rfiffigrRorri jEwisa
..'t, "Otb'ebtb'O'b'et'O'b'Ob'ebt-btOt-b' 'b'6 '10'6b'6 ' bedb'ffb" b'
. 4.0
O'd '6"b'
TII-EDETROITJEWISII (ARON ICLE
Pahnshed Washy bye The bdd CZ:2
JOSEPH J. CUMMINS
JACOB MARGOLIS
JACOB H. SCHAKNE
Entered
those in power? Was he not among the most vocifer-
ous and adamant opponents of free speech and press in
Russia? Even more, he insisted upon compulsory la-
bor, and only when it was found to be ineffective was
C., inc.
Presment
Editor
General Manager
as second-class matter March 9, DIM at the PostollIce
Mich., under the Act of March 3, 11, 79.
the scheme abandoned.
Democracy was ridiculed by the dictator Trotzky
when he was in the saddle. And now that he no longer
dominates the party he favors an extension of demo-
cratic principles, but Stalin and Bucharin are not so
inclined at the present writing and, therefore, his book
is on the black list. This is a delicious case of the biter
bitten and few will have any sympathy with him, al-
though they will agree that there should be greater
freedom and more democracy in Soviet Russia.
Aside from the fact that the doctrine of dictatorship
has had a curious application in the case of Trotzky,
there is still another reason of even greater significance
which explains the proscription of his last book. Since
Stalin has adopted the policy of peaceful penetration
and has abandoned the theory of revolutions for the
rest of Europe and America, it becomes necessary to
silence those elements which would still keep alive
the revolutionary myth. Trotzky is still persuaded that
the revolution can be saved if all power is concentrated
in the hands of the proletarian elements. The majority
of Russians have decided by an overwhelming vote that
henceforth the peasants shall control and that a definite
nationalist policy take the place of the revolutionary
policy heretofore followed. Most logical, therefore,
that Trotzky be deprived of all influence. How can
those capitalist countries, that were suspicious of the
sincerity of Soviet promises, be assured that a new leaf
has been turned? What can Stalin do to persuade
America that the day of revolution is passed and that
no longer will Bolshevik propaganda be carried on?
The matter is simple. Trotzky is the symbol of revolu-
tion. Since 1905 he has swept across the world stage
as the storm center of revolution. It is not enough that
he was shorn of all authority and power in Soviet af-
fairs, he must be treated like all those who have dared
to oppose the dictatorship. The new dictatorship is
not at all unacceptable or in bad repute. It begins to
resemble the Italian brand and there has been no hesi-
tancy in recognizing Fascist dictatorship. It is our hon-
est opinion that Stalin and his group have really aban-
doned all hope of a Bolshevik revolution in Europe and
are actually directing all their energies to the building
up of a peasant nationalist bureaucracy. Under such
an arrangement Trotzky can find no place. He can
speculate on the ingratitude of dictatorships, but he
will hardly do that. He is not given to such futilities.
He may even call those who sympathize with him of-
ficious vulgarians, as he did upon a former occasion
when one of his admirers tried to prove the correctness
of his views when he wanted no one to agree with him
except the dominant party. Will Trotzky try to have
the book published elsewhere? It is an interesting
question.
at Detroit,
General Offices and Publication Building
525 Woodward Avenue
Telephone: Cadillac 1040
Cable Address: Chronicle
tendon Once:
14 Stratford Place, London, W. 1, England.
Subscription,
in Advance
$3.00 Per Year
To insure publication, all correspondence and news matter must reach this
office by Tuesday e•ening of each week. When mailing notice.,
kindly use one side of the paper only.
The Detroit Jewish Chronicle Invites correspondence on subjects of interest
to the Jewish people, but disclaims responsibility for an indorsement of the
views expressed by the writers.
February 18, 1927
Adar 16, 5687
Dr. Norris Finds No Prohibition.
AD
'dD
"Until all our citizens take a pledge, there is only
one remedy and that is absolute and strict enforcement
by the Federal, State and Municipal authorities. The
reverse the medallion is that the customs, habits, mor-
als and the religious observances of millions of people
are to be altered by some miraculous psychological
transformation which I have seen, heard or know noth-
ing of."
The foregoing statement is the crux of the fill ings
of Dr. Charles Norris, chief medical examiner of the
Department of Health of New York City, in his report
on the workings of prohibition, made to Mayor James
Walker.
He found that 741 persons died of alcoholism during
the year 1926, while many deaths from the same cause
were not reported. From all the evidence collected by
him, he concluded that prohibition was non-existent and
that there was practically no good whiskey sold, al-
though drinking was indulged in exactly as before the
passage of the constitutional amendment and the Vol-
stead Act. No longer is the question one of morals or
legal enforcement. The health of the community is
endangered by the vile products of the tenement dis-
tillery, home brewery and speakeasies which now out-
number the licensed saloons of pre-prohibition days.
Dr. Norris examined the records of all of the New
York hospitals covering the period from 1914 to 1926.
The curve shows a marked fall in the years 1918, 1919
and 1920, and since then it has gone up until the year
1926, when it equalled the high point of the wet era.
The findings of Dr. Norris will be attacked by the
dry protagonists who see wet propaganda in every re-
port that differs from their fanatical beliefs. But the
doctor offers an alternative to the miraculous psycholog-
ical transformation of the people. He advocates strict
and complete enforcement. After seven years of na-
tional prohibition, nobody is so silly and fatuous as to
believe that it is humanly possible to prevent the manu-
facture, sale and transportation of all intoxicating
liquors.
Will the dry forces remain untouched by the accum-
ulating facts or will they become realistic? If they
would calmly and objectively consider the fact that all
the countries that had legislated against drink have
either abolished or modified their prohibition laws, then
they would at once make some effort to find out how
the whole question of drink could be handled with in-
telligence and with regard to the health, morals and
happiness of the people.
No doubt there are many unreasoning prejudiced
bigots among the prohibitionists whose ecstasy is unmis-
takable when they read of the thousands dying of pois-
ened whisky, but the majority is made up of men and
women who are primarily concerned about the health
and welfare of the community. The majority was
shocked by the expose of alcohol poisoning as an ap-
proved practice of the Treasury Department.
Can it be said that America has no conscience? Is
the enforcement of a hastily passed and ill-considered
law of greater moment to the people of the United
the
States than the saving of lives and safe-guarding
health of the citizens?
It is very well to talk of self-discipline and educa-
tion. The fact is that self-discipline and education are
desiderata not yet attained and until they are, some-
thing must be done to meet this real situation that is en-
dangering the lives and health of the whole nation.
A Nordic Passes.
The death recently of Houston Stewart Chamberlain
ended the career of one who did more to revive the
Nordic superiority cult than anybody of his generation.
Had the war not happened, he would hardly have risen
The Ingratitude of Soviets.
A hoary complaint voiced by the popular idols in
that
democracies is the ingratitude of the people. Now
dictatorships have become the fashion in so many coun-
tries of Europe, it is interesting to note that the same
attitude is shown by the dictated. Manners and morals
seem to be just about the same in widely separated
areas and under different systems of government, if the
case of Leon Trotzky is any criterion.
In addition to being one of the two original dictators
of Russia, the commander-in-chief of the Red Army,
sponsor for scheme of enforced labor. he is one of the
most prolific and incisive of all writers in Soviet Russia.
He covered a wide range of subjects, from literary and
art criticism to sociological polemics. In the latter
field he is at his best, for he has been so long a revolu-
tionist and had so many contacts with every phase of
all the movements that he could draw upon his pro-
found and abundant knowledge to confuse his adver-
saries whether it be in book or speech.
The last episode in which he figured prominently
was the fifteenth congress of the Communist party.
He, together with Zinovieff and Kameneff, were ig-
nominously routed by Stalin and Bucharin in the contest
to determine whether the peasantry or the city workers
should dominate.
Trotzky could not let this debacle pass without writ-
ing a book upon it. The title of the book is "Attempt-
ing to Change Communist Dictatorship." He and his
confreres did not succeed in changing Communist dicta-
torship and consequently the dictatorship, to be con-
sistent with its theory and practice, banned the book.
This is rollicking good humor and the comic spirit,
which has really had a busy time since the establish-
ment of the dictatorship of the prbletariat in Russia, is
I why should
much amused by this latest incident.
Trotzky's book not be banned? Why should he be
privileged to publish a book which dares to criticize
lc
.7.c
7,t...7.c,
r.:—AV
). 0 "J.0
ted.WIT.Me-ildittlatielAtittstt- MMI`strit'ittleialsktvletlitateMittAt
above the countless mediocrities and befuddled chau-
vinists who busied themselves in stirring national and
racial animosities in a very limited field. Although the
nationalist spirit and psychology was an irrefutable fact
before the war, yet among scientific. men the baroque
theories of a Chamberlain, by which he sought to prove
that every great figure hi civilization was a Nordic,
were given no consideration whatsoever. But during
the period when men believed in unspeakable atrocity
stories as well as miraculous feats, it seemed not unrea-
sonable to make the claim that Jesus, Michael Angelo
and Leonardo Da Vinci were Nordics.
With the lines of demarkation sharply drawn by the
war, the racial cultist became a super patriot. He ap-
pealed to an ever increasing gullible audience that was
satisfied only with exaltation of his own tribe and dep-
recation of the enemy. Even men of science who are
ordinarily skeptical and tough minded fell victims to
the emotional debauch which held the nations in thrall.
In Europe the Cuzas, Hittlers, Ludendorffs and Mus-
solinis are the by-product of the racial superiority cult
so sedulously disseminated by Mr. Chamberlain. The
Swastika, Ilakenkreuzler and Fascism, which spread
like a plague, made of Europe at once a madhouse of
violence and a comic opera of extravagant pretensions.
America (lid not escape this epidemic any more than
it did the influenza after the war. Although our im-
munities against the disease were strong because of the
admixture of race and nationality, yet the dominant
group ran amuck much in the same fashion as did their
cousins in Europe. Our dose of Ku Kluxism and Nordic
superiority at times threatened to become a serious mat-
ter, but fortunately the attempt of superimposing a
super state upon the existing state appealed only to the
lunatic fringe. However, during the panicky period
some first rate scientists like Professor East, Conkling
and De Ward, joined the company of the Madison
Grants. Wiggams and other lineal descendents of
Chamberlain.
All of these men and organizations were markedly
anti-Semitic, with the exception of Italian Fascism. It
could hardly have been otherwise, particularly in the
defeated countries. for who could be used as whipping
boy better than the Jew. In America, although the
Jew was caught in the klan net together with Catholics.
Negroes and aliens, yet the special animus of the klan
was directed against the Catholic, while the Nordics
were primarily concerned about Jewish influence and
how to minimize and eventually destroy it.
Those who were the victims of Nordicism. in their
ardor to prove the ethnic and biologic unsoundness of
race superiority, did often overshoot the mark and at-
tempt to prove Semitic or Alpine or Negro superiority.
The whole discussion precipitated by Mr. Chamber-
lain has focused a great deal of scientific attention upon
the subject. The scientific world has not beer able to
accept the theory of racial superiority as such, although
it was able to accept racial classification as an existing
fact. For Europe and America the idea of race purity
is a myth which served the purpose of the megalo-
maniacs.
The inspired voice of Nordicism is silenced and un-
less there is a recrudescence of chauvinism due to an-
other war, his followers will become just as silent as
their master.
1.4. r7C7.c . .W. ' Q.2. Q..7. C...W.9.0
The Jew in
Athletics
By Harold M. Abrahams.
(Copyright, 1927, Jewish Telegraphic
Agency.)
(Editor's Note:— Harold M. Ab-
rahams is a name synonymous
with athletics. Almost a legendary
figure as a runner, one of the finest
England has produced, he was the
winner at the Olympic games in
Paris in 1925. He was Britain's
great hope in the international
games, and the whole country was
cast into gloom when in one of his
runs he strained himself and was in-
capacitated for a year. He has been
awarded a medal by the French
Academic Des Sports. To Cam-
bridge University, his Alma Mater,
to which he has brought repeated
athletic honors, Harold M. Abra-
hams is a hero, and the memory of
his presidency of the Cambridge
University Athletic Club is kept
green there. Ile has devoted him-
self not only to running and athlet-
ics generally and to keeping himself
fit as an athlete. He has also stud-
ad athletics as a scientific subject
and he writes extensively concern-
ing it. Anything on athletics from
his pen is regarded as authoritative
As a Jew, Harold M. Abrahams has
demonstrated in English and in In-
ternational Athletics, the possibili-
ties of the Jew as an athlete, as the
fleet-footed, supple-jointed runner
who even by the very name of the
Olympic races is in the general mind
associated with the physical culture
ideal of the ancient Creeks. Ile has
shown his interest in the develop-
ment of athletics among the Jews by
becoming president of the Jewish
Athletic Association in England
which exists to foster sprts and all
forms of athletics among the young
Jews in the country. In this article,
Harold M. Abrahams shows how
fitted the Jews are for the superior-
ity in athletics and ho— they may
he expected to get to the front in
athletics as they have in every other
activity in life.)
A comparison between the achieve-
ments of Jews and Gentiles from the
point of view of athletic achievements,
must fail at the outset through lark
of reliable (or indeed available) sta-
tistics. Apart from such information
as a Jewish name may convey. it is
impossible to tell in the majority of
cases whether or not a man is racially
a Jew. I approach this topic from a
racial point of view and shall hone to
show that the man with Jewish blood
in him will have from heredity char-
acteristics admirably suited to excel-
lence at certain branches of genet.
I approach the problem racially, be-
cause an approach from any other as-
pect is doomed to lead one into an
abyss almost at once. Suppose we
were to apnroach it religiously. Such
an attempt would he futile, because
thousands of people with Jewish names
do not subscribe to the tenets of Juda-
ism. I must beg leave to submit that
the Jew must be considered as the man
who was horn of Jewish parents on
both sides and who so far as we can
tell is the child of pure (if that word
can really mean anything) Jewish
blood. I put myself in this category,
because my immediate ancestors came
tram Poland of Jewish parentage for
some generations.
One must make it clear that a strict
adherence to Judaism would prevent
one from participating in Saturday
competition and as a result the "strict"
Jew could never hope to attain inter.
national recognition since at a con-
servative estimate, 90 per cent of im-
portant competitions are held on Sat.
urday afternoon. A religion (nun
such) that is one's philosophy in life
or theistic views has little if anything
to do with the qualities which charac-
terize an athlete. True, clean living
and rigid self-denial are the founda-
tions of athletic success, but these
could hardly be termed the tenets of a
religion,
First, let me give my own experi-
ence of qualities which make for suc-
cess in sport. Jews as a whole are
quick thinkers and possess consider-
able (in fact often far too much)
imagination. I once won a race
against a very much superior runner.
merely because I imagined what must
happen if I was to win. i raced the
race beforehand very vividly in my
mind. and reconstructed it in all its
possibilities so clearly. that three days
before it actually took place, I heard
the crowd cheering me at the last cor-
ner as I spurted for the lead. The race
happened as I conceived to the small-
est detail and I was consequently ab-
solutely at home and knew the "At-
mosphere" to a nicety.
Another Jewish characteristic is
that we all have a high opinion of our
ability. and though this leads to de-
pression and often to an exaggerated
estimate of the value of victory or de-
feat, the self-assurance and confidence
which this opinion creates are valu-
able assets in competition. "Failure
is only for those who think failure."
"Getting the wind up" which plays
such a vital part is a state of mind
which the highly-strung Jew easily
persuades himself, and though I have
sometimes found this no intense as al-
most to produce inaction through
acuteness of the fear, I value this
characteristic as a decided asset when
properly under . control. Of recent
years we have Jews attaining to the
highest honors in many branches of
sport. Boxing has been a sport par-
ticularly favored by Jews for some
generations, and the history of pugi-
lism resounds with Jewish names.
Here again the quick thinking and
quick action of l
t e—il swish tempera-
ment is a decid advantage. There
have been Jews . ho have excelled at
cricket, lawn te nis, boxing, running,
jumping, Rugby football, and swim-
ming.
Of recent years in England many
Jews have been prominent in univer-
sity athletics. In track I know of two
athletes who have obtained half-blues
(since the war) at Oxford University,
and at Cambridge there has been C. F.
Davis who won the mile for Oxford
and Cambridge against Harvard and
Yale in South Africa in the 192-1
Olympic games. A recent boxing cap-
tain of Cambridge University also was
a Jew, and there has been a Jewish
Rugby Football Blue.
In table tennis in the person of the
Hon. Ivor Montague we had one of
the most enthusiastic modern support-
ers of the game as well as a player of
high class ability.
(Continued on next page.)
American Jewish Boy in Agriculture
By DR. HERMAN FRANK
Farming is beginning to attract
larger numbers of American born and
American reared Jewish young men.
Forty-nine per cent of the 682 farm
workers placed by the Jewish Agricul-
tural Society during 1924 were born
in the U. S., and 22 per cent came
here in early youth. Usually farm
laborers, after being placed by the so-
ciety, return to the same jobs in suc-
ceeding years. In 1908, the Farm La-
lair Department's first year, only 12
per cent of the applicants were grad-
uates of farm schools, whereas 51 per
cent of those placed in 1924 were
trained men. In 1925 569 men were
placed in 12 states. This brings the
placements since 1908 to 15,431. Al-
though the number of experienced la-
borers increases from year to year, the
supply of skilled men is always below
the demand.
The step from farm laborer to farm-
er is not a short one. More than pre-
paration by theory and experience is
required, and the number of farm
"hands" that has graduated into
farm ownership is necessarily small.
But in practically every case where a
farm owner has been evolved from a
trained laborer the resultant farm en-
terprise has been signally successful.
An ever growing contingent of skilled
farm laborers is therefore strengthen-
ing, both numerically and qualitatively
the Jewish farm class in this country.
Although a generation ago it might
seem hard fur some to realize that the
Jew's notable power of adaptation
would go so far as to fit him into farm-
ing, no observer of economical pro-
cesses in American-Jewish life still
looks upon the farming Jew as an ob-
ject of curiosity. The fact that al-
most one-half of the Jewish farmers
in America have remained on their
farms for over 10 years provides un-
mistakable evidence that when once
settled and oriented the Jewish farm-
er becomes a stable component of the
American farm population. Nor is
there any ground for doubt as to the
persistence of the trend towards agri-
cultural occupations which marks the
vocational development of the Jews in
America.
Cross Currents.
Now, the number of farmers in
America is constantly on the decrease
but, despite the heavy drift from the
farm, there is also a strong current
in the other direction. The fact that,
even in these years of the farmers'
plight, every year almost 1,0j0,000
people exchange city for farm proves
that farming is still the goal toward
which the energies of ninny city peo-
ple are directed. In recent years it
was not at all unusual to meet Jewish
boys whose love of outdoors inspired
a sincere desire to seek the soil and a
living in the open country. For the
Jewish people as a whole the problem
consists in directing this natural flow
toward country life and guiding it
along proper channels.
American horn sons of the soil are
steadily gravitating to the city. How
dot, the Jew behave in this respect?
The experience with Woodbine, N. J.,
the greatest .le•ish settlement in
America, founded by the Baron de
Hirsch Fund in 1801, is illuminating.
A survey made in 1908 by the United
States Senate committee covered all
the Jewish farm settlements in the
Eastern states. It showed that very
few of the settlers' children who have
arrived at maturity had been found on
t he Woodbine farms. The ambitious
and progressive ordinarily gut at least
a high school education and went to
New York, Philadelphia, and other
large cities to engage in commercial
pursuits. It was estimated for the
colony as a whole that perhaps 25 per
cent of the children between 18 and
25 years had departed in this way.
Most of the others were content to re-
main, not on the farms usually, but in
the village, while they worked in the
factories.
As a general rule the children of the
first generation of the Jewish farmers
turned to other fields, where they sate
quicker opportunities for advancement.
But shrewd observers have always as-
serted that Jewish boys are by no
means inclined to leave agricultural
pursuits than are children of the Gen-
tile• farmer. Through the services of
a special agency, particularly suited to
the requirements and peculiarities of
the Jewish boy born on the farm, the
steady stream front the country can be
measurably stemmed.
Jewish Agricultural Schools.
To give Hebrew pupils a very prac-
tical education in agriculture and in-
dustrial pursuits, the Baron de Hirsch
Agricultural and Industrial School
was established in woodbine in the
year 1894, which threw its doors open
to the Jews anywhere in the United
States. In 1909 only 82 pupils were
enrolled and but 5 per cent of the stu-
dents came from Woodbine and vicin-
ity. This educational experiment Was
not a conspicuous success. The num-
ber of the young men trained in the
school whit were engaged in farming
permanently near Woodbine was very
small. Some of the graduates entered
agricultural pursuits elsewhere, some
were engaged in scientific work in agri-
cultural colleges; some in large farm-
ing operations as employees and a few
were independent proprietors of farms
elsewhere in the United States.
The Woodbine Agricultural School
attracted mostly those among the Jew-
ish boys who were not long enough in
this country to become thoroughly
Americanized. Some of them were
studiously inclined and full well pre-
pared by a secondary education on the
other side to enter an agricultural col-
lege or another professional training.
On account of the deficient knowledge
of English they could not in a short
time climb, however, so high as their
honorable ambitions would justify.
For this type of American-Jewish boy,
the Woodbine Agricultural School was
excellently fitted. With the virtual
stoppage of immigration in 1915 the
school automatically began to lose its
feeding background and three years
later was closed down altogether. The
Agricultural Society meanwhile con-
ceived of a plan to remove the school
to Peekskill, N. Y., where the soil con-
ditions are more favorable than in
Woodbine and the growing Jewish set-
tlement in the Catskills is close at
hand. According to all indications,
this scheme is nowadays further from
materialization than ever before.
An educational experiment along
different lines was started by Dr, J.
Krauskopf, the founder of the Nation-
al Farm School. It was opened in
.191. MOK.I•rdP 'TYW6F6 FSTY'r
DI VIIWZA RZ4443„...4
• . .Q9
1896 near Philadelphia to teach city
boys agricultural pursuits and incul-
cate in them a pioneer spirit and a love
for the land. The school grew, slowly
at first but with leaps and bounds in
the last few years. In 1920 the stu-
dent body was still only 84. In 1925
it was 144 and preparations to house
320 students are being tootle for the
next year. The type of the student
has remained the same throughout the
29 years of the school's existence—an
outdoor-loving, healthy, rather poetic
type, the kind that is not mindful of
the hardships alleged to accompany
outdoor work, but which on the con-
trary revels in the icy of work in the
fields and with the stock.
Of still greater importance as an ed-
ucational factor was the change in the
activities of the Baron de Hirsch Fund
some 15 years ago. In 1908 the or-
ganization, acting as the Jewish Agri-
cultural and Industrial Aid Society,
inaugurated a wide policy of exten-
sion work designed to open up the
storehouse of agricultural knowledge
to .newish fanners and to get at those
human problems that are often decid-
ing factors in the success or failure of
a pioneer venture. The care for the
perpetuation of a Jewish farming class
in America naturally became one of
the most burning problems. The ob-
ject was "to make the child of the
Jewish farmer an important factor in
the economy of the parental farm; to
instill in hint a pride ni his calling,
and to implant in him a love for the
soil." As a means to this end the so-
ciety fostered the acquisition of a
scientific training through agricultural
scholarships and students' loans.
In the beginning these scholarships
were intended solely for the Jewish
farm youth, but later their scope was
broadened so as to include others who
show a special aptitude for farm work.
These scholarships give their recipi-
ents a training in the short courses
conducted by the state agricultural col-
leges. The courses vary in length
front 10 weeks to three months and are
given in the winter, at a season when
the young, folks can hest lie spared
from the farm. They are open for
both boys and girls and comprise not
only general farming but practically
all special branches as well. The
scholarships are awarded by compe-
tition and cover all college expenses,
including board and lodging. Students
who attain special merit in their stud-
ies are allowed to compete for a sec-
ond scholarship. As a 'natter of fact
Jewish bus have carried off more than
their proportionate share of the prizes
awarded for collegiate proficiency.
Scholarships consisting, of a complete
course covering a period from two to
four years in the New York Institute
of Applied Farming at Farmingdale,
Long Island, and at the State School
of Agriculture and Domestic Science
at Delhi, N. Y., have been given by
the Baron de Hirsch Fund for the last
10 years. last year a third form of
scholarship was instituted by virtue
of which four Comaiticut boys were
enabled to enter the State Agricultural
College for a regular four-year course.
For the past 15 years the Jewish
Agricultural Sudety awarded about
300 scholarships in the agricultural
colleges of Califernia, Conne•tieut,
Georgia, ltlas, achusetts, :Mahican,
North Dakota, New Jersey, New York,
Ohio, Wisconsin, and Wyoming, 39
loans were granted to students at the
agricultural colleges ef seven states.
Some of these students are graduates
of the National Farm School and some
of the Baron de Hirsch Agricultural
ScShrudl eots' Loan. and Scholarships.
The system of agricultural students'
loans dates Lack to 1916, though a few
loans had been made in earlier years.
These loans are made on promissory
notes of the students payable in in-
stalments after graduation. Prefer-
ence is given to upper classmen. A
boy who has worked his way through
two or three years has demonstrated
that he has a genuine interest in agri-
culture. A new form of scholarship
was installed last year. Four boys
anti three girls were awarded scholar-
ships for junior short courses. These
courses are open for members of jun-
ior clubs and enable then: to spend a
profitable wick at the agricultural
rollehg
The ere
ombined effect of these scholar-
ships with the operation of the So-
ciety's Farm huh Department
proved extraordinarily successful. A
scholarship student who was placed in
January 1925 en a poultry farm in
Massachusetts started with 850
month and before the end of the next
fall used to get $75 a month. In De-
cember he and his brother bought the
employer's poultry plant. Professor
M. of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College was highly pleased with the
way the boy to, k charge of the poultry
and considered him a man of excep-
tional ability and an efficient puultry-
In till• spring of last year, C. G., a
graduate t rom the Woodbine School,
Wan placed as a farm apprentice with
an expert Jewish market gardener in
Long Island. later a stenographer,
who had tarn a farmerette during the
war, asked the Farm Labor Depart-
ment toplace her on a farm during
her month's vacation. She was sent
to the same farm. In the fall 1925,
C. G., married the girl, and they
bought a farm not far from their
form
Thr e rm ra m io n r h it Y ro.' ithe scholarship stu-
dents and loan recipients returned to
their parental farms, there to put into
operation the scientific practices
learned at collegt. These boys proved
themselves SO proficient that they eas-
ily held their own with the sons of the
best native farmers. Quite often they
won the highest prizes in competitions
at state and county fairs. An Ohio
boy was awarded trips to Columbus
and to Washington. Some branched
into farming en their own account.
Others were placed into remunerative
professional p skim's. One went to
Poland ti organize agricultural
schools, another to Palestine to engage
in farm work; still another went to
Russia on an agricultural reconstruc-
19
tion A min-syleeeti
old lad S•AS, upon com-
pletion of a short course at the New
York State College, placed by the col-
lege on a iob paying him $90 a month
and board. A graduate of 1924 was
made assistant to the superintendent
of a government experiment station,
upon which he received a second itched-
(Continued en next pip.)