Seventieth Year EDITED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS or THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNDER AUTHORITY Of BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS When opinions Are Free ThUth wn Preva" STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG." ANN ARBOR, MICH. * Phone NO 2-3241 Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints. COMMUNIST CHINA: Blind Obedience, Watchism' AY, MARCH 11, 1960 NIGHT EDITOR: THOMAS HAYDEN Arab Unity May Result In, Increased Tensions Red tassels with glory are not as good as' sleeping in peace. -Chinese Proverb By JUDITH DONER Daily Staff Writer THE PRINCIPLES of Confucian- ism have been inverted by the Communist regime in China. Once the Chinese were taught devotion to parents, family and friends, ancestor worship and the mainte- nance of justice and peace. Today, reports out of China maintain the Chinese have learned to trust no one, to identify them- selves only with the state and to maintain justice and peace through blind obedience to a sys- tem which depends on treason and fear for its very existence. * * * CONFORMITY is said to be a keynote of Chinese Communism. The most obvious way in which the the individual is made to con- form is in what he wears. Re- ferred to as "blue ants," all Chi- nese men and women wear a blue cotton tunic modeled after Stal- in's. They are made to feel they are nobodies, alive and working only through the grace of the state. They should pay homage to the state by doing what they are told. They should not expect recogni- tion for this, but should "be happy merely to be living under Com- munism. * * * THE GREEKS believed that one's physical appearance was the outward reflection of one's soul. They strove to create perfect, idealized people in their statues and paintings. The Communists in China seem to have adapted this philosophy to fit their own needs. The mass conformity in appear- rHE RISE of Arab nationalism and its drive for Arab unity could, quite definitely, be a rive toward peace. However, this drive may -ell backfire and could eventually cause in- reased friction in the Middle East. Arab unity is an expression of a desire of he Arabs to rectify the artificial political ivisions of one people. A few decades ago, treat Britain and France, party in an effort i maintain their colonial policies, divided up he Arab world into small states under the ssumption that when divided they would be asier to control. Today the Arab states want to unite ii an (fort to better their political, economic and illitary positions, and this plan is viewed by >me Arab leaders as a move toward peace. JNrfIN G politically, economically and even militarily may in some ways involve steps >ward an eventual peace. A politically united rab world, under the very important assump- on that it would be neutral, could definitely educe the friction caused In the Middle East y the two major world powers striving for >ntrol there. In addition, it is probable that eliminating rtificial governmental divisions between eoples who think of themselves as Arabs in- ead of, for example, Iraqis, would reduce msion in the area. It is easy to understand he annoyance of the people in one Arab state, hen their government quarrels with another rab government, while they themselves have o major differences with the people in the ther state. Economically, unification could be a major ;ep toward peace, internally and externally. ?ab economic unity would eliminate the conomic conflicts, for example, trade barriers r customs disputes between Arab states. Fur- her, a rising standard of living, given impetus y economic unity, would decrease the discon- nt of the Arab peoples and increase chances f world peace. Even militarily, there is considerable logic in the assumption that a more militarily se- cure Arab world, and hence one less fearful of aggression and foreign expansion into Arab territory by Israel or imperialistic countries would be much more likely to promote peace. However; this is the point that could back- fire. Arab unity, per se, hardly offers any solu- tions to the present war between the Arab states and Israel. But even more important, an increased military -power which would ac- crue to the Arab states from unification threatens the already shaky armistics of the present. The Arab states believe their cause is a just one and are still technically at war with Israel in an effort to settle the dispute in their favor. Arab leaders seem to hope that unification will force Israel to arrive at a mo- dus vivendi with the Arab states. HOWEVER there is no evidence from either Arabs or Israelis that they are willing to compromise or give in on any of their major conflicts. The most important of these involves the repatriation of Arab refugees back to their original homes in Israel. These refugees re- fuse to be repatriated anywhere except to their original homes in Israel. Israel refuses to ad- mit them, fearing an overthrow of their gov- ernment by the returning refugees. Mean- while the refugees quite naturally wish to return to their homes. This is an example of a problem that can- not be solved by Arab unity, but possibly only be brought to a head. Instead of pressing for a solution of the Arab-Israeli conflict, Arab unity and increased military strength may possibly embolden it to renew an armed con- flict. Consequently, while Arab unity may alle- viate many of the factors that lead to war, the case for it cannot be entirely accepted at pres- ent as it appears unity may precipitate war by causing a resumption of Arab-Israeli armed conflict. -JOHN FISCHER MAX LERNER: Five Great Leaders Of 20th Century MYSORE - If you were asked to choose the five men of ac- tion, now living and at the politi- cal helm somewhere, whose names will still loom large at the century's end, whom would you pick? If I put Nikita Khrushchev first the reasons should be clear enough. It is because of the power he wields, the .break-through the Russians have achieved under him in the weapons and science race, his colorful and bumptious personality. But also it is because of the way he has pushed personal dip- lomacy, his skill in economic penetration and in competitive propaganda for the Communist society,, his seizing (honestly or not) on the idea of total disarm- ament, and his shilft inside Rus- sia from a stress on the police state to a stress on consumer goods. * * * SOMEWHERE on my list I put another Communist leader-Mao tse-Tung. He seems a dimmer and darker figure, an impassive monolith carved out of the Chi- nese earth. If we were closer we would doubtless see his insecurities and struggles as well as our own. Mao is at once the Lenin and the Stalin of the Chinese Revolution, the creator of the class-state and the self-sufficient commune, but also the man who carried through at ruthless cost the industrializ- ing of agrarian China and now threatens China's neighbors and causes uneasiness even in its al- lies. In both cases, Khrushchev's and Mao's, the power-base is larger than the man. In my next two cases the man is larger than his power-base - in fact, it is his stature as a leader that almost creates his power-base. ONE OF THE two is, of course. Charles de Gaulle. In the case of most world leaders you can see that the leader is swimming with one of the strong currents of his- tory. In de Gaulle you have a leader who is strong despite the current and who - if he survives -will have done a good deal to shift the current. De Gaulle's role is riddled with contradictions. He came into power as the candidate of the Right and has been carrying out the policies , of the democratic Left. He has worked hard to make France a member of the Nuclear Club, so as to get the destructive power he dare not use. In the name of French empire he is dissolving the empire and turning the former African col- onials of France into free part- ners. He is a democratic leader with a sense of destiny, an auth- oritarian who may succeed in es- tablishing the freedom which the Parliamentarians gambled away in the game of French politics. He has won the suffrage of ev- eryoneuexcept the men whose re- volt taut him in power -- and they may yet succeed in killing him. * * * THE OTHER man who is larg- er than his power-base is Nehru. Withoutenoughdcapital or skills to build an industrial econ- omy he is managing to get both from outside, using non-align- ment as a way of making econ- omic alliances with both camps. He has little military strength to counter the Chinese, and can only offer moral force to an ene- my who mocks and disdains it. His greatness does not lie in political skill, nor in a capacity to read history (he has made blun- ders here), nor even in the realm of the intellect - though he is an intellectual. Nor is he a saint or moralist, as Gandhi was. He is no one thing but is protean, as India is. He expresses a larger number of facets of India than anyone else available today. As long as he is at the helm the crew and passengers assume that all is well. When he goes they will suddenly become aware of the real storms without and dis- sensions within, and there will be a danger of panic. I SPOKE OF five and have named only four. The fifth is someone -- perhaps one of the younger leaders of the new Africa -who has not yet come to know his own strength or the shadow his continent casts on the future. Of one thing I am certain: by 1970 we will know who he is, and so will he. ance reflects the mass conformity in thought. For the Communists are well aware that it is difficult to be a leader when everyone looks alike and thinks alike. Their dictator- ship relies on such conformity, for though its rigid police system could probably suppress any up- rising, the lesser the inclination for that uprising, the more firmly entrenched is the dictatorship. As vital as it is to the regime to suppress individuality, it is evident that it is equally vital that the Chinese people get out from under the blue yoke. From a nation of laughing, personality- filled people, it has been turned into a silent, blue herd. * * * HOWEVER, it is reported that the rigid control system which the Communists employ makes any revolution all but impossible. For China has been infected with "watchism" - everybody watches everyone else. The loyalty toward family and friends which Confus- cious taught has been supplanted and 'transcended by a blind loyalty to the state. Communist China uses the irre- sistable force of group pressure as one control method. Since any group thinks and feels as the state wants it to, it manifests its beliefs on any recalcitrants. And when this group is composed of one's "friends" and "family," its power is terrific. Inside reports hold that public denunciation sessions, where a person is condemned for his mis- deeds or "misthoughts," are com- mon to Communist China. And confession meetings, where a per- son reveals his weaknesses to the group, are equally frequent and often a direct esult of denuncia- tion. Invasion of privacy is another control method. Indeed, Commun- ism seems to equate privacy with individual wealth, allowing neither to exist for its subjects. * * * IN THE CITIES, towns and villages, street committee systems headed by a street leader make it their business to know what's going on benind what door and who's dong it. Taking over the duties of the state police, and often supplying the police with information, the street committee system of People's Police constant- ly watch over the citizens of their areas. Collectivism on the farms was primarily designed as a move- ment to transmute peasant farm- ing into collective farming to in- crease production, but it also pro- vides an ideal ground for burying social individualism. The government has its thumb on the peasant, regulating his pro- duction as well as his thought. once the farmer has been inte- grated into a collective, he has completely transmitted his con- trol of himself to the state. The farms are small enough and well enough run so everyone at every minute can be accounted for. The damage which "watchism" is doing to the Chinese may well be irreparable. Fear haunts the, Chinese people. They can trust no one, depend on no one. They have come to take refuge behind their blue clothing, for they are less likely to be singled out in such attire. Hunched, blue, silent men and women go about their ordered business overwatched by the gov- ernment, the police and one an- other. -Daily-Fred Shippey GILBERT AND SULLIVAN: SpiritedPerformance THE GILBERT and Sullivan Society opened last night with a per- formance of "Iolanthe" which illustrated the entertainment magic the group consistently manages to provide. That the group's traditional followers were not disappointed is due mainly to a spirit of performance which not even a series of "first-night jitters" could dispell. Unlike some groups of the past, the success of last night's per- formance rests heavily on two outstanding individual performances. The major weakness of the performance lies strangely in the initial entrance of the men's chorus. Despite perhaps the most spectacular entrance ever provided by G. & S-, the chorus marched forth with a display of rhythmic inaccuracy most unintendedly ludicrous. The performance of Ty McConnell as Strephon and Tom Jennings as The Lord Chancellor rank with the finest of the last five years. * * * * McCONNELL WRINGS more from the male dramatic lead than seems possible; the pace of the show instantly picks up upon his entrance. The musical high point of the show, "My Bill Has Now Been Read a Second Time," was restored for the show after exclusion since 1882 or thereabouts. Tom Jennings, The Lord Chancellor, showed again an outstanding comic sense, with expressive timing and superb articulation coupled to the type of voice which the best comic leads have possessed. Both the performances of McConnell and Jennings typified the indefatigue- able spirit present in the best G. and S. performances. Laurel Benn, Iolanthe, successfully made the transition from chorus to lead despite the handicap of a role which may lie too low for her vocal range. CHRISTINA HOSACK gave the most promising performance from a newcomer, despite a lack of restraint and consistancy obtainable mostly through experience. The minor leads, in general, were most competent, although Peter Smith, Lord Tolloller, played his role in a dramatic monotone. Ultimately the show, containing some most effective mass scenes, depended on the illumination provided by a few individuals who led the entire group into a most exciting first act finale. By this time everyone seemed imbued by the same spirit, and though burdened with a rather lengthy second act, and two children who might better have been in bed, the performance left few disappointed. The readers' theatre presentation of eight "Bab Ballads" of Gilbert, most skillfully dramatized, proved veteran Dude Stephenson unmatch- able. --Daniel Wolter TODAY AND TOMORROW _ .r..... ...r.. . . Divided Europe By WALTER LIPPMANN THERE IS A long-term problem that interests all Europeans passionately. This is the divi- sion of almost all of Western Europe into two large trading groups, which are known as the Inner Six and the Outer Seven. The Inner Six call themselves a "com- munity," which is in itself significant. They havt organized a common market within a customs union and they are in the process of developing other common financial and admin- istrative institutions. The Outer Seven call themselves by the looser name of an "associa- tion." They are pledged to grant free trade to each other. But as regards the rest of the world they have no common tariff. The Inner Six consists of France, West Ger- many, Italy, and the three Low Countries. The Outer Seven consists of the United Kingdom, the three Scandinavian countries, Switzerland, Austria, and Portugal. There are five other non-Communist nations which do not belong to either group. They are Iceland, Ireland, Spain, Greece, and Turkey. And, of course, Canada and the United States, though they belong to NATO, do not belong to either of the European trading groups. Each of the two groups will have preferen- tial tariff discrimination in favor of its own members and against not only the other groups, but against all the outsiders. At present and for the foreseeable future the tariff around the Inner Six will be considerably higher than the average of the tariffs of the Outer Seven. All these discriminations and differences will create much discord within the Atlantic com- munity. But they are undoubtedly negotiable, especially as the real interest of West Germany, which is to have lower tariffs, is likely in the end to prevail over the protectionism of the French manufacturers. In a negotiation to deal with the lowering of European tariff the United States has powerful cards in its hand, and can surely take care of its own interests. OUR MOST IMPORTANT interest in the whole subject is not economic. It is politi- cal. It has to do with the. peace, order, and unity of Europe. It is in this context that we should discuss and form American policy to- wards the rivalry of the two European blocs. I must hasten to say that it is not clear to me now what our policy should eventually be. But it is clear already that the real problem is not one to be dealt with by tariff experts alone but rather by those concerned with political planning and strategy at the highest level. The Inner Six, with their common market and their growing agreement to harmonize their internal affairs, must be regarded as the nucleus of a new European power. It is correct to say, I believe, that the conception of the European community was born at the end of the war out of the dramatic lessons taught by the war. One lesson was that the Franco- German feud, which had produced three wars in seventy years, was suicidal and that it must be ended. The other lesson was that the greatness of Europe in the world could never be restored by the European nations separate- ly, and that if they were to count among the great powers of the earth, they would have to unite. WITH THESE purposes our government has always been in sympathy, and we have not let the probable inconveniences of a customs union deflect our support. That has been, no doubt, the right policy. But it is not a suffi- cient policy, and the time is at hand when a greater sophistication and less naivette are needed. In their push towards a greater European unity, towards some kind of confederation, the planners and strategists of the Inner Six have relied upon the energy of vested interests in the larger market to overcome local and na- tional obstructions. They have been eminently successful. But the methods they are using to integrate the Inner Six are making it more difficult to bring a greater unity into Europe as a whole. This is the point which calls for sophisticated examination in Washington. THE INTEGRATION of the Inner Six-es- sentially of France and West Germany- has called into being the loose defensive associ- ation of the Outer Seven. This division of Eu- rope is not, however, incurable and ominous, once France can be persuaded to permit the common market to adopt a low tariff policy. But for the longer run there is something more serious in the way the Inner Six are developing their community: As they intensify the integration of West Germany with France, they make it increasingly difficult to reunify Germany. The East German economy cannot be integrated with the West German except very slowly and very gradually. That is why there is no enthusiasm for reunification, far from it, in the inner circles of the common market community. Moreover ,the increasing political integra- tion of the Inner Six makes it increasingly difficult to envisage the entry of the East European nations into an all-Eastern trading community. The integration of the Inner Six, which is too strong medicine for Sweden, AT THE STATE: Crowther Wrong Again "ON THE BEACH," Stanley Kramer's latest film, has been acclaimed by no less than Bosley Crowther as being the best picture of the year. Linus Pauling, the Nobel Prize winning chemist, went so far as to say that "it may be that some years from now we can look back and say that 'On the Beach' is the movie that saved the world." Dwight Mac- donald, regarding it less enthusiastically, passed it off as being "slick, vulgar, sentimental, phony." Dr. Pauling's comment may be taken with a grain of salt. As for "Oh, It Was Nice Meeting Him-But I Just Don't Understand That North American Manana Attitude" Crowther, he's been wrong two pictures of manifestly if perhaps somewhat too remain nearer the truth. before. higher harsh, t i 4- I I! 1 _________________________________________________ BRIEFLY, "On the Beach" deals with the destruction of mankind by a third World War. The year is 1964 and only Australia has been spared, but even it must inevitably succumb to the clouds of radiation which have destroyed life on all of the other continents. More prominent among those doomed include Gregory Peck, Ava Gardner, Anthony Perkins and Fred Astaire. Peck, command- er of probably the last Americai submarine, refuses to believe that his wife and two sons in Con- necticut no longer live. Perkins is a young Naval Leften- ant, husband of a fearful wife, father of a baby girl. Astaire por- trays the drunken, guilt-ridden scientist, while Ava Gardner, who is merely a drunk, attempts to in-' terject a -little love into the last moments of commander Peck's life. THE FILM has its moments, but they're few and far'between. The scene in San Francisco Bay, where one of the men from the submarine has jumped ship in order to die in his home town, does manage to convey the complete devastation released by the war. The mad, frenetic auto race, won by Astaire in his Ferrarri, also makes its point: the pathetic uselessness of the same kind of energy that caused the war. Currently in Ann Arbor there are quality. Macdonald's observations, DAILY OFFICIAL BULLETIN The Daily Official Bulletin is an official publication of The Univer- sity of Michigan for which The Michigan Daily assumes no. edi- torial responsibility. Notices should pbe sent in TYPEWRITTEN form to Room 3519 Administration Build- ing, before 2 p.m. the day preceding publication. Notices for Sunday Daily due at 2:00 p.m. Friday. FRIDAY, MARCH 11, 1960 VOL. LXX, NO. 120 General Notices The Queen's University, Belfast, Ire- land, again offers through a reciprocal arrangement with the University an exchange sclolarship for a graduate from the University. The scholarship will provide fees, board and lodging for the next academic year, plus $400 to partially defray cost of round trip travel. Economics, geography, mathe- matics, medieval history, philosophy, political science, and Romance lan- guages are suggested as especially ap- propriate fields of' study. Further in- formation is available at the Fellow- ship Office of the Graduate School. Applications should be filed with the Graduate School by March 31, 1960, Recitals Student Recital: William Osborne will present an organ recital in Hill Aud, on Fri., March 11, at 8:30 p.m., T Lf]t[ W i ".