&f irl4wan Baitg Sixty-NinthoYear EDITED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNDER AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIOSs STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG. * ANN ARBoR, Mici. * Phone io 2-3241 'en Opinions Are Free Titb WWll Preval "IOc-9 c-8e-7c-6c-5c-4c-" C INTERPRETING THE 'NEWS: Rising Cost of War Wastes World's Riches Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints. . 'URDAY, JANUARY 10, 1959 NIGHT EDITOR: ROBERT JUNKER I Castro's Form of liberty' Offers Little Hope for Cuba I ONE OF the first acts of the revolutionary government which liberated Cuba from Ba- tista's dictatorship brought death to 15 army officers who had served in Batista's forces. This is only the beginning of trials to be held in revolutionary courts for those Cubans ac- cused of "crimes against the state." Liberty and death seems an incongruous >6mbination, unless the only freedom this revo- lution brings is freedom for the victors to exe- cute their now-vanquished enemies. This is a critical time for the revolutionary govern- ment - a time to show whether it will develop into a truly democratic state or degenerate into merely another Latin American dictatorship. In going through a long revolution as Cuba has, hatred becomes the chief emotion and when the revolution finally ends, it is only too easy to let hatred override everything else, turning an idealistic campaign into a blood bath. At present there are some 800 political pris- oners being held in Havana, with between 200 and 300 more in Oriente Province. Each case is being investigataed, the chief of police in Havana said, and the innocent will be released. Will they really? And even if they are, that is not what is important. By executing those 15 army officers, by holding trials for "crimes against the state," by arresting any political prisoners Castro indicates he is perhaps no bet- ter than Batista after all. IF CASTRO is morally superior, why must he employ the same tactics used throughout history to turn revolutions for liberty into dic- tatorships? It is not a question of right or wrong - the loser is always wrong. It is a ques- tion of whether Castro is going to rule by demo- cratic processes or by force. And if the answer is by force it is a severe disappointment for all those who had placed such high hopes in Cas- tro's revolution. -JANE McCARTHY x , cr '' r - , , :. , _s -s ? 4 r f Y u :' 'h } X By J. M. ROBERTS Associated Press News Analyst PRESIDENT Dwight D. Eisen- hower has given some examples of the cost of military prepared- ness which serve to magnify his long-standing offer to divert the money to world economic develop- ment if other nations will do the same. Missiles that will, because of limited production after an expen- sbve development program, cost S35 million each. Submarines at $50 million per copy. Planes that cost more than their weight in gold. The use of natural resources which cannot be replaced, such as coal. uranium and iron. The ex- penditure of vast productive power which otherwise could be devoted to the social needs of man, An outlay of forty billion dollars a year. All a total waste if it is not used. A vast proportion of it a total waste anyway because of rapid obsolescence. And, in strange anomaly, all produced with the design of preventing its use. * * * AND ALL over the world mil- lions of men held on standby, separated from all progressive ac- tivity. Never before in all history has man so wasted his talents. All because one group of men has perverted an outmoded idea into a weapon for their acquisi- tiveness. The President in his State of the Union message also touched on one of the fundamental barriers between mankind and the use of its resources for advancement in- stead of degradation. The people who cause this waste are not open for honest negotia- tion. "EVE HAVE learned." said the President, "the bitter lesson that international agreements. histori- cally considered by us as sacred, are regarded in Communist doc- trine and practice as mere scraps of paper. The most recent proof of their disdain of international obligations, solemnly undertaken, is their announced intention to abandon their responsibilities re- specting Berlin." In the face of this, Deputy Pre- mier Mikoyan of Russia has the gall to come to this country and suggest that, after this repudia- tion, a new agreement on, Berlin can be guaranteed again by the four powers. Presumably the new guarantee would last just as long as it suited Russia, as is the case with the old one. - . - J j'. ..- To The Eio Anything for A's AafoG.cb -++=c r z ms s,- STUDENT Government Council's Education and Welfare Committed is facing a dilemma in stocking its new all-campus examination file. While gathering copies of departmental ex- aminations from various sources on campus, the committee came across several tests which are "not generally given out by the depart- ments," according to Barton Burkhalter, the chairman. In other words, a few of the tests uncovered by the Education Committee were from depart- ments that used them year after year. These "hot" sheets must have been smuggled from the testing rooms, "borrowed" from professors desks or memorized through the collective ef- forts of loyal fraternity brothers. THE INTRIGUING problem now facing the committee Is whether to go ahead and file the exams, .giving everyone at the University the same chance at the "shady" exams instead of Just a few members of the more "clever" houses. The second alternative open to the commit- tee would undoubtedly provide for much bet- ter relations with the departments involved in the situation. Under the theory that making the exams available for general use would be revealing secrets that shouldn't be given to the general public, the tests could be calmly overlooked. Theoretically speaking, the information in the tests doesn't really advance the learning process to a great extent. Memorizing a final exam in economics isn't too beneficial in reach- ing an understanding of the basic concepts of financial trends. BUT, from a more practical point of view, those who do memorize the exam have a better chance of getting A's in the course. And, since, some lucky University students are evi- dently doing just that, it is no more than fair that everyone has the same chance to lower his educational standards. Another argument in favor of filing the sup- posedly secret exams is much harsher on pro- fessors, but also true. If departments give the same tests year after year, they obviously ex-- pect students to somehow get copies of them, so why not make the process legalized. Who knows, it might even improve the quality of examinations. --JEAN HARTWIG ,---- POLITICAL AND OTHERWISE . .. By David Tarr The Press and the People mam emammmmm m#WEEEEW ME EEWmmEEEWE#&%2%ENE:..mm TODAY AND TOMORROW: Berlin Door Opened By WALTER LIPPMANN MIKOYAN is making two visits to Washing- ton, separated by the ten days or so which he will spend traveling about the country. The first visit has confirmed the view, held by many who watch these things closely, that the Soviet's move in Berlin, though entirely serious and of great consequence, is not an ultimatum but a move to open up negotiations on a large range of questions. Although no agreements have been negotiat- ed in this first diplomatic encounter, it is rea- sonably certain that the door has been opened to a negotiated solution of the Berlin crisis, and it may be to bigger things than Berlin. In the various notes that have been ex- changed about Berlin two controlling proposi- tions have been established. The first is that the Western allies will not withdraw their troops from West Berlin until there is a gen- eral German settlement, and that they will not permit anyone to interfere with their right to supply these troops. A blockade of the Western troops by the East German government would be an act of war, and there cannot be any doubt on this subject in Moscow or in East Berlin. On the other hand, we cannot prevent the Soviet government from delegating to the East German government any of the powers it now exercises. Therefore, if at the end of the six- month period the Soviet government transfers its authority to East Germany, a crucial ques- tion is whether this will in any way interfere with our military presence in Berlin and with our military access to Berlin. Ths is the ques- tion which will have to be negotiated. IT IS NOT in itself a hopelessly difficult ques- tion. Assuming that the Soviet government turns over to the East German government its control over access to Berlin, the practical u1w Slt4igan Daily question is how to make sure that the East Ger- man government will not attempt to interfere with, Allied military communications by road, rail, canal, and air. It is here that there will have to be some give and take on both sides, the point of com- promise and negotiation being about the powers of the East German control officials. The nub of the problem is whether the Soviet govern- ment will give us a guarantee that the East German officials will not interfere with our military traffic and whether, if the Soviet gov- ernment gives this guarantee, we will allow the East German officials to inspect the travel papers of our vehicles. A Soviet guarantee that the East Germans will not interfere with our vehicles would be a compromise in which neither side would lose face. The Soviet promise to transfer its powers to the East German government would be ful- filled and at the same time a possible cause of war would be. removed. On our side, the fact that the East German officials were sub- ject to a Soviet guarantee would go a long way toward satisfying our official view that in Ber- lin the Soviet Union cannot divest itself of its obligations under the old international pacts. This formula would also be in accord with the position originally taken by Secretary of State Dulles in his press conference of Nov. 26, and withdrawn later only upon the insistence of Adenauer. O THOSE who will hurriedly exclaim that any dealings with the East German govern- ment are appeasement, we may point out that if this is appeasement, then the leading ap- peaser is Adenauer himself. For the actual fact of the matter is that civilian traffic between West Germany and West Berlin is now mov- ing, and has for some time been moving, un- der an agreement between the two German governments. This agreement includes accep- tance by Adenauer of the right of the inspec- tors and control agents of the East German government to deal with the travel papers of West German vehicles. Adenauer is now dealing with the East Ger- man officials, and if he can do this, why in the name of common sense should we not do the same, especially if we have obtained a guarantee under which we can hold the Soviet government responsible? A world war arising out of a quarrel as to whether East German officials can inspect our papers when they already inspect West Ger- man papees wouldi be the most meoseoicua T HE NEWSPAPER world has been in an unusual situation during the last month by making news of interest and importance to even non-journalists. A number of events, including the sale of a newspaper, strikes in New York, and a court case have suggested questions which are worth a moment of reflection by the reading public as well as news- men. And they all relate to the purpose and :responsibility of a newspaper to its readers. A not entirely adequate but ex- tremely broad and useful state- ment of purpose was given in a New York Times editorial the day publication resumed following the strike: "We are happy to be back. As we watch the folded newspapers coming off the machines we re- dedicate ourselves to the cause of public information, discussionand debate." If we take as an assumption - and at best it can only be an as- sumption - that the majority of newsmen subscribe to the Times' rule of the thumb, it is important for the public as well as journal- ists to inquire if the American newspapers and reporters are per- mitted and do in fact practice what they acclaim. *« * * CHICAGO has four major dailies. In 1956 The Tribune, a morning paper, purchased The American, an evening paper, This Monday, the owner of The Sun- Times, the other morning paper, announced purchase ofnThe Daily News, the other evening paper. So'now the four papers, which serve a Greater Chicago area pop- ulation of five million, are owned by only two groups. This is not to say that such con- centration is bad; indeed all four papers will continue to publish. But one can wonder if a city the size of Chicago should not be served by at least three independ- ently owned papers. At best, the Chicago reader can hope that the owners will appre- ciate the concentration of power they hold and will exercise it ju- diciously. Perhaps the most important thing to watch and to fear is a tendency toward similar - at worst, identical - editorial policy. The same viewpoint in editorials, the same emphasis on certain news events, the same avoidance of other news events are possible if not necessary outgrowths of narrow ownership. Were such to happen it would be just as un- fortunate as if only two news- papers were published. What has happened in Chicago is characteristic of the consolida- tion of newspapers throughout the country. Although today there are more readers than a genera- tion ago, there are fewer newspa- pers. * * * NEW YORK CITY, probably the heart of the newspaper world in this country, was the scene of two other events that may cause some thought about the mutual respon- sibility of press and public. For 19 days New York residents whether any group, labor, man- agement or otherwise, should have tl e right to interfere with essen- tilal public services such as news- papers, telephone and telegraph communications, the mails, police, fire and other municipal services. AN EQUALLY difficult ques- tion about the press' responsibility to the public has been raised by the case of Marie Torre, a New York Herald-Tribune columnist who chose to serve a 10-day jail sentence rather than disclose a news source. The sentence, given Monday, came after she refused to tell how information used in a column was obtained. The column was instru- mental in causing a libel suit to be filed by an actress against a na- tional radio-TV .network. Miss Torre said she hopes her case will prompt legislation giv- ing newsmen immunity from hav- ing to disclose their sources of in- formation. Twelve states now have such statutes. If the newspapers are to fulfill their role of providing public in- formation some such protection would seem to be essential. Ob- taining information from sources "who preferred not to be named" is a common practice in reporting, often of crucial importance in bringing to light news that is not complimentary to all the people involved. Immunity laws giving potential news sources the assurance that reporters would not reveal their names under threat of fine and imprisonment might in some cases prove the difference between no story and complete reporting of something clearly in the public in- terest, particularly in governmen- tal affairs. T at newsmen should be en- trus ed with this power seems evi- dent. It would permit them the same kind of protection now held by doctors, lawyers and clergy- men. There is good reason to be- lieve newsmen would treat the privilege with the same care and respect as have these other pro- fessions. AT HILL AUDITORIUM: Combined Cocert THE FEW STUDENTS who joined music educators at the concert presented by the University orchestra, Symphony Band, and the Michigan Singers in conjunction with the Fourteenth Annual Mid- western Conference were treated to a variey of music for a variety of tastes. The program consisted of works previously performed at' the individual concerts of each organization; therefore it offered everyone Organize!.. . ro The Editor: JUST BEFORE Christmas a Big Ten "All Scholastic" football team was announced by American Peoples Encyclopedia. The team included three players from Wis- consin, two from Minnesota and Michigan State and one each from Northwestern, Purdue, Ohio State and 2ndiana., ' Wat happened to Michigan? Michigan traditionally claims that it not only produces good athletes but scholars. The recent records show that it produces neither. Let's get organized! -David R. Schumann, '59 Public Opini~n «. . To The Editor: PUBLIC OPINION polls are a farce. Consider George Gallup's recent question, "Do you think we should keep American forces in Berlin -along with British and French forces-even at the risk of war?" Gallup tells us that 60% of those polled gave an affirmative response and that the percentage of "yes" answers was higher among those having had the ad- vantage of a college education than it was for the folks with less im- pressive backgrounds. If this is one of the results of higher educa- 'tion, perhaps we'd be better off with less such exposure. The answers might be more meaningful if we were told what proportion of the 60% answering "yes" have any appreciation of the attitudes of Eastern European countries and their fears relative to a nuclear rearmed Germany which has cost them untold suf- fering. Moreover I wonder how many of that same 60% have even heard of, let alone given any serious study to the Rapacki Plan for denuclearization, disarmament and disengagement in Europe. Not many, I'll venture to guess! How can people have meaning- ful opinions without information upon which to base them? Are emotionally conditioned responses an adequate substitute for a logical consideration of facts? For the most part, American newspapers handle foreign policy questions in a fashion which exhibits the same contempt for public intelligence as Hollywood producers do with their weary parade of "westerns." Every- thing is either black or white-us good guys and them bad guys. Solve every problem with a fast draw and virtue always triumphs! Bah, opinion polls should be called inventories of ignorance. -R. F. Burlingame, '33D MARIE TORRE ...she won't talk .. ri. ....... e CAPITAL COMMENTARY: Liberals Def By WILLIE . ..................... I- eat Themselves _._._ AM S. WHITE / WASHINGTON - The basic weakness of the advanced, or professional, liberals is being shown so repeatedly that their power in the new Congress may turn out actually to be less than in the old. This is a seemingly incredible situation. For on the basis of the November elections, the ultra-con- servatives should have their lowest influence in two decades. And it is bad news, too, for a rational, or effective, liberalism as well as for this emotional, or in- effective, liberalism. What is this profound weakness of the ad- vanced liberals? Their ideas aca- demically are far stronger than their ability to put them into action. They lack proportion and a gra.sp upon reality. They are daily alienating the practical liberals, with whom use- ful common causes could be made --if only the professional liberals were not alone so almost reli- giously right on every possible oc- casion. The result well may be that an undue and unearned power will fall by default to the ultra- conservatives. Already, indeed, ex- actly this has happened among the Senate Republicans. * * * AT LEAST three times already the advanced liberals have demon- strated their odd ineffectuality: In putting Senator John Sher- man Cooper of Kentucky up to oppose Sen. Everett M. Dirksen of Illinois for the GOP floor leader's post, the professional liberals made every possible mistake. Sen. Cooper has true intellectual distinction and rare courage and integrity. He is, however, a shy man, far re- moved from the company com- mander type that makes a good floor leader. The sensible alternatives to pressing Sen. Cooper-who is not himself a professional liberal- would have been quite plain: A) Not to challenge the Old Guard at all if humiliating defeat could be the only possible reward. B) Or, at least to make the challenge with a rival candidate to have practical, operating skill. Finally, the professional liberals prepared their case, characteristi- cally, by issuing manifestos. The Old Guardists simply lay low- and gathered up the required votes. 2) Again, many of the advanced liberals-who tend to suppose that any change must be good-rushed into happy embrace with some of the most right-wing Republicans in the House. The consequence here was to replace the old GOP leader, Rep, Joseph W. Martin Jr. of Massachusetts, with Rep. Charles Halleck of Indiana. , , 0 ~ ate filibuster rule. (The filibuster, of course, is deliberate time-killing to prevent a vote on a bill.) Natu- rally, they set out, under the leadership of Senators Paul H. Douglas (b-Ill.) and Jacob K. Javits (R-N.Y.), with impossible rather than attainable demands. They wish to have the Senate agree that a filibuster can be halted hereafter by a bare ma- jority, or a margin of one vote. The obvious reality is that most of the Senate, including many authentic liberals, knows this to be indefensible extremism. But the advanced liberals have been busier in proclaiming their fighting in- tentions than in rounding up votes. Theoretically, all thins are conceivable. So it is perhaps even conceivable that the professional liberals can have their way here, But, if they do, it will be the authentic miracle of this calendar year. (Copyright 1959, by United Feature Syndicate, Inc.) vho missed the previous concerts (and a good many did) a chance to hear works seldom programmed on a Choral Union Series, Yoder's "Silver. Anniversary March," for example. At the other extreme the Michi- gan Singers presented the Pro- logue and Final Chorus of Ralph Vaughan-Williams "Hodie." As the concert of the Michigan Singers was not reviewed previously a brief description of the work may parti- ally recompense the efforts of the group and director Maynard Klein. The "Hodie" is an English Fes- tival piece for full chorus soloists, and orchestra. A retelling of the Christmas story, the text ranges from portions of the Anglican Service to the final chorus drawn from "Hymn on the Morning of Christ's Nativity." Unfortunately Unive"sity audiences did not have the opportunity to hear the work in performance with orchestra, The small select group of sing- ers showed to best advantage in the- intricate, polyphonic "Psalm 100" of Pachelbel. Written for double choir, the linear construc- tion never became muddy. Overall the works chosen by the Michigan Singers were of highest musical content. 0 0 THE Michigan Symphonic Band again performed the best in band music the best. The most interest- ing work was Robert Russell Ben- nett's "Symphonic Songs for Band," conducted by the com- poser. Clever duple rhythms Editorial Staff RICHARD TAUB, Editor HAEL KRAFT JO itorial Director HTN WEICHER City Editor DAVID TARR Associate Editor CANTOR ....... Personnel Director WILLOUGHBY,,.,.. Associate Editorial Director A JONESN ..,,..,As CSports Editor A JORGENSON , , . ,., . Associate City Editor ABEUTH ESIE _. ~A.e~ltP rnna rllr.