Seventy-First Year
EDITED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
re UNDER AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS
STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG. * ANN ARBOR, MICH, * Phone NO 2-3241
ted in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers
or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints.
STATE LEGISLATURES:
Rural Districts Overrepresented
Anatomy of
.4
ML
l1
Dissects Prsnlte
Y 21, 1961
NIGHT EDITOR: PHILIP SHERMAN
... v: ._...... _;W .._
*
Libraries Dispense
Knowledge forSome
rI
TERAL LIBRARY is closed to high-
tudents. The Undergraduate Library
them only for school projects and
esentation of a note from the high
cipal. And the Regents recent action
Ical of a widespread disease. Know-
longer free.
e the intellectual heritage of man-
out the free creation and examina-
nted materials, knowledge, thought
tally hope must go underground, to
by word of mouth'until dissatisfac-
to revolution.
ily the present move is not cor-
Justifiable. The maintenance of a
;ts money, and the University 11-<
re set up for the University. It Is
y rationalizable if, as some assert,
I students, en masse, continually
'ary facilities.
The Fifth
[IVERSITY, where empirical modes
.ght are supposed to be encouraged,
em that residenece hall authorities
expected to have a certain open-
s. However, when, in connection with
East Quad fire, several bottles, out-
eled as containing alcoholic beve-
e found in a' suspect's room, this
iquiry deserted them as they seized
hers, oblivious to their owner's pro-
they only contained a carbonated
ue course of events-more than 24,
-the bottles were opened and, to
of various witch hunters and as-'
ers, they were found to hold only
r of definitely nonalcoholic ' sub-
ngratulations for practicing what is
--D. MARCUS'
BUT CLOSING A library system to anyone
who cannot find equal facilities elsewhere
is at least disheartening. And what has hap-
pened here is happening elsewhere, even in the
greatest library in the ,country. The Library
of Congress has closed its doors to high-school
students, and served notice on others that
they are there only by privelege, not by right.
The basic effect of this kind of move is to
force high-school students, who are the major,
group discriminated against, to rely 'n their
school and community libi'aries for anything
they wish to learn. And school and community
libraries are notoriously afraid of stocking up
on anything that might, create controversy
N WHAT PUBLIC library system (outside of
the largest metropolitan ones such as New
York, Chicago, Philadelphia and Washington)
could anyone find copies of The Communist
Manifesto, Lenin's writings, American socialist
publications, and either White Citizens' Coun-
cil documents or NAACP pamphlets, which-
ever was out of favor with the regional and
political affiliations of the community?
And there is also the fact that many tech-
nical and scholarly publications are available
only in university libaries and the Library of
Congress. Why should these be denied to high-
school students?
The moves today are partly.economic, partly
to prevent high-school students from hinder-
ing others use of facilities by their own row-
diness and misuse. But what is the next step?
CERTAINLY NO MOUNTAIN can be made
out of the molehill of the University's
action. But it is tiny speck's of dust or other
irritants which, placed in the right solution,
start the growth of immense crystals.
Today, this - tomorrow, an Index Un-
Americanus? Who knows? But the road to
book burning is downhill and easy to walk once
it is chosen.B
--ROBERT FARRELL
(EDITOR'S NOTE: This is the
first article in a two-part analysis
of unequal ;representation in the
U.S. House of Representatives and
the state legislatures.)
By HARVEY MOLOTCH
Daily staff writer
WHEN CONSIDERING THE
fantastic overrepresentation
enjoyed by rural interests in the
majority of American state legis-
latures, H. L. Mencken made this
surmnary of the situation in his
native Maryland.
"the yokels hang on because old
apportionments give them unfair
advantages. The vote of a malar-
ious peasant on the lower Eastern
Shore counts as much as the votes
of twelve Baltimoreans. But that
can't last. It is not only unjust
and undemocratic; it is absurd."
Thus, Sunday's New York Times
quotes the colorful social critic to
dramatize the fact the today the
phenomenon of the rural gerry-
mander "is more widespread and
extreme than ever before."
** *
THE TERM "gerrymander" ta-
ken in its strict definition refers
to misshapen district lines, drawn
in a manner to secure as many
"safe" districts as possible for the
party in control. In a more gen-
eral sense, the concept also in-
cludes the deliberate maintenance
of districts tremendously unequal
in population.
In most states, the problem
evolves from the shift of popula-
tion from urban to rural areas
with no commensurate redistrict-
ing taking place. And since any
changes in representation must
usually be originated in the state
legislatures, it is unlikely that
rural interests will ever approve a
plan which takes away part of
their power.
IN MICHIGAN, the dynamic
growth of the southern industrial
areas, as contrasted with the
dimishing population of the north-
ern country, has produced a dra-
matic example of this phenome-
non.Previous to 1952, a state law
required that the legislature re-
district itself every ten years. But
as could have been expected, the
rural-dominated lawmaking group
refused to acquiesce to the state
constitution, thus insuring their
permanent superiority over urban
interests.
Finally in 1952, electorial pres-
sure forced a constitutional
amendment which supposedly in
augurated a "balanced legislature."
Relatively fair representation was
guaranteed for the House of Re-
presentatives by retaing the "every
ten year" clause and adding a pro-.
vision which granted the State
Board of Canvassers to carry out
redistricting in the case of Legis-
lative inaction.
But for the Senate, the amend-
ment permanently froze all dis-
tricts with no allowance made for
future population shifts. Thus, the
Michigan constitution now insures
that the Senator from Oakland
County will always represent 13
times as many people as those
represented by the Senator from
the north's most underpopulated
district.
*, *
THE ONLY "BALANCE" which
resulted frdm the 1952 amendment
was the establishment of a moder-
ately equitable system of repre-
sentation in the House and the
creation of a permanent undemo-
cratic rural-dominated scheme for
the Senate.
And since the Michiganrural
vote supports the Republican
Party and exhibits strong currents
of conservatism, it is the right-
wing GOP which gains most from
the inequality.
This pattern repeats itself ac-
ross the country. Of all the states,
only Wisconsin and Massachusetts
have secured a semblance of equal
representation in their legislatures.
In Maryland, where little has
changed since Mencken's day, a
Senator from the Eastern Shore
represents 15,317T voters while one
from Baltimore County represents
490,201. Seven other states --
Georgia, Florida, Delaware, Con-
necticut, Rhode Island, New Jer-
sey, and California, also have
problems more acute than Michi-
gan's.
A* * h
REPEATED ATTEMPTS have
been made through the ^ourts to
force redistricting upon the state.
But in the 1948 Supreme Court
case of Calgrove vs. Green, the
nation's' highest tribunal ruled
that it had no jurisdiction over the
matter.
It was not until November of
last year that the Supreme Court
agreed to look into the :efusal of
the Tennessee legislature to re-
apportion seats in that state's
lawmaking body since 1901. August
Svcholle, president of the Michi-
gan AFL-CIO, had requested that
the court consider his "friend of
TO THE EDITOR:
Ex-Phi Delts Charge
Past Bias Intention
TODAY AND TOMORROW.
SGold andthe Dollar
To the Editor:
IN THE Michigan Daily of Feb-
ruary 16, on page one was car-
ried an interview with the presi-
dent of the Michigan chapter of
Phi Delta Theta which contained
statements that are absolutely
false.
In that interview it was said
that the "Aryan" clause of Phi
Delt was replaced by one that re-
quired only that a pledge be "so-
cially acceptable," and the con-
clusion drawn from this was that
"Phi Delt did not have a bias
clause in its constitution." Th.t is
untrue. In the minutes of the con-
vention which adopted that
amendment of language, it is spe-
cifically stated that no change in
admission policy of the fraternity,
was made. The term "socially ac-
ceptable" was defined to exclude
,Negroes, Orientals, and Jews.
IF THE MICHIGAN Chapter is
unclear on this matter, they should
consult the official minues of
that convention. If anyone else
would like to make certain what
we have said, they should write
the National Headquarteirs in Ox-
ford, Ohio.If they find the answer
evasive, they should try the chap-
ter at the University of Mississippi.
We were members of the
Swarthmore College chapter of
Phi Delta Theta when it withdrew
from that national fraternity after
many years of opposition to the
discriminatory admissions pol-
cies of Phi Delta Theta. Our pur-
pose in writing this letter is not
to continue our chapter's opposi-
tion to these discriminatory poli-
cies. If any justification for it is
necessary, it is, as the Phi Delts
say "truth for its own sake."
-Steve Agard, Grad
-Joe Baker, Law
o"Dave Klingener Grad.
R.I.P. ..-
To the Editor:
to the spirit of Patrice
Lumumba, may it ever
carry on; leading as in
the past, one-third of a
not-yet people, divided
among themselves
may his soul rest in
peace
disembodied, done in, to
death
beaten, but not bowed;
and now reviled-
denied even the very
rites of burial
Patrice Lumumba has
passed on-his family
remains
Let us offer to them the
sympathy of our heats,
the support of our hands;
with the hope, that he
and all others shall not
have died in vain.
-Name withheld
Absurd .
To the Editor:
I SHOULD LIKE to comment
briefly on the preposterous state-
ments by Prof. Bennett Weaver
quoted in Time for Feb. 10. For
the benefit of those who have not
seen the article in question, Prof.
the court" brief (amicus curiae)
which backs up the critics of the
Tennessee legislature with cor-
responding Michigan data.
The Supreme Court could easily
reverse its 1948 decision' using
either the "due process of law" or
"equal protection under the law"
clause of the 14th amendment as
a basis for federal jurisdiction. If
the court so rules, almost every
state legislature in the country will
undergo a major shift in the direc-
tion of equitable representation
and added strength for the Demo-
cratic party.
"An Anatomy of Leadership"
By Eugene E. Jennings. 256 pp. New York: Harper & Brothers.
INDIVIDUAL QUEST FOR POWER has always been one of the funda-
mental laws of society. Our society, by its extensive organization
and sheer mass, stifles the individual development that is requisite for
the handling of power. This prevents potential leaders capable of in-
novative efforts from rising to'positions of power.
Among the relatively scattered critics of this situation, few have
provided substantial definition of men or means by which this may be'
remedied. William H. Whyte, Jr. told us how to cheat on personality
tests. David Riesman told us we can be autonomous men; "take it or
leave it" characters. Jacques Barzun would like an aristocracy of acad-
Weaver asserts that the sort of
people who join the campus chap-
ter of a fledgling right-wing or-
ganization called the Young
Americans for Freedom are those
who are "inclined to be sensibly
clean people, not liberal and dirty
people."
As a moderate liberal who con-
siders himself both sensible and
clean, I feel called upon to protest.
The sort of perfervid hysteria
demonstrated by Prof. Weaver in
these remarks violates the essence
of any true conservatism and is
unbecoming a man presumably
dedicated to the life of the in-
tellect. 'It is perhaps worthy of
note that the more genuine con-
servatives with whom I am ac-
quainted decline to have anything
to do with YOF. No doubt the
leadership being given the group
helps to account for this fact.
-James P. Young, Grad.
Slaves-..
To the Editor:
PHILIP SHERMAN'S editorial
"Management Rights and Un-
employment" contains arguments
based on misconceptions of capi-
talism. When he states that "a
company like Ford cannot simply
treat labor as a commodity," Mr.
Sherman seems not to be aware
that the only status that working
men and women have, under cap-
italismisthat ofpcmmodities.
The moment that principles are
introduced which remove workers
from their commodity or wage
slave status that moment marks
the end of capitalism. If the mem-
bers of the working class reorga-
nize society on the basis of social
ownership of the instruments and
means of production, carry on pro-
duction for use, and introduce a
new form of government ;based on
industrial constituencie, genuine
socialism will have been establish-
ed' and the commodity status of
workers will have been ended. If,
on the other hand, production and
distribution are regimented by a
welfare state or by collusion of
"benevolent" capitalists, industrial
feudalism will have replaced cap-
italism and workers will have be-
come slaves to an industrial olig-
archy.
MR. SHERMAN refers to "the
social responsibilities of the large
corporation." A corporation has no
such responsibilities and exercises
none. Profit sharing plans, pen-
sions, and other sops-to workers
are not given because of social
responsibility but to keep workers
from kicking over the traces and
upsetting the capitalist apple cart.
Henry Ford's $5.00 minimun wage
has been proved too often to be
both a farce and a benefit to the
Ford Motor Company in its com-
petitive race with other manufac-
turers to require further argu-
ment.
Reforms can not save capitalism
nor provide lasting benefits to
workers. Genuine socialism, alone,
as advocated by the Socialist La-
bor Party can put an end to the
commodity status of the worker,
provide abundant living for all
with no boom and bust cycles,
and establish a foundation ofyin-
ternational cooperation and last-
ing peace.
-Ralph W. Muncy
emicians. One widely read woman,
Ayn Rand, ignored by critics
through one best-seller and dis-
missed after her second, has made
a good case for individual
strength, though she forgets that
society can not be just a collection
of strong-men.
* * *
NOW EUGENE Jennings, in his
"An Anatomy of Leadership,"
makes a contribution that at least
faces the problem that has been
well diagnosed but remains un-
solved. He defines, with remark-
able specificity, the superior man
needed so desperately to resist
over-organization.
The core of the book is his defi-
nition of the types of power seek-
ers: supermen, heroes, and princes.
"The great men who rule are rule
breakers and value creators are
poetically referred to as supermen;
the men dedicated to great and
noble causes are called heroes;
and the men motivated principally
to dominate others are called
princes."
The Prince, according to Jen-
nings, is machiavellian, and mas-
ters the rules of the power game.
The historical examples Jennings
gives are Alexander and Julius
Caesar; some modern examples
being Hitler, Roosevelt, and Castro
in the political field; Fisk, Ford
and Rockefeller in the industrial
area.
The concept of the Hero is trac-
ed down from Carlyle to Arthur
Schlesinger, Jr. Jennings' own
opinion is that heroes are men
possessed by a sense of mission to
which they dedicate their total
selves. He says there are three
types: the "Great Beginner," as
exampled by Roosevelt (he was
both Prince and Hero); the "Intui-
tionist, as exampled by De Gaulle;
and the risk taker.
JENNINGS EXAMINES the idea
of ' the Superman briefly; then
he gives his own version of to-
day's supermen, which may be
more accurately called superior
men, or even free men. Where
Riesman left off with inner and
other-directed Jennings adds the
"self -directed" man.
"His first duty is to respect
himself. His conscience is rela-
tively autonomous. His duty is 1I
will,' which is a sign of his su-
perior inner powers. He wills
himself to success. He is acord-
ingly careless of popular approval
and sympathy, and personal hurt,
and is proud though not vain.
"OUR SUPERIOR man's great-
est struggle is against the annihi-
lation of his privacy. Where the
typical executive has somehow
managed to persuade himse}f that
he is too busy to think, to read,
to look back and forward, the
superior man places a high, value
upon thought."
Well, this is a summary of Jen-
nings' discussion of the superior
man which comes just past the
halfway mark of the book, There
is in the remaining pages a dis-
cussion of the testing efforts by
sociologists to discover the real
traits of leadership which, in Jen-
nings' opinion, failed completely.
Jennings' discussions of the
many modern types are somewhat
anti-climactical.
The structural weakness does
not necessarily diminish the value
of the content. Riesman, after all,
in "The Lonely Crowd," said all
that was most significant in fifty
pages. And if Jennings arrives at
a sociological definition of an Ayn
Rand character, the sale of Rand's
books, at least among the youngr.
er people, would indicate that it
is not a mere curiosity.
-Thomas Brien
DAILY
OFFICIAL
BULLETIN'
(Continued from Page 2)
General Electric Co. Company-wide,
including Det., Holland, & Edmore
plants. Mfg BS-MS: A, Chi, B. E,lB
ME. Met. BS: E Math, EM, E Physics,
Mat'Is & S. MS: Instru & Nuclear ;;
Constr.. Prod., Mfg., Engrg., Mat'is.
Mgmt.; Quality Control Engrg.; Mg.
supv.
Tech. Mktg. BS-MS: EE .BS: ChE, 1
Physics, IE, ME & Mct. Sales, Appli-
cation & service Engrg.-(B3oth 'Tng
Programs &Specific postionsare avail-
able).
Eng. & St. BS, MS & Prof.: A, BE &
ME, Cht & Met. B-MS: EM, Mat'ls. MS
-Prof.: Instru., Nuclear. B: B Math,
B Physics & Scence. Prof. 'Applied
Mech. Des., R&D, Both Trng. programs
& specific positions are available.
qThe First National City Bank of New
York -BS-MSN E & BRDPro. ,Ap-
plication of Electronic Computer in-
stallations.
IBM 'Corp. Labs, Plants & Branch Of-
f ices .Al Degrees: AE, CE, CE, B, EM,
IE, Instru., ME & Met. Prof. Applied
Mech. BS.: E Math, E Physics, S. BS-
MS: Materials, Meterology. Des., R&D,
sales & Prod.
FEB. 22-24
General Dynamics Corp. Convair Div.
Calif., Texas. All Degrees: A, E, EM,
-ME,' Met. BS: B Physics & science M-
PhD: PE, Instru. & Nuclear. BS-MS
Materials.gDes., R&D, Engrg. test &
Field Engrg
SuMmer
Placement
SUMMER PLACEMENT INTERVIEW:
FEB. 21, 22-
Camp Conestaga, Mich. cam>-Stetlh-
an Baumann interviewing men& wom-
en forpositions, as counselors today &
tomorrow at Summer Placement Serv-
ice. Also seeking a nurse.
For further information go to Sum-
mer Placement Service,I D$ 518 AB.
Open every afternoon from 1:00 to
4:55 and, Friday all day.
Personnel Requests
Guardian Life Insurance Co. of Amer-
ica, NYC-Junior Investment Analyst
in Securities Investment Dept. June "
grad-preferably Econ.-wling to pur-
sue grad. work at night.
Minnesota lb Ontario Paper Co., M -
neapolis-Industria Technical Service
Engrg, for INSULITE, bldg. materials
div. of Co. M.E., Arh. B. or Cdeim 11.1
with 3 yrs.eper. In sales orainfac-
tor y operations.
Armstrong Cprk Co., Lancaster, Pa.
-Designer-Decorator TRAINEE. Recent
,WOMAN grad, with degree in Fine
Arts r Design Interiors).;
Dearborn uCivilService,Mlrch.-Curator
of Museum Exhibits. College grad. 'in
Art History American History or re-
lated field.
Welcraft Products Co., Inc., New car-
lise atd echnical Slesman. B.S E.E.
or related' field to sell to mfgers. of
home appliances.
Please contact Bureau of Appt,.,
4021 Admnn.B Est. 3371 for further in-
formation.
ParPTimie
Employment
The following part-time jobs are
available. Applications can be made In
the: Non-Academic Personnel Office, '
1020 Admin. Bldg., Monday through
Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.
Employers resrous of hiring part-
time or temporary employees huld
contact Jack Lardie,' at NO 3-1511 ext.
2939.
Students desiring miellaneosob
should consult the bulletin board i
Room 1020, daily.
MALE
9-Psychological subjects (Tuesday
afternoon, February 20).
I-Paper delivery-man (morning pa-
per, must have ar).
2-Experienced camera repairmen
(mn. 20 hours per week).'
45-Psychological aubjects two 1% hour
periods, total time. -
1-Arts and crafts supervisor (Friday
evenings 7-10 p.m.).
FEMALE
1I-Psychological subjects (21 or over,
for drug experiments).
1-Room and board in exchange for
babysitting.
1m-Typist for Persian and/or Arai,
must bercapable of proofreading
and corrections.
1-Arts and crafts supervisor (Friday
evenings 7-10 p.m.).r.
I-Full1-time typist fortwo weeks. 0
Py AWITER LIPPMANN
E THE GOLD speculators have for the
ne being been discouraged by the firm
and declarations to defend the dollar,
ident from the President's message that
is on the surface and not in the sub-.
of the problem.
problem has been posed for eleven years,
950, and it will take some years to solve
ce, 1950 we have run an average net
in our international transactions of
two billions a year. Over the whole
this has amounted to'a deficit of twenty-
lions. In foreign capital investment, in
y expenditures abroad, and in foreign
ic aid, we have paid out about twenty-
ions more than we earned in the world.
ng this we provided the reserves on
the post-war monetary system of the
onomies rests.
ng most of these years, for all practical
s in all of them until 1958, the foreignL
a held the dollars were satisfied to hold
' them, and not to cash them into gold,
had every right to do. But in the past
ears not only have our deficits sharply
ed, but our creditors have been de-
and economie'aid, or by instituting exchange
controls. But such a revolutionary policy would
be impossible in the world as it is today. The
Administration 'has taken a firm decision that
it will defend the convertibility of the dollar
at thirty-five dollars an ounce for gold, that'
it will maintain, ansi probably even enlarge,'
our foreign economic aid, and that it will not
resort to ,the restrictionist measures which
weaker countries without our banking respon-
sibilities use when they have an international
deficit.
This decision to stand upon an expansionist
or liberal foreign policy has with it a corollary
-which is indicated but not spelled out in the
President's, message-that the liberal policy
requires international cooperation among the
advanced industrial countries. Alone and by
ourselves we cannot maintain a liberal econom-
ic foreign policy if the countries which are
now running a surplus in their balance of
payments as against our deficit, do not co-
coperate. The surplus countries are Japan,.
Italy, the Netherlands, and above all West
Germany.
gold.
MAND FOR gold signified tha
ikers, corporations, and priva
d come to think that it was
to move their funds out o
ates and that it might be saf
r were saying that the UnitedI
go on forever, or much longer
,lance of payments deficit of
Ilion dollars a year.
it. And that is why the Admin
ow attacking the problem o
a wide array of measures. Thel
ssages contain proposals to p
short term interest rates for
bile avoiding a rise in long
tes for American public and p
t. 'Trh range of these measure
'ar reaching plans, which wil
ealize, to improve the comp
' American industry.
SIC PREMISE of the Administ
is that underlying the specu
away from,, and for the m
the dollar, there is a basic d
hout effective measures to redi
ge around two billions or m
basic deficit cannot be dealt
speculative, by psychological xi
, warnings, and the like, or ev
interest rates.
,i' deficit arises out of our ov
licy-out of our military expend
.t of our desire to encourage A
n investment, out of economic1
)untries.
rJHERE IS NO question of our asking them
to help us. The very suggestion is odious in
t for- view of the fact. that the United States is in-
te in- comparaby the richest country in the world.'
more The American case is simply this. Beginning
f the with the Marshall Plan, this country, which{
'er. In then had an enormous surplus, has deliberately
States and as a matter of national and international
run- policy run a deficit in order to overcome the
three dollar shortage abroad. This policy made pos-
sible the recovery of Japan and Western
iistra- Europe.,
f the Now the time has come when continuing
Presi- American deficits are not only not needed but
rovide a positive danger to the stability of the inter-
r for- national monetary system. What is needed now
term is that the surplus countries, foremost among
rivate them West Germany, take measures of their
es ex- own to bring the international balance of pay-
l take nients into equilibrium. Once the Senate has
etitive approved United States membersip in the Or-
ganization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, we should, as the President in-
ration dicates in his message, argue for a new prin-
lative ciple.
oment In the OECD, and privately, 'we shall be
deficit persuading the West Germans that, having
uce it, acquired, a very large surplus, they have an
ore a international duty to behave like a responsible
with, creditor country.
neans, Little of their surplus is now used for for-
!en by eign aid or investment abroad. The West Ger-
man interest rates, which attract the gold, are
ver-all among the highest in Western Europe. The
itures West German wage rates, in relation to their
meri- productivity, make them over-competitive in
aid to the international export markets. Further-
more, their foreign assistance is being given
+
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