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COMMUNIST CHINA:
Blind Obedience, Watchism'
AY, MARCH 11, 1960
NIGHT EDITOR: THOMAS HAYDEN
Arab Unity May Result
In, Increased Tensions
Red tassels with glory are not
as good as' sleeping in peace.
-Chinese Proverb
By JUDITH DONER
Daily Staff Writer
THE PRINCIPLES of Confucian-
ism have been inverted by the
Communist regime in China. Once
the Chinese were taught devotion
to parents, family and friends,
ancestor worship and the mainte-
nance of justice and peace.
Today, reports out of China
maintain the Chinese have learned
to trust no one, to identify them-
selves only with the state and to
maintain justice and peace
through blind obedience to a sys-
tem which depends on treason and
fear for its very existence.
* * *
CONFORMITY is said to be a
keynote of Chinese Communism.
The most obvious way in which
the the individual is made to con-
form is in what he wears. Re-
ferred to as "blue ants," all Chi-
nese men and women wear a blue
cotton tunic modeled after Stal-
in's.
They are made to feel they are
nobodies, alive and working only
through the grace of the state.
They should pay homage to the
state by doing what they are told.
They should not expect recogni-
tion for this, but should "be happy
merely to be living under Com-
munism.
* * *
THE GREEKS believed that
one's physical appearance was the
outward reflection of one's soul.
They strove to create perfect,
idealized people in their statues
and paintings. The Communists in
China seem to have adapted this
philosophy to fit their own needs.
The mass conformity in appear-
rHE RISE of Arab nationalism and its drive
for Arab unity could, quite definitely, be a
rive toward peace. However, this drive may
-ell backfire and could eventually cause in-
reased friction in the Middle East.
Arab unity is an expression of a desire of
he Arabs to rectify the artificial political
ivisions of one people. A few decades ago,
treat Britain and France, party in an effort
i maintain their colonial policies, divided up
he Arab world into small states under the
ssumption that when divided they would be
asier to control.
Today the Arab states want to unite ii an
(fort to better their political, economic and
illitary positions, and this plan is viewed by
>me Arab leaders as a move toward peace.
JNrfIN G politically, economically and even
militarily may in some ways involve steps
>ward an eventual peace. A politically united
rab world, under the very important assump-
on that it would be neutral, could definitely
educe the friction caused In the Middle East
y the two major world powers striving for
>ntrol there.
In addition, it is probable that eliminating
rtificial governmental divisions between
eoples who think of themselves as Arabs in-
ead of, for example, Iraqis, would reduce
msion in the area. It is easy to understand
he annoyance of the people in one Arab state,
hen their government quarrels with another
rab government, while they themselves have
o major differences with the people in the
ther state.
Economically, unification could be a major
;ep toward peace, internally and externally.
?ab economic unity would eliminate the
conomic conflicts, for example, trade barriers
r customs disputes between Arab states. Fur-
her, a rising standard of living, given impetus
y economic unity, would decrease the discon-
nt of the Arab peoples and increase chances
f world peace.
Even militarily, there is considerable logic
in the assumption that a more militarily se-
cure Arab world, and hence one less fearful of
aggression and foreign expansion into Arab
territory by Israel or imperialistic countries
would be much more likely to promote peace.
However; this is the point that could back-
fire. Arab unity, per se, hardly offers any solu-
tions to the present war between the Arab
states and Israel. But even more important,
an increased military -power which would ac-
crue to the Arab states from unification
threatens the already shaky armistics of the
present. The Arab states believe their cause
is a just one and are still technically at war
with Israel in an effort to settle the dispute
in their favor. Arab leaders seem to hope that
unification will force Israel to arrive at a mo-
dus vivendi with the Arab states.
HOWEVER there is no evidence from either
Arabs or Israelis that they are willing to
compromise or give in on any of their major
conflicts. The most important of these involves
the repatriation of Arab refugees back to their
original homes in Israel. These refugees re-
fuse to be repatriated anywhere except to their
original homes in Israel. Israel refuses to ad-
mit them, fearing an overthrow of their gov-
ernment by the returning refugees. Mean-
while the refugees quite naturally wish to
return to their homes.
This is an example of a problem that can-
not be solved by Arab unity, but possibly only
be brought to a head. Instead of pressing for
a solution of the Arab-Israeli conflict, Arab
unity and increased military strength may
possibly embolden it to renew an armed con-
flict.
Consequently, while Arab unity may alle-
viate many of the factors that lead to war, the
case for it cannot be entirely accepted at pres-
ent as it appears unity may precipitate war
by causing a resumption of Arab-Israeli armed
conflict.
-JOHN FISCHER
MAX LERNER:
Five Great Leaders
Of 20th Century
MYSORE - If you were asked
to choose the five men of ac-
tion, now living and at the politi-
cal helm somewhere, whose
names will still loom large at the
century's end, whom would you
pick?
If I put Nikita Khrushchev
first the reasons should be clear
enough. It is because of the power
he wields, the .break-through the
Russians have achieved under
him in the weapons and science
race, his colorful and bumptious
personality.
But also it is because of the
way he has pushed personal dip-
lomacy, his skill in economic
penetration and in competitive
propaganda for the Communist
society,, his seizing (honestly or
not) on the idea of total disarm-
ament, and his shilft inside Rus-
sia from a stress on the police
state to a stress on consumer
goods.
* * *
SOMEWHERE on my list I put
another Communist leader-Mao
tse-Tung. He seems a dimmer
and darker figure, an impassive
monolith carved out of the Chi-
nese earth.
If we were closer we would
doubtless see his insecurities and
struggles as well as our own. Mao
is at once the Lenin and the
Stalin of the Chinese Revolution,
the creator of the class-state and
the self-sufficient commune, but
also the man who carried through
at ruthless cost the industrializ-
ing of agrarian China and now
threatens China's neighbors and
causes uneasiness even in its al-
lies.
In both cases, Khrushchev's
and Mao's, the power-base is
larger than the man. In my next
two cases the man is larger than
his power-base - in fact, it is his
stature as a leader that almost
creates his power-base.
ONE OF THE two is, of course.
Charles de Gaulle. In the case of
most world leaders you can see
that the leader is swimming with
one of the strong currents of his-
tory. In de Gaulle you have a
leader who is strong despite the
current and who - if he survives
-will have done a good deal to
shift the current.
De Gaulle's role is riddled with
contradictions. He came into
power as the candidate of the
Right and has been carrying out
the policies , of the democratic
Left. He has worked hard to
make France a member of the
Nuclear Club, so as to get the
destructive power he dare not use.
In the name of French empire
he is dissolving the empire and
turning the former African col-
onials of France into free part-
ners. He is a democratic leader
with a sense of destiny, an auth-
oritarian who may succeed in es-
tablishing the freedom which the
Parliamentarians gambled away
in the game of French politics.
He has won the suffrage of ev-
eryoneuexcept the men whose re-
volt taut him in power -- and they
may yet succeed in killing him.
* * *
THE OTHER man who is larg-
er than his power-base is Nehru.
Withoutenoughdcapital or
skills to build an industrial econ-
omy he is managing to get both
from outside, using non-align-
ment as a way of making econ-
omic alliances with both camps.
He has little military strength to
counter the Chinese, and can
only offer moral force to an ene-
my who mocks and disdains it.
His greatness does not lie in
political skill, nor in a capacity to
read history (he has made blun-
ders here), nor even in the realm
of the intellect - though he is
an intellectual. Nor is he a saint
or moralist, as Gandhi was. He is
no one thing but is protean, as
India is. He expresses a larger
number of facets of India than
anyone else available today.
As long as he is at the helm the
crew and passengers assume that
all is well. When he goes they
will suddenly become aware of
the real storms without and dis-
sensions within, and there will be
a danger of panic.
I SPOKE OF five and have
named only four. The fifth is
someone -- perhaps one of the
younger leaders of the new Africa
-who has not yet come to know
his own strength or the shadow
his continent casts on the future.
Of one thing I am certain: by
1970 we will know who he is, and
so will he.
ance reflects the mass conformity
in thought.
For the Communists are well
aware that it is difficult to be a
leader when everyone looks alike
and thinks alike. Their dictator-
ship relies on such conformity, for
though its rigid police system
could probably suppress any up-
rising, the lesser the inclination
for that uprising, the more firmly
entrenched is the dictatorship.
As vital as it is to the regime
to suppress individuality, it is
evident that it is equally vital
that the Chinese people get out
from under the blue yoke. From
a nation of laughing, personality-
filled people, it has been turned
into a silent, blue herd.
* * *
HOWEVER, it is reported that
the rigid control system which
the Communists employ makes
any revolution all but impossible.
For China has been infected with
"watchism" - everybody watches
everyone else. The loyalty toward
family and friends which Confus-
cious taught has been supplanted
and 'transcended by a blind loyalty
to the state.
Communist China uses the irre-
sistable force of group pressure
as one control method. Since any
group thinks and feels as the state
wants it to, it manifests its beliefs
on any recalcitrants. And when
this group is composed of one's
"friends" and "family," its power
is terrific.
Inside reports hold that public
denunciation sessions, where a
person is condemned for his mis-
deeds or "misthoughts," are com-
mon to Communist China. And
confession meetings, where a per-
son reveals his weaknesses to the
group, are equally frequent and
often a direct esult of denuncia-
tion.
Invasion of privacy is another
control method. Indeed, Commun-
ism seems to equate privacy with
individual wealth, allowing neither
to exist for its subjects.
* * *
IN THE CITIES, towns and
villages, street committee systems
headed by a street leader make it
their business to know what's
going on benind what door and
who's dong it. Taking over the
duties of the state police, and
often supplying the police with
information, the street committee
system of People's Police constant-
ly watch over the citizens of
their areas.
Collectivism on the farms was
primarily designed as a move-
ment to transmute peasant farm-
ing into collective farming to in-
crease production, but it also pro-
vides an ideal ground for burying
social individualism.
The government has its thumb
on the peasant, regulating his pro-
duction as well as his thought.
once the farmer has been inte-
grated into a collective, he has
completely transmitted his con-
trol of himself to the state. The
farms are small enough and well
enough run so everyone at every
minute can be accounted for.
The damage which "watchism"
is doing to the Chinese may well
be irreparable. Fear haunts the,
Chinese people. They can trust no
one, depend on no one. They have
come to take refuge behind their
blue clothing, for they are less
likely to be singled out in such
attire.
Hunched, blue, silent men and
women go about their ordered
business overwatched by the gov-
ernment, the police and one an-
other.
-Daily-Fred Shippey
GILBERT AND SULLIVAN:
SpiritedPerformance
THE GILBERT and Sullivan Society opened last night with a per-
formance of "Iolanthe" which illustrated the entertainment magic
the group consistently manages to provide. That the group's traditional
followers were not disappointed is due mainly to a spirit of performance
which not even a series of "first-night jitters" could dispell.
Unlike some groups of the past, the success of last night's per-
formance rests heavily on two outstanding individual performances.
The major weakness of the performance lies strangely in the initial
entrance of the men's chorus. Despite perhaps the most spectacular
entrance ever provided by G. & S-, the chorus marched forth with a
display of rhythmic inaccuracy most unintendedly ludicrous.
The performance of Ty McConnell as Strephon and Tom Jennings
as The Lord Chancellor rank with the finest of the last five years.
* * * *
McCONNELL WRINGS more from the male dramatic lead than
seems possible; the pace of the show instantly picks up upon his
entrance. The musical high point of the show, "My Bill Has Now Been
Read a Second Time," was restored for the show after exclusion since
1882 or thereabouts.
Tom Jennings, The Lord Chancellor, showed again an outstanding
comic sense, with expressive timing and superb articulation coupled
to the type of voice which the best comic leads have possessed. Both
the performances of McConnell and Jennings typified the indefatigue-
able spirit present in the best G. and S. performances.
Laurel Benn, Iolanthe, successfully made the transition from
chorus to lead despite the handicap of a role which may lie too low
for her vocal range.
CHRISTINA HOSACK gave the most promising performance from
a newcomer, despite a lack of restraint and consistancy obtainable
mostly through experience. The minor leads, in general, were most
competent, although Peter Smith, Lord Tolloller, played his role in a
dramatic monotone.
Ultimately the show, containing some most effective mass scenes,
depended on the illumination provided by a few individuals who led the
entire group into a most exciting first act finale. By this time everyone
seemed imbued by the same spirit, and though burdened with a rather
lengthy second act, and two children who might better have been in
bed, the performance left few disappointed.
The readers' theatre presentation of eight "Bab Ballads" of Gilbert,
most skillfully dramatized, proved veteran Dude Stephenson unmatch-
able.
--Daniel Wolter
TODAY AND TOMORROW
_ .r..... ...r.. . .
Divided Europe
By WALTER LIPPMANN
THERE IS A long-term problem that interests
all Europeans passionately. This is the divi-
sion of almost all of Western Europe into two
large trading groups, which are known as the
Inner Six and the Outer Seven.
The Inner Six call themselves a "com-
munity," which is in itself significant. They
havt organized a common market within a
customs union and they are in the process of
developing other common financial and admin-
istrative institutions. The Outer Seven call
themselves by the looser name of an "associa-
tion." They are pledged to grant free trade to
each other. But as regards the rest of the world
they have no common tariff.
The Inner Six consists of France, West Ger-
many, Italy, and the three Low Countries. The
Outer Seven consists of the United Kingdom,
the three Scandinavian countries, Switzerland,
Austria, and Portugal. There are five other
non-Communist nations which do not belong
to either group. They are Iceland, Ireland,
Spain, Greece, and Turkey. And, of course,
Canada and the United States, though they
belong to NATO, do not belong to either of the
European trading groups.
Each of the two groups will have preferen-
tial tariff discrimination in favor of its own
members and against not only the other groups,
but against all the outsiders. At present and
for the foreseeable future the tariff around the
Inner Six will be considerably higher than
the average of the tariffs of the Outer Seven.
All these discriminations and differences will
create much discord within the Atlantic com-
munity. But they are undoubtedly negotiable,
especially as the real interest of West Germany,
which is to have lower tariffs, is likely in the
end to prevail over the protectionism of the
French manufacturers. In a negotiation to deal
with the lowering of European tariff the United
States has powerful cards in its hand, and
can surely take care of its own interests.
OUR MOST IMPORTANT interest in the
whole subject is not economic. It is politi-
cal. It has to do with the. peace, order, and
unity of Europe. It is in this context that we
should discuss and form American policy to-
wards the rivalry of the two European blocs.
I must hasten to say that it is not clear to
me now what our policy should eventually be.
But it is clear already that the real problem
is not one to be dealt with by tariff experts
alone but rather by those concerned with
political planning and strategy at the highest
level.
The Inner Six, with their common market
and their growing agreement to harmonize
their internal affairs, must be regarded as the
nucleus of a new European power. It is correct
to say, I believe, that the conception of the
European community was born at the end of
the war out of the dramatic lessons taught
by the war. One lesson was that the Franco-
German feud, which had produced three wars
in seventy years, was suicidal and that it
must be ended. The other lesson was that the
greatness of Europe in the world could never
be restored by the European nations separate-
ly, and that if they were to count among the
great powers of the earth, they would have to
unite.
WITH THESE purposes our government has
always been in sympathy, and we have not
let the probable inconveniences of a customs
union deflect our support. That has been, no
doubt, the right policy. But it is not a suffi-
cient policy, and the time is at hand when a
greater sophistication and less naivette are
needed.
In their push towards a greater European
unity, towards some kind of confederation, the
planners and strategists of the Inner Six have
relied upon the energy of vested interests in
the larger market to overcome local and na-
tional obstructions. They have been eminently
successful. But the methods they are using to
integrate the Inner Six are making it more
difficult to bring a greater unity into Europe as
a whole. This is the point which calls for
sophisticated examination in Washington.
THE INTEGRATION of the Inner Six-es-
sentially of France and West Germany-
has called into being the loose defensive associ-
ation of the Outer Seven. This division of Eu-
rope is not, however, incurable and ominous,
once France can be persuaded to permit the
common market to adopt a low tariff policy.
But for the longer run there is something
more serious in the way the Inner Six are
developing their community: As they intensify
the integration of West Germany with France,
they make it increasingly difficult to reunify
Germany. The East German economy cannot
be integrated with the West German except
very slowly and very gradually. That is why
there is no enthusiasm for reunification, far
from it, in the inner circles of the common
market community.
Moreover ,the increasing political integra-
tion of the Inner Six makes it increasingly
difficult to envisage the entry of the East
European nations into an all-Eastern trading
community. The integration of the Inner Six,
which is too strong medicine for Sweden,
AT THE STATE:
Crowther Wrong Again
"ON THE BEACH," Stanley Kramer's latest film, has been acclaimed
by no less than Bosley Crowther as being the best picture of the
year. Linus Pauling, the Nobel Prize winning chemist, went so far as to
say that "it may be that some years from now we can look back and say
that 'On the Beach' is the movie that saved the world." Dwight Mac-
donald, regarding it less enthusiastically, passed it off as being "slick,
vulgar, sentimental, phony."
Dr. Pauling's comment may be taken with a grain of salt. As for
"Oh, It Was Nice Meeting Him-But I Just Don't
Understand That North American Manana Attitude"
Crowther, he's been wrong
two pictures of manifestly
if perhaps somewhat too
remain nearer the truth.
before.
higher
harsh,
t
i
4- I
I!
1 _________________________________________________
BRIEFLY, "On the Beach" deals
with the destruction of mankind
by a third World War. The year is
1964 and only Australia has been
spared, but even it must inevitably
succumb to the clouds of radiation
which have destroyed life on all
of the other continents.
More prominent among those
doomed include Gregory Peck,
Ava Gardner, Anthony Perkins
and Fred Astaire. Peck, command-
er of probably the last Americai
submarine, refuses to believe that
his wife and two sons in Con-
necticut no longer live.
Perkins is a young Naval Leften-
ant, husband of a fearful wife,
father of a baby girl. Astaire por-
trays the drunken, guilt-ridden
scientist, while Ava Gardner, who
is merely a drunk, attempts to in-'
terject a -little love into the last
moments of commander Peck's
life.
THE FILM has its moments, but
they're few and far'between. The
scene in San Francisco Bay, where
one of the men from the submarine
has jumped ship in order to die
in his home town, does manage to
convey the complete devastation
released by the war.
The mad, frenetic auto race,
won by Astaire in his Ferrarri,
also makes its point: the pathetic
uselessness of the same kind of
energy that caused the war.
Currently in Ann Arbor there are
quality. Macdonald's observations,
DAILY
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FRIDAY, MARCH 11, 1960
VOL. LXX, NO. 120
General Notices
The Queen's University, Belfast, Ire-
land, again offers through a reciprocal
arrangement with the University an
exchange sclolarship for a graduate
from the University. The scholarship
will provide fees, board and lodging for
the next academic year, plus $400 to
partially defray cost of round trip
travel. Economics, geography, mathe-
matics, medieval history, philosophy,
political science, and Romance lan-
guages are suggested as especially ap-
propriate fields of' study. Further in-
formation is available at the Fellow-
ship Office of the Graduate School.
Applications should be filed with the
Graduate School by March 31, 1960,
Recitals
Student Recital: William Osborne
will present an organ recital in Hill
Aud, on Fri., March 11, at 8:30 p.m.,
T Lf]t[
W i ".