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'en Opinions Are Free
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INTERPRETING THE 'NEWS:
Rising Cost of War
Wastes World's Riches
Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers
or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints.
.
'URDAY, JANUARY 10, 1959
NIGHT EDITOR: ROBERT JUNKER I
Castro's Form of liberty'
Offers Little Hope for Cuba
I
ONE OF the first acts of the revolutionary
government which liberated Cuba from Ba-
tista's dictatorship brought death to 15 army
officers who had served in Batista's forces.
This is only the beginning of trials to be held
in revolutionary courts for those Cubans ac-
cused of "crimes against the state."
Liberty and death seems an incongruous
>6mbination, unless the only freedom this revo-
lution brings is freedom for the victors to exe-
cute their now-vanquished enemies. This is
a critical time for the revolutionary govern-
ment - a time to show whether it will develop
into a truly democratic state or degenerate into
merely another Latin American dictatorship.
In going through a long revolution as Cuba
has, hatred becomes the chief emotion and
when the revolution finally ends, it is only too
easy to let hatred override everything else,
turning an idealistic campaign into a blood
bath.
At present there are some 800 political pris-
oners being held in Havana, with between 200
and 300 more in Oriente Province. Each case
is being investigataed, the chief of police in
Havana said, and the innocent will be released.
Will they really? And even if they are, that
is not what is important. By executing those
15 army officers, by holding trials for "crimes
against the state," by arresting any political
prisoners Castro indicates he is perhaps no bet-
ter than Batista after all.
IF CASTRO is morally superior, why must he
employ the same tactics used throughout
history to turn revolutions for liberty into dic-
tatorships? It is not a question of right or
wrong - the loser is always wrong. It is a ques-
tion of whether Castro is going to rule by demo-
cratic processes or by force. And if the answer
is by force it is a severe disappointment for all
those who had placed such high hopes in Cas-
tro's revolution.
-JANE McCARTHY
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By J. M. ROBERTS
Associated Press News Analyst
PRESIDENT Dwight D. Eisen-
hower has given some examples
of the cost of military prepared-
ness which serve to magnify his
long-standing offer to divert the
money to world economic develop-
ment if other nations will do the
same.
Missiles that will, because of
limited production after an expen-
sbve development program, cost
S35 million each. Submarines at
$50 million per copy. Planes that
cost more than their weight in
gold. The use of natural resources
which cannot be replaced, such as
coal. uranium and iron. The ex-
penditure of vast productive power
which otherwise could be devoted
to the social needs of man,
An outlay of forty billion dollars
a year.
All a total waste if it is not used.
A vast proportion of it a total
waste anyway because of rapid
obsolescence. And, in strange
anomaly, all produced with the
design of preventing its use.
* * *
AND ALL over the world mil-
lions of men held on standby,
separated from all progressive ac-
tivity.
Never before in all history has
man so wasted his talents.
All because one group of men
has perverted an outmoded idea
into a weapon for their acquisi-
tiveness.
The President in his State of the
Union message also touched on
one of the fundamental barriers
between mankind and the use of
its resources for advancement in-
stead of degradation.
The people who cause this waste
are not open for honest negotia-
tion.
"EVE HAVE learned." said the
President, "the bitter lesson that
international agreements. histori-
cally considered by us as sacred,
are regarded in Communist doc-
trine and practice as mere scraps
of paper. The most recent proof
of their disdain of international
obligations, solemnly undertaken,
is their announced intention to
abandon their responsibilities re-
specting Berlin."
In the face of this, Deputy Pre-
mier Mikoyan of Russia has the
gall to come to this country and
suggest that, after this repudia-
tion, a new agreement on, Berlin
can be guaranteed again by the
four powers. Presumably the new
guarantee would last just as long
as it suited Russia, as is the case
with the old one.
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STUDENT Government Council's Education
and Welfare Committed is facing a dilemma
in stocking its new all-campus examination
file.
While gathering copies of departmental ex-
aminations from various sources on campus,
the committee came across several tests which
are "not generally given out by the depart-
ments," according to Barton Burkhalter, the
chairman.
In other words, a few of the tests uncovered
by the Education Committee were from depart-
ments that used them year after year. These
"hot" sheets must have been smuggled from
the testing rooms, "borrowed" from professors
desks or memorized through the collective ef-
forts of loyal fraternity brothers.
THE INTRIGUING problem now facing the
committee Is whether to go ahead and file
the exams, .giving everyone at the University
the same chance at the "shady" exams instead
of Just a few members of the more "clever"
houses.
The second alternative open to the commit-
tee would undoubtedly provide for much bet-
ter relations with the departments involved in
the situation. Under the theory that making
the exams available for general use would be
revealing secrets that shouldn't be given to
the general public, the tests could be calmly
overlooked.
Theoretically speaking, the information in
the tests doesn't really advance the learning
process to a great extent. Memorizing a final
exam in economics isn't too beneficial in reach-
ing an understanding of the basic concepts of
financial trends.
BUT, from a more practical point of view,
those who do memorize the exam have a
better chance of getting A's in the course. And,
since, some lucky University students are evi-
dently doing just that, it is no more than fair
that everyone has the same chance to lower
his educational standards.
Another argument in favor of filing the sup-
posedly secret exams is much harsher on pro-
fessors, but also true. If departments give the
same tests year after year, they obviously ex--
pect students to somehow get copies of them,
so why not make the process legalized.
Who knows, it might even improve the
quality of examinations.
--JEAN HARTWIG
,----
POLITICAL AND OTHERWISE . .. By David Tarr
The Press and the People
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TODAY AND TOMORROW:
Berlin Door Opened
By WALTER LIPPMANN
MIKOYAN is making two visits to Washing-
ton, separated by the ten days or so which
he will spend traveling about the country. The
first visit has confirmed the view, held by
many who watch these things closely, that the
Soviet's move in Berlin, though entirely serious
and of great consequence, is not an ultimatum
but a move to open up negotiations on a large
range of questions.
Although no agreements have been negotiat-
ed in this first diplomatic encounter, it is rea-
sonably certain that the door has been opened
to a negotiated solution of the Berlin crisis, and
it may be to bigger things than Berlin.
In the various notes that have been ex-
changed about Berlin two controlling proposi-
tions have been established. The first is that
the Western allies will not withdraw their
troops from West Berlin until there is a gen-
eral German settlement, and that they will not
permit anyone to interfere with their right to
supply these troops. A blockade of the Western
troops by the East German government would
be an act of war, and there cannot be any
doubt on this subject in Moscow or in East
Berlin.
On the other hand, we cannot prevent the
Soviet government from delegating to the East
German government any of the powers it now
exercises. Therefore, if at the end of the six-
month period the Soviet government transfers
its authority to East Germany, a crucial ques-
tion is whether this will in any way interfere
with our military presence in Berlin and with
our military access to Berlin. Ths is the ques-
tion which will have to be negotiated.
IT IS NOT in itself a hopelessly difficult ques-
tion. Assuming that the Soviet government
turns over to the East German government its
control over access to Berlin, the practical
u1w Slt4igan Daily
question is how to make sure that the East Ger-
man government will not attempt to interfere
with, Allied military communications by road,
rail, canal, and air.
It is here that there will have to be some
give and take on both sides, the point of com-
promise and negotiation being about the powers
of the East German control officials. The nub
of the problem is whether the Soviet govern-
ment will give us a guarantee that the East
German officials will not interfere with our
military traffic and whether, if the Soviet gov-
ernment gives this guarantee, we will allow
the East German officials to inspect the travel
papers of our vehicles.
A Soviet guarantee that the East Germans
will not interfere with our vehicles would be
a compromise in which neither side would lose
face. The Soviet promise to transfer its powers
to the East German government would be ful-
filled and at the same time a possible cause
of war would be. removed. On our side, the
fact that the East German officials were sub-
ject to a Soviet guarantee would go a long way
toward satisfying our official view that in Ber-
lin the Soviet Union cannot divest itself of its
obligations under the old international pacts.
This formula would also be in accord with the
position originally taken by Secretary of State
Dulles in his press conference of Nov. 26, and
withdrawn later only upon the insistence of
Adenauer.
O THOSE who will hurriedly exclaim that
any dealings with the East German govern-
ment are appeasement, we may point out that
if this is appeasement, then the leading ap-
peaser is Adenauer himself. For the actual fact
of the matter is that civilian traffic between
West Germany and West Berlin is now mov-
ing, and has for some time been moving, un-
der an agreement between the two German
governments. This agreement includes accep-
tance by Adenauer of the right of the inspec-
tors and control agents of the East German
government to deal with the travel papers of
West German vehicles.
Adenauer is now dealing with the East Ger-
man officials, and if he can do this, why in
the name of common sense should we not do
the same, especially if we have obtained a
guarantee under which we can hold the Soviet
government responsible?
A world war arising out of a quarrel as to
whether East German officials can inspect our
papers when they already inspect West Ger-
man papees wouldi be the most meoseoicua
T HE NEWSPAPER world has
been in an unusual situation
during the last month by making
news of interest and importance
to even non-journalists.
A number of events, including
the sale of a newspaper, strikes in
New York, and a court case have
suggested questions which are
worth a moment of reflection by
the reading public as well as news-
men. And they all relate to the
purpose and :responsibility of a
newspaper to its readers.
A not entirely adequate but ex-
tremely broad and useful state-
ment of purpose was given in a
New York Times editorial the day
publication resumed following the
strike:
"We are happy to be back. As
we watch the folded newspapers
coming off the machines we re-
dedicate ourselves to the cause of
public information, discussionand
debate."
If we take as an assumption -
and at best it can only be an as-
sumption - that the majority of
newsmen subscribe to the Times'
rule of the thumb, it is important
for the public as well as journal-
ists to inquire if the American
newspapers and reporters are per-
mitted and do in fact practice
what they acclaim.
*« * *
CHICAGO has four major
dailies. In 1956 The Tribune, a
morning paper, purchased The
American, an evening paper, This
Monday, the owner of The Sun-
Times, the other morning paper,
announced purchase ofnThe Daily
News, the other evening paper.
So'now the four papers, which
serve a Greater Chicago area pop-
ulation of five million, are owned
by only two groups.
This is not to say that such con-
centration is bad; indeed all four
papers will continue to publish.
But one can wonder if a city the
size of Chicago should not be
served by at least three independ-
ently owned papers.
At best, the Chicago reader can
hope that the owners will appre-
ciate the concentration of power
they hold and will exercise it ju-
diciously.
Perhaps the most important
thing to watch and to fear is a
tendency toward similar - at
worst, identical - editorial policy.
The same viewpoint in editorials,
the same emphasis on certain
news events, the same avoidance
of other news events are possible
if not necessary outgrowths of
narrow ownership. Were such to
happen it would be just as un-
fortunate as if only two news-
papers were published.
What has happened in Chicago
is characteristic of the consolida-
tion of newspapers throughout
the country. Although today there
are more readers than a genera-
tion ago, there are fewer newspa-
pers.
* * *
NEW YORK CITY, probably the
heart of the newspaper world in
this country, was the scene of two
other events that may cause some
thought about the mutual respon-
sibility of press and public.
For 19 days New York residents
whether any group, labor, man-
agement or otherwise, should have
tl e right to interfere with essen-
tilal public services such as news-
papers, telephone and telegraph
communications, the mails, police,
fire and other municipal services.
AN EQUALLY difficult ques-
tion about the press' responsibility
to the public has been raised by
the case of Marie Torre, a New
York Herald-Tribune columnist
who chose to serve a 10-day jail
sentence rather than disclose a
news source.
The sentence, given Monday,
came after she refused to tell how
information used in a column was
obtained. The column was instru-
mental in causing a libel suit to be
filed by an actress against a na-
tional radio-TV .network.
Miss Torre said she hopes her
case will prompt legislation giv-
ing newsmen immunity from hav-
ing to disclose their sources of in-
formation. Twelve states now have
such statutes.
If the newspapers are to fulfill
their role of providing public in-
formation some such protection
would seem to be essential. Ob-
taining information from sources
"who preferred not to be named"
is a common practice in reporting,
often of crucial importance in
bringing to light news that is not
complimentary to all the people
involved.
Immunity laws giving potential
news sources the assurance that
reporters would not reveal their
names under threat of fine and
imprisonment might in some cases
prove the difference between no
story and complete reporting of
something clearly in the public in-
terest, particularly in governmen-
tal affairs.
T at newsmen should be en-
trus ed with this power seems evi-
dent. It would permit them the
same kind of protection now held
by doctors, lawyers and clergy-
men. There is good reason to be-
lieve newsmen would treat the
privilege with the same care and
respect as have these other pro-
fessions.
AT HILL AUDITORIUM:
Combined Cocert
THE FEW STUDENTS who joined music educators at the concert
presented by the University orchestra, Symphony Band, and the
Michigan Singers in conjunction with the Fourteenth Annual Mid-
western Conference were treated to a variey of music for a variety of
tastes. The program consisted of works previously performed at' the
individual concerts of each organization; therefore it offered everyone
Organize!.. .
ro The Editor:
JUST BEFORE Christmas a Big
Ten "All Scholastic" football
team was announced by American
Peoples Encyclopedia. The team
included three players from Wis-
consin, two from Minnesota and
Michigan State and one each from
Northwestern, Purdue, Ohio State
and 2ndiana., '
Wat happened to Michigan?
Michigan traditionally claims that
it not only produces good athletes
but scholars. The recent records
show that it produces neither. Let's
get organized!
-David R. Schumann, '59
Public Opini~n «. .
To The Editor:
PUBLIC OPINION polls are a
farce. Consider George Gallup's
recent question, "Do you think we
should keep American forces in
Berlin -along with British and
French forces-even at the risk of
war?" Gallup tells us that 60% of
those polled gave an affirmative
response and that the percentage
of "yes" answers was higher
among those having had the ad-
vantage of a college education than
it was for the folks with less im-
pressive backgrounds. If this is
one of the results of higher educa-
'tion, perhaps we'd be better off
with less such exposure.
The answers might be more
meaningful if we were told what
proportion of the 60% answering
"yes" have any appreciation of the
attitudes of Eastern European
countries and their fears relative
to a nuclear rearmed Germany
which has cost them untold suf-
fering. Moreover I wonder how
many of that same 60% have even
heard of, let alone given any
serious study to the Rapacki Plan
for denuclearization, disarmament
and disengagement in Europe. Not
many, I'll venture to guess!
How can people have meaning-
ful opinions without information
upon which to base them? Are
emotionally conditioned responses
an adequate substitute for a logical
consideration of facts? For the
most part, American newspapers
handle foreign policy questions in
a fashion which exhibits the same
contempt for public intelligence as
Hollywood producers do with their
weary parade of "westerns." Every-
thing is either black or white-us
good guys and them bad guys.
Solve every problem with a fast
draw and virtue always triumphs!
Bah, opinion polls should be called
inventories of ignorance.
-R. F. Burlingame, '33D
MARIE TORRE
...she won't talk
.. ri. .......
e CAPITAL COMMENTARY:
Liberals Def
By WILLIE
. ..................... I-
eat Themselves
_._._
AM S. WHITE
/
WASHINGTON - The basic
weakness of the advanced, or
professional, liberals is being
shown so repeatedly that their
power in the new Congress may
turn out actually to be less than
in the old.
This is a seemingly incredible
situation. For on the basis of the
November elections, the ultra-con-
servatives should have their lowest
influence in two decades.
And it is bad news, too, for a
rational, or effective, liberalism as
well as for this emotional, or in-
effective, liberalism. What is this
profound weakness of the ad-
vanced liberals? Their ideas aca-
demically are far stronger than
their ability to put them into
action. They lack proportion and
a gra.sp upon reality.
They are daily alienating the
practical liberals, with whom use-
ful common causes could be made
--if only the professional liberals
were not alone so almost reli-
giously right on every possible oc-
casion. The result well may be
that an undue and unearned power
will fall by default to the ultra-
conservatives. Already, indeed, ex-
actly this has happened among
the Senate Republicans.
* * *
AT LEAST three times already
the advanced liberals have demon-
strated their odd ineffectuality:
In putting Senator John Sher-
man Cooper of Kentucky up to
oppose Sen. Everett M. Dirksen of
Illinois for the GOP floor leader's
post, the professional liberals made
every possible mistake. Sen. Cooper
has true intellectual distinction
and rare courage and integrity. He
is, however, a shy man, far re-
moved from the company com-
mander type that makes a good
floor leader.
The sensible alternatives to
pressing Sen. Cooper-who is not
himself a professional liberal-
would have been quite plain: A)
Not to challenge the Old Guard at
all if humiliating defeat could be
the only possible reward. B) Or,
at least to make the challenge
with a rival candidate to have
practical, operating skill.
Finally, the professional liberals
prepared their case, characteristi-
cally, by issuing manifestos. The
Old Guardists simply lay low-
and gathered up the required
votes.
2) Again, many of the advanced
liberals-who tend to suppose that
any change must be good-rushed
into happy embrace with some of
the most right-wing Republicans
in the House. The consequence
here was to replace the old GOP
leader, Rep, Joseph W. Martin Jr.
of Massachusetts, with Rep.
Charles Halleck of Indiana.
, , 0 ~
ate filibuster rule. (The filibuster,
of course, is deliberate time-killing
to prevent a vote on a bill.) Natu-
rally, they set out, under the
leadership of Senators Paul H.
Douglas (b-Ill.) and Jacob K.
Javits (R-N.Y.), with impossible
rather than attainable demands.
They wish to have the Senate
agree that a filibuster can be
halted hereafter by a bare ma-
jority, or a margin of one vote.
The obvious reality is that most
of the Senate, including many
authentic liberals, knows this to be
indefensible extremism. But the
advanced liberals have been busier
in proclaiming their fighting in-
tentions than in rounding up votes.
Theoretically, all thins are
conceivable. So it is perhaps even
conceivable that the professional
liberals can have their way here,
But, if they do, it will be the
authentic miracle of this calendar
year.
(Copyright 1959, by United
Feature Syndicate, Inc.)
vho missed the previous concerts
(and a good many did) a chance
to hear works seldom programmed
on a Choral Union Series, Yoder's
"Silver. Anniversary March," for
example.
At the other extreme the Michi-
gan Singers presented the Pro-
logue and Final Chorus of Ralph
Vaughan-Williams "Hodie." As the
concert of the Michigan Singers
was not reviewed previously a brief
description of the work may parti-
ally recompense the efforts of the
group and director Maynard Klein.
The "Hodie" is an English Fes-
tival piece for full chorus soloists,
and orchestra. A retelling of the
Christmas story, the text ranges
from portions of the Anglican
Service to the final chorus drawn
from "Hymn on the Morning of
Christ's Nativity." Unfortunately
Unive"sity audiences did not have
the opportunity to hear the work
in performance with orchestra,
The small select group of sing-
ers showed to best advantage in
the- intricate, polyphonic "Psalm
100" of Pachelbel. Written for
double choir, the linear construc-
tion never became muddy. Overall
the works chosen by the Michigan
Singers were of highest musical
content.
0 0
THE Michigan Symphonic Band
again performed the best in band
music the best. The most interest-
ing work was Robert Russell Ben-
nett's "Symphonic Songs for
Band," conducted by the com-
poser. Clever duple rhythms
Editorial Staff
RICHARD TAUB, Editor
HAEL KRAFT JO
itorial Director
HTN WEICHER
City Editor
DAVID TARR
Associate Editor
CANTOR ....... Personnel Director
WILLOUGHBY,,.,.. Associate Editorial Director
A JONESN ..,,..,As CSports Editor
A JORGENSON , , . ,., . Associate City Editor
ABEUTH ESIE _. ~A.e~ltP rnna rllr.