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JAMES D. BESSER
12 Mile at. Southfield
e . 313-559-5630
Washington Correspondent
W
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42 FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 1991
626-0990
The Human Rights
Tool That Worked
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hen President
George Bush
granted a partial
waiver of Jackson-Vanik
trade restrictions against
the Soviet Union last week,
he put the capstone on a 16-
year effort to develop and
refine new tools for pro-
moting the human rights
agenda in non-democratic
countries.
The most obvious
beneficiaries of the legisla-
tion are the thousands of
Jews who have poured out of
the Soviet Union in the past
year.
But the significance of the
measure, according to a
number of experts, goes well
beyond the current exodus of
Jews from the Soviet Union.
"I'm proud of what this
legislation has done," said
former Rep. Charles Vanik,
one of the authors and
namesakes of the bill.
"Jackson-Vanik has been
one of the monumental
achievements in this coun-
try. As far as I'm concerned,
we made human rights one
of our principal exports, and
that's set in concrete now."
Last week's waiver, Mr.
Vanik argued, only
strengthens the Jackson-
Vanik process — and adds to
the likelihood that the newly
opened doors for Soviet Jews
will remain open.
Mr. Vanik, who has
argued for more than a year
in favor of a waiver, in-
dicated that he is not entire-
ly satisfied with last week's
partial waiver, which ap-
plies only to the extension of
agricultural credits, not to
Most Favored Nation (1VIEN)
status — the ultimate prize
in the Jackson- Vanik
sweepstakes.
"It is my opinion that they
should have gone further,
and granted them a com-
plete waiver for one year,"
Mr. Vanik said. "They need
adequate time to develop
their emigration code. I
agree there should be a code
— but I don't think it should
be held off indefinitely."
The waiver issue has been
a prolonged and complex one
that reflects the varied con-
stituencies with an interest
in Soviet trade and human
rights.
For years, agricultural in-
terests, hoping to open up
the Soviet market to Ameri-
can growers, fought
relentlessly for the amend-
ment's repeal, a prospect
Soviet Jewry groups viewed
with alarm.
Elements of the business
community, eager to capi-
talize on the growing
openness of the Soviet
Union, fought for repeal or
for an immediate waiver
even before Mikhail Gor-
bachev opened up the
floodgates for Soviet Jews.
The original language of
the amendment, which was
enacted in 1974, used im-
proved emigration perfor-
mance as the sole standard
for a waiver; adding new
criteria for a waiver could
only weaken the amend-
ment's carefully crafted
structure, according to most
Soviet Jewry activists.
But in 1989, President
Bush added an additional
Jackson-Vanik has
been an effective
and a very
important tool.
There are times to
use it as a stick,
and times to use it
as a carrot."
Shoshana Cardin
condition — passage of the
new emigration bill that
would codify the recent
changes in Soviet emigra-
tion policies that were
resulting in a flood of Jews
arriving in Israel.
And early this year, there
were several efforts in Con-
gress to link a Jackson-
Vanik waiver to issues like
the Lithuanian in-
dependence movement and
direct flights for Soviet Jews
— efforts that the main-
stream Soviet Jewry com-
munity fought vigorously.
"From the beginning,
there was an effort to keep
this a clearly focused mea-
sure," said one leading
Soviet Jewry activist here.
"Some of these amendments
came from friendly legis-
lators who just wanted to
turn up the heat on the
Soviets. Some came from
people with entirely diff-
erent agendas, who could
care less about Soviet Jews.
But for us, the bottom line is
that it doesn't make any
sense to offer incentives to
the Soviets if you keep
changing the rules."
In the past year, some of
the pressure for waiving