herter, who has not always been
too clear about what he himself
believes is in the figures book.
THE VERY acceptance by West-
ern leaders of the idea of a series
of Summit conferences represents
also a fundamental acceptance
that an early and definitive break-
through toward world settlements
is unlikely.
In the current contest specific
turning points, such as the battles
of Midway, and Stalingrad in a
war, seldom develop. If there is
room for hope, it is for an evolu-
tionary period in which the think-
ing and practices of the opposition
campus are brought closer to-
gether by natural forces rather
than by grudging agreements.
.{
Y.
b
The Platitudes that- Comfort