Seventieth Year
EDITED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
UNDER AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS
STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG. * ANN ARBOR, MICH. * Phone NO 2-3 241
The Nature of the Beast
THE OTHER SIDE:
Russian General
Discusses Defense
en Opinions Are Free
mtb will Prevall"
litorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers
or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints.
ESDAY, DECEMBER 2, 1959 NIGHT EDITOR: KENNETH McELDOWNEY
The True Patriots: Those
Who Refuse Loyalty Oaths
'HE SIGNING of a loyalty oath is like the
right to vote In a totalitarian political sys-
mn. In one sense, both are insignificant ges-
res. But in a more iiportant sense they are
gic hoaxes which serve as concealed in-
ingements upon the most basic privileges of a
ee society.
We refer of course to the twin liberties of free
pression and privacy of belief. The Bill of
ghts guarantees these privileges whether they
e used to praise God or to condemn the gov-
nment.
Seeking loyalty oaths and the totalitarian
ne-slate" vote both reflect the insecurity
a government in the face of opposition which
cannot or will not hear. These measures to
ovide mock shows of assurance are highly
propriate to the totalitarian state, for its
rength rests upon the amount of criticism
aich it can prevent from finding expression.
owever, they are highly inappropriate in a
ee society whose strength is a function of the
gree to which it can allow free criticism and
feat its critics in the marketplace of ideas.
LLOWING unbridled free expression can be
a most trying procedure. For example, the
AR. freely advocates keeping flourine out of
inking water regardless of its beneficial effect
reducing tooth decay. The D.A.R. also advo-
,tes continued nuclear weapons testing which
ads to increasing quantities of Strontium 90
milk which, in turn, is a possible cause for
creasing the incidence of fatal leukemia.
lese policies are detrimental to the health
d survival of fellow Americans. But the
ght of the D.A.R. to such advocacy-however
ying it may seem-is sacred.
Unlike freedom of thought, freedom of action
m1 never be absolute. A large body of laws
lfne limits beyond which people may not
espass. If one withholds his taxes, carries a
in without a license, starts a riot, or commits
violent act the punishment prescribed by law
)roes to him whether he is a Communist, a
epublican, or a Democrat.
0 THE EXTENT that he meets his legal
obligations, a citizen should be entitled to
luitable treatment from his government. This
true of the use of public highways, of gov-
nment-supported hospitals and of holding
alitical office. It should also be true of appli-
mnta for government fellowships and scholar-
aips. The logic, if not the legality, of demand-
U.S. Students B
ANAMANIAN university students helped
their countryqmen celebrate the 138th anni-
rsary of their country's independence three
uys ago, leading a demonstration protesting
us United States' occupation of the Canal
one.
There were many students among the band
rebels that Premier Fidel Castro led in the
ills of Cuba. Castro found them so helpful
at he Is now forming student brigades to back
> the army in support of his newly-formed
avernment
In 1956, Hungarian university students trig-
red the now-famous revolt against Russian
ile, then proceeded to lead the fighting that
ey had caused.
'ARTHER BACK in history, university stu-
dents have often had a large part in Euro-
an revolutions and undergrounds both in-
illectually and actively. The widespread revo-
tions of 1830 and 1848 included students, and
embers of colleges in and near Paris were
fund behind barricades in the French Revolu-
on of 1789.
ing a loyalty oath from students and teachers
in need of a fellowship, but not from other
people, escapes one.
If a loyalty oath were extended to all-to
every citizen as a condition for receiving any
governmental services at all-the policy would
at least be equitable. Such a universal loyalty
would not, however, achieve true loyalty any
.more than do "voting right" in the totalitarian
state.
It might, however, help to keep certain oppo-
sition out of open circulation. As such it would
be a landmark in the direction of relinquishing
the rights from which the free state gains its
strength.
W HY DOES the AAUP make such a mountain
of this little requirement of having to sign
a loyalty oath in return for such lucrative and
needed grants? Are they not highly impractical
to stand upon principle when so small a re-
quirement offers so much in return?
The answer must be made for each person by
himself and in accordance with his own values.
For some people the rights to privacy of belief
and free expression are too precious to be sold,
either in whole or in part, regardless of the
monetary offering. And, since free society de-
pends upon these rights, these people (and not
the oath signers) are the true patriots of our
generation.
VERY FEW people have sufficient conviction
to turn down money in order to support the
right to speak or people (Communists, for
example) with whom they disagree. My hat
is off to these men of Yale, Harvard, Oberlin
and elsewhere. They have the courage to sup-
port genuine freedom while rejecting such
trappings of freedom which would serve only
to conceal its encroachment.
People who do not believe in a free society
are not likely to have scruples about signing
a loyalty oath in return for a government
grant. The only people whom the loyalty oath
effectively keeps from receiving aid are those
whose devotion to basic freedom is beyond the
value of the dollar.
Aid to education is a necessary part of our
peaceful competition with Soviet communism.
But if the price we have to pay for this aid is
the same show of allegiance which is demanded
in Russia, the competition ceases to be worth-
while.
-MARC PILISUK
freak with Past
In 1819, the fear of student-led revolution
was so great in Germany that the Carlsbad
decrees, providing for strictcensorship of the
student press and other restrictions on student
freedoms, were passed.
YET WHAT does one find today in the United
States? Are there students behind barri-
cades, trying to create even a slightly better
government? Are there even very many who go
so far as to think seriously about national and
international problems? Seemingly not.
American students today appear to be so
apathetic that they don't even care about cam-
pus affairs. How many bothered to vote in the
recent student government elections here? Only
about one-third of the student body.
Is it that the United States and its universi-
ies are so perfect that there are no improve-
mens to be made? Or is it that the nature of
today's American student breaks precedent,
being much like that of a somnolent sloth?
-BOB FARRELL
By BEM PRICE
Associated Press Newsfeatures Writer
WASHINGTON - If the Rus-
sians ever do unto others
what they say they expect others
to do unto them, World War III
would really wreck this globe.
In the opinion of Maj. Gen. G. I.
Pokrovsky, topflight Soviet sci-
entist and military theorist, Rus-
sia should be prepared to defend
against:
1) A surprise attack with long-
range missiles.
2) An assault using every weap-
on of mass destruction in man's
arsenal - thermonuclear bombs,
chemicals and bacteria.
* * * ,
POKROVSKY'S three -year -old
views have been translated into
English and published as a book,
"Science and Technology in Con-
temporary War."
Pokrovsky makes it clear that
the next war would require thou-
sands of highly qualified techni-
cians, but adds, "contemporary
warfare also requires mass field
armies."
The Soviet general expresses the
belief that long-range missiles are
good only if you know the loca-
tion of your target-enemy missile
sites and industrial complexes.
* * *
"THE PRODUCTIVE forces of
society exert an enormous influ-
ence on military affairs. In the
last analysis, this influence is ac-
tually decisive," he says.
"A defense against long-range
and intercontinental rockets is
possible ... just as defense against
any other weapon is possible."
The compilation of Pokrovsky's
views concludes:
"As Soviet military science
teaches, only an expedient com-
f
Herblock is away due to illness s ? 3
THE GREAT FIZZLE:
Programs for Science Education Flop,
(EDITOR'S NOTE: Schools were
made a kind of national whipping
boy two years ago for America's lag
in the missile race. With much
fanfare ambitious programs were
announced for better science edu-
cation. Here is a sobering look at
just how much has actually been,
accomplished.)
By G. K. HODENFIELD
Associated Press Education Writer
WASHINGTON - For two years
this country has been talking
about crash programs to train
more scientists. We're still talk-
ing, but the programs apparently
have flopped.
When the Soviets sent Sputnik
I into orbit in the fall of 1957
there was a great outcry:
"We are lagging behind the
Russians," it went. "Our schools
are to blame."
The school was a handy scape-
goat. Today's students are tomor-
row's scientists, and any national
program to train more scientists
has to start in the classroom.
In some communities there has
been remarkable improvement.
But at best this is spotty prog-
ress. Nationwide, so-called crash
programs seem to be wrapped in
200-300 high school students. And
there must be good teachers, good
textbooks, good equipment and
facilities.
This is the situation, point-by-
point, based on the latest studies
and on a series of interviews with
scientists and educators:
1) Curriculumn-- with a few,
notable exceptions, science study
in the public schools hasn't
changed much since the turn of
the century.
A new physics course has been
worked out by experts at the
Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology. Similar work in biology is,
under way at the University of
Colorado at Boulder. It may well
be years, however, before these
new programs are in general use
throughout the country.
,* ,
ACCORDING to one expert,
"There is a lag of at least 10 to
15 years between what goes on in
science and what is taught in our
schobols."
There are heartening exceV-
apathy and tied with red tape.
b * *f
DR. ELLS WORTH Obourne of
the U. S. Office of Education says
this country is now spending be-
tween 50 and 60 million dollars a
year to improve science teaching.
That includes expenditures by
the government as well as foun-
dations and private industry.
"This money is being poured in
at the top of a funnel," says Dr.
Obourne. "Very little is getting
through to the local level where it
is needed. It's like pouring money
down a rathole."
Scientists and educators agree
there are five essentials to a good
school program in science.
THERE must be a broad, com-
prehensive course of studies, from
elementary grades through high
school. There should be one well-
trained guidance officer for each
tions, however, such as in San An-
gelo, Texas, where there is a co-
ordinated science program from
the first grade through the 12th.
The junior high and high school
courses have to be beefed up each
year as better prepared pupils
come into those grades. A some-
what similar program got under
way in Georgia just this year.,
Baltimore County, Md., has over-
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR:
writer Disapproves of NDEA Oaths
INTERPRETING THE NEWS:
A One-Sided Deal.
By J. M. ROBERTS
Associated Press News Analyst
)VIET RUSSIA keeps her troops in eastern
Europe for many reasons, chiefly security.
t now her puppet ruler in Hungary, Janos
dar,- makes it appear they also are there for
gaining purposes.
'here had been speculation that Premier
rushchev would announce today the with-
,wal of the troops from Hungary in order
promote his peace offensive. Improved eco-
nic conditions with resultant lessening of
itical unrest seemed to permit it.
t was recalled that prior to the 1955 summit
ference in Geneva Khrushchev had suddenly
ut-faced to sign a peace treaty with Austria,
of the things the West had been demanding
evidence that the peace offensive of that
r was more than words.
'or three years the Soviet has ignored a
ited Nations injunction to remove from Hun-
y the troops which conducted the terror
npaign during and after the 1956 revolt. Last
k she was outvoted as the general assembly
audience, announced yesterday that Soviet
troops would remain in Hungary as long as the
international situation required it. At the same
time he said Hungary favored proposals for
removal of all foreign troops from middle
Europe.
That's the old gambit by which the Com-
munists have sought to get American troops
off the Continent. Russia would like to make a
deal by agreeing to withdraw inside her own
border.
The one-sidedness of any such agreement has
always been obvious to the Western powers,
although it is conceivable that American forces
could withdraw from Germany to other Euro-
pean bases without going all the way home.
GERMANY, however, is as always the key to
the continent in any East-West conflict,
and the West has no more intention of ex-
posing her to Communist expansion than Mos-
cow has of giving up its hope of eventual
control.
ThenovietU ninnagreed after the war to
To the Editor:
HOUGH never a supporter of
the loyalty oath in education,
one Oberlin graduate wants to
register disappointment with his
college's recent withdrawal from
the National Defense Education
Act loan program.
In the first place;' it is hard for
me to escape the conclusion that
the big fuss has been not so much,
over academic freedom as a prin-
ciple, as over the loyalty oath as a
bogey man. I say this for two rea-
sons:
1) The place of academic free-
dom in the present issue is not at
all clear. In certain previous loy-
alty-oath situations, the scholar's
right to investigate freely, and
publish his reasoning and findings,
has been challenged by threats to
his reputation and livelihood. No
such threat exists here. Those un-
willing to take the oath need not
do so, nor do they need to make
any apologies or explanations.
2) The oath has been attacked
as a) symbolic of earlier threats
to academic freedom, b) vague,
c) ineffective, and d) "insulting."
For some reason the main em-
phasis has been given to the last
point, the injured feelings of "the
academic community." One won-
ders why, since the oath is re-
quired of presumably honorable
persons offered positions of trust
in the civil and military service.
However inappropriate this oath
may be, and I too think it is, the
aggrieved intellectuals call their
maturity-rather than their loy-
alty-into question by their para-
noid assumption that they are
"singled out" or "suspect."
In the second place, whatever
smart." Higher education is seen
as a birthright of those with su-
perior Brains.
Nowhere have I come across
any acknowledgment that accept-
ance of the taxpayers' money im-
plies a moral obligation to the tax-
payers. There seems to be a gen-
eral assumption that the Federal
funds are meant to help qualified
individuals realize their personal
academic goals. The very title of
the Act, of course, suggests its ac-
tual purpose-the building of a
national reserve of educated, loyal
citizens.
2) Oberlin is a fine school with
high prestige and high tuition. Its
faculty are well paid and their
children's education is subsidized
by the college. Most of its students
are from well-to-do families. Those
that are not, are there because
they have somehow already es-
tablished a source of funds. In
these affluent times there is no
lack of qualified and well-heeled
applicants.
It is silly, therefore, to con-
gratulate Oberlin for its refusal
to "sacrifice principle to practi-
cality." Nobody there has sac-
rificed anything except, perhaps,
perspective. No great display of
courage has been necessary.
The great sacrifice, obviously,
has been made by the high school
students of modest means who had
for a few months been able to look
forward to applying to Oberlin,
Harvard or Yale. Even those who
could not sign a loyalty oath had
much greater hope of institutional
loan funds.
But all have been denied that
freedom of choice, in the name of
on nhr,.a* '..Trinnnla f A,,,, hin
tomorrow." Thus reads the cover
of this month's issue of Michigan's
(poor excuse for a) humor maga-
zine.
The Gargoyle Staff has good
reason for its fear of being thrown
off campus, however it should
realize that the "throwers" will be
the student body and not the ad-
ministration.
Three Cheers for a Gargoyle
Staff that knows everything there
is to know about humor-from A
to B!!!
-Joel Miller, '61
Sorry Sight .
To the Editor:
THE COMMENTS by high Uni-
versity officials on Yale and
Harvard's withdrawal from the
NDEA loan program (Daily, Nov.
19, page 1) constitute a sad dem-
onstration of a tendency of this'
University's administrators to ab-
dicate moral responsibility when-
ever expediency requires it. To
those of us who regard the NDEA
loyalty requirement not only as
unwise, but as an infringement of
individual rights, it is.disappoint-
ing that President Hatcher did not
speak out as clearly on this issue
as did the presidents of Harvard
and Yale
To compare-as Dean Rea did-
the loyalty affidavit with a bank's
financial responsibility require-
ments seems to condone the gov-
ernment's right to require a loyal-
ty oath from students seeking fi-
nancial assistance. Inasmuch as
this is considered to be a great
University, its responsibility to
speak out for right and against
hauled its teaching of chemistry
and biology. Denver, Colo., is re-
organizing its entire science pro-
gram.
2) Guidance officers - by a
conservative estimate, there is a
shortage of 15,000 guidance offi-
cers in this country. And, accord-
ing to John T. Stewart of the Il-
linois State Office of Public In-
struction, at least two-thirds of
the counselors now employed do
not meet minimum requirements.
ANOTHER source says less
than nine per cent of the guid-
ance officers have any background
in science. Literally thousands of
potential scientists are being lost
to the field through poor counsel-
ing or none at all.
3) Teachers - This is perhaps
the most complex part of the en-
tire problem.
Figures compiled by the Nation-
al Education Assn. show a short-
age of 135,000 qualified teachers.
The need in high school science
is especially severe because many
good potential science teachers
are lured into private industry by
better pay,
BUT IT'S more than just a
shortage of teachers.
Says one scientist: "Many of
our science teachers graduated
frome college 15-20 years ago. They
have been following the same old
course for years, and they're quite
content with it.
"Until' we can bring these
teachers up to date, we'll be
teaching space age science with
horse and buggy teachers."
* * *
THE NATIONAL Science Foun-
dation, a government agency, is
spending millions of dollars on
summer institutes to bring science
teachers up to date. Last summer
there were 350 such institutes,
each lasting from six to 10 weeks.
Private industry has similar, but
smaller, programs. Even so, these
institutes can reach only a frac-
tion of the teachers who need-
their help. j
4) Textbooks - Sputnik I start-
ed whizzing around the earth
more than two years ago. It will
be at least another year or two
before textbooks dealing with
earth satellites are in general use
around the country. In some
schools, the students won't see
those books for another four or
five years.
According to a survey by the
American Textbook Publishers In-
stitute of New York - and the In-
'stitute may be a bit prejudiced --
the nation's high schools needed
to buy 353 million dollars worth of,
textbooks last year to replace
those which were worn out or ob-
solete. Actual purchases were 67
million dollars.
* * * e
THERE IS no national program
for the purchase of textbooks.
Even the National Defense Edu-
cation Act of 1958, which provides
for the build-up of science li-
braries, specifically bans the pur-
chase of textbooks with NDEA
funds.
bination of different forms of mili-
tary technology can insure the
successful achievement of vic-
tory...
"The constant development of
weapons and of their means of
combat employment is of decisive
importance.
"Finally, a political and morale
superiority-and a scientific tech-
nological superiority over the en-
emy-comprise an extremely im-
portant condition of victory."
DAILY
OFFICIAL
BULLETIN
The Daily Official Bulletin is an
offiia publication of The Univer-
sity of Michigan for which The
Michigan Daily assumes no edi-
torial responsibility. Notices should
be sent in TYPEWRITTEN form to
Room 3519 Administration Build-
Ing, before 2 p.m. the day preceding
publication. Notices for Sunday
Daily due at 2:00 p.m. Friday.
WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 2, 1959
VOL. LXX, NO. 58
General Notices
Regents' Meeting: Friday, December
18. Nineteen copies of communications
for consideration at this meeting must
be in the president's hands not later
than December 8.
International Center Tea: Thurs.
Dec. 3, 4:30 to 8:00 p.m. at the Inter-
national Center. All students welcome.
International Student and Family
Exchange: Thurs., Dec. 3, 10:00 to 11:30
a.m. and evenings by appointment.
Rms. 103 and 528, SAB.
Attention: Jan. grads should order
their caps and gowns from Moe's Sport
Shop on East University immediately.
Tomorrow at 4:10 P.m. the Dept. of
Speech will present a laboratory play-
bill production of "The Chairs" by
Eugene. lonesco. The performane will
be held in Trueblood Aud., Frieze Bldg.
An intensive 190 summer school
course in shorthand is being consd-
ered by the School of Business Admin-
istration as a service to University Stu-
dents only. Before making final plans,
however, the school must have some
idea of interest and therefore is seek-
ing. preregistration information. The
course will not be offered unless at
least 30 students at this time indicate
an interest in electing it. Plans are for
a six-weeks course, to meet from 8 to
12 MonFri. A marketable competence
in writing and transcribing shorthand
is the goal. Tuition for residents will
be $70; for out-of-state students, $155.
If you are interested In enrolling, eith-
er telephone or write to Prof. Irene
Place, School of Business Admin. with-
in the next week.
Jan. Grads: Orders for commence-
ment announcements will be taken
Dec. 2-4, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. at the
Student Activities Bldg.
New University of Michgan Graduate
Screening Examinations in French and
German. All graduate students desir-
ing to fulfill their foreign language re-
Iquirement by passing the written exam-
inationgiven by Prof. Lewis (formerly
given by Prof. Hootkins) must first pass
an objective screening examination,
The objective examinations will be giv-
en four times each semester (.e., Sept.,
Oct.. Nov., December, Feb., March, Ap-
ril, and May) and once during the
Summer Session, in July. Students'who
fail the objective, examination may re-
peat it but not at consecutive admin-
istrations of the test (e.g., Sept. and
Oct.) except when the two adminis-
trations are separated by more than
35 days (e.g., Dec and Feb.)
The next administration of the Ob-
jective examinations in French and
German will be on Thurs. Dec. 17 in
Aud, C, Angell Hall at 3:00 to 5:00 p.m.
within 24 hours after the examinations
the names of students who have passed
will be posted on the Bulletin Board
outside the office of PrOf. Lewis. the
Examiner in Foreign Languages. Rin
3028 Rackham Bldg.
Students desiring to fulfill the Grad-
uate School's requirement in French
and German are alerted to an alternate
path. A grade of B or better in French
12 and German 12 will satisfy the for-
eign language requirement. A grade of
B or better in French 11 and German 11.
is the equivalent of having passed the
objective screening examination.
Lectures
University Lectures in Journaiism
Fred W. Schaub, rice-preident yof
Lindsay-Schaub Newspapers, Decatur,
Ill., will speak on Wed., Dec. 2 at 3
p.m. in Rackham Amphitheatre 'on
"Analyzing Costs of Newspaper Opera-
tion." The public is cordially invited.
Lecture: Ednest J. Simmons, Prof. of
Russian Literature, Columbia Univer-
sity will speak on "The People, Prog-
ress and Opposition in the Soviet Un-
ion," at 8 p.m., Aud. A.
Lecture: Prof. Franco Mondigliani,
Carnegie Institute, of Technology, will
speak on "Changing Perspective on the
Economics of the National Debt," on
Thurs., Dec. 3 at 8 pm., Rackham Am-
phitheatre.
The Earliest Man, by Dr. L.S.B.
Leakey, Director, Coryndon Museum,
Nairobi, Kenya. A University lecture
sponsored by the Dept. of Anthropol-
ogy, Thurs., Dec. 3, 4 p.m., Aud. A,
Angell Hall.
Academic Notices
Social Work-Social Science Collo-
quium: Mon., Dec. 7, at 4:15 p.m., Aud.
No. 20654, Frieze :Bldg. Dr. Eugene Lit-
wak, Assoc. Prof., Social Welfare Re-
search, School of Social work will speak
on "Inter-Organizational Analysis: The
Case of Community Organization and
Family Organization."
Grad. Roundtable: Prof. Morris Born-
stein of the Economics Dept. will speak
at the Dec. session of the Political Sci-
ence Graduate Round Table. His sub-
ject will be: "Some Problems of Soviet
Economic Planning." Wed., Dec. 2, 8:00
p.m., Rackham Bldg., Assembly Hall.
Cancer Research Seminar: Dr. Arthur
M Jnhn. n a n D, r nF rk White-
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