the auto industry. Warren said 
Obama’s leadership was key 
in creating policy to support 
the auto industry and helping 
Michigan’s 
economy 
recover 

from the 2008 recession.

“If you grew up in Michigan, 

you probably have someone in 
your family who has a job in the 
auto industry or related to the 
auto industry,” she said. “If the 
auto industry had truly gone into 
bankruptcy and had not been 
able to recover, it would have 
been devastating for Michigan’s 
economy for a very long time. I’m 
proud looking back at how that 
support was there when it was 
needed. I cannot imagine where 
we would be now had we not had 
that support.”

The Michigan Daily — michigandaily.com
News
Thursday, January 14, 2016 — 3A

bring a refugee solution to the 
problem of illegal immigration 
from Central America.”

Additionally, he touched on 

initiatives geared toward large 
universities, 
including 
grant 

building opportunities and a 
student competition, which began 
last semester.

The 
competition 
allows 

students to create a campaign 
to 
curb 
Islamic 
terrorist 

messages to young people and 
encourages students to consider 
working 
in 
public 
service. 

He is currently working with 
universities to allow students to 
get credit for participation in the 
competition.

“I want to encourage the 

students here in particular to 
consider a career serving your 
country,” he said. “It’s a wonderful 
profession, and we need smart 
young people in public service. 
We need a diverse array of smart, 
young people to bring to public 
service diverse experiences and 
backgrounds.”

U.S. 
Reps. 
John 
Conyers 

(D–Detroit) and Debbie Dingell 

(D–Dearborn) helped organize 
and attended both the talk and a 
roundtable discussion between 
student leaders and Johnson prior 
to his speech.

Following the speech, Conyers 

and Dingell both expressed their 
gratitude toward Johnson for 
his visit. Conyers said he had 
never heard these specific issues 
addressed so well before.

“This 
has 
been 
a 
great 

experience,” he said. “We have 
been friends for a very long time, 
but I’ve never heard the issues 
examined so thoughtfully and 
interestingly in terms of how to 
get liberty and security working 
together and complementing each 
other.”

Dingell said she appreciated 

that Johnson elected to visit 
Dearborn immediately following 
the State of the Union address as 
it solidifies the message of unity 
President Barack Obama delivered 
in his address.

“This is my home and I am 

proud to live here, and I’ve been 
very concerned over the past few 
months that we are letting fear 
cause hatred and division,” she 
said. “President Obama had a 
strong message last night. Let us 
hear that message.”

DEARBORN
From Page 1A

huge diseases like listeria or 
E.coli that can literally make 
or break a business.”

Following 
the 
outbreak, 

sales decreased by 37 percent 
nationswide, 
in 
December, 

and Chipotle’s stock dropped 
42 percent in the last three 
months.The company has now 
adopted intensive safety and 
washing procedures, including 
their decision to begin testing 
ingredients before the food 
enters the Chipotle chains.

“Among the things we are 

implementing in this area are 
washing and cutting tomatoes 
and lettuce in central kitchens 
rather than in our restaurants, 
shredding cheese in central 
kitchens rather than in our 
restaurants, 
changing 
the 

way chicken and steak are 
marinated 
and 
blanching 

certain produce items (such 
as avocados and limes) before 
they are used,” Arnold said.

While 
Fratkin 
said 
he 

believes the average student 
may be intimidated to eat 

there, he added that he’s 
looked into the new safety 
procedures 
and 
thinks 

Chipotle is now one of the 
safer places to eat.

“From a scientific point of 

view and health code testing, 
there is a lot worse that you 
can do than Chipotle,” he said. 
“Really like any large scale 
restaurant, the testing is a lot 
more rigorous than some of 
the smaller businesses.”

LSA freshmen Katie Biggs 

said, under some conditions, 
she still feels comfortable 
eating at the restaurant.

“If they had had (the virus) 

contained for a few weeks, 
then I would definitely go 
there,” Biggs said.

Arnold said he believes 

profit recovery will come with 
the enhanced safety plan, 
allowing the chain to establish 
itself as a leader in food safety. 

Fratkin 
said 
he 
thinks 

that full recovery for the 
restaurant will take time. He 
compared this incident to a 
1993 E. coli breakout at Jack 
in the Box which hospitalized 
144 people who had consumed 
hamburgers from the chain, 

ultimately killing three of 
them.

“It took them like five years 

to return to that same level,” 
he said. “Just like any crazy 
thing you see in the media, it 
seems like it just takes time to 
change people’s perspectives.”

He also said he thinks the 

company’s 
leadership 
will 

dig them out of the slump of 
customers’ uncertainty and 
low sales.

“I think there are smart 

people running the company,” 
he said. “So they will recover. 
But, it just shows how variable 
the food industry is and little 
mistake or chance of luck can 
possibly take down a huge 
business.”

LSA 
sophomore 
Gabby 

Rubinstein said she hasn’t 
visited 
the 
Ann 
Arbor 

Chipotle since hearing about 
the outbreak.

“The whole thing made 

me too paranoid to go there,” 
she said. “Plus I was eating 
an 
unhealthy 
amount, 
so 

I 
needed 
to 
broaden 
my 

horizons anyway.”

CHIPOTLE
From Page 1A

researchers from the Department 
of Human Genetics suggest that a 
molecule called Xist RNA, which 
was previously understood to be 
responsible for making one of the X 
chromosomes inactive, is actually 
insufficient in doing so on its own.

Instead, 
according 
to 
the 

research, 
there 
have 
to 
be 

other molecules exist on the X 
chromosome that interact with 
Xist to inactivate the chromosome.

Human Genetics Prof. Sundeep 

Kalantry, 
who 
headed 
the 

project, said to conduct the study 
researchers engineered male cells 
to express Xist RNA, which they 
normally don’t do.

“Xist is normally only expressed 

in female cells from the inactive 
X chromosome,” Kalantry said. 
“When we took away an RNA 
transcribed 
in 
the 
opposite 

direction too, we got male cells 
to express Xist. We saw that 
these male cells expressing Xist 
do not undergo X chromosome 
inactivation, so this allowed us to 

conclude that Xist is insufficient to 
cause inactivation.”

Once researchers found that 

Xist RNA does not by itself cause 
X chromosome inactivation, they 
were able to move toward a better 
understanding of what else is 
needed for the process to occur. 
The answer ultimately pointed 
toward other molecules in the cell.

“We found that female cells have 

other factors on the X chromosome 
itself that male cells don’t, and these 
factors are the master regulators of 
X inactivation,” Kalantry said.

Implications of finding those 

factors are far ranging, he added.

“If you were to increase or 

decrease the levels of these 
regulators, then you can turn on 
or off particular genes on the X 
chromosome that normally would 
not be turned on or off,” Kalantry 
said. “As a result, you can modulate 
X-linked gene expression.”

Controlling 
X-linked 
gene 

expression — the appearance 
of 
certain 
characteristics 
or 

illnesses 
tied 
specifically 
to 

the X chromosome — permits 
researchers to be better able to 
understand how X chromosome 

inactivation occurs.

Postdoctoral fellow Srimonta 

Gayen said this understanding 
could 
then 
have 
therapeutic 

applications, by allowing scientists 
to activate the healthy parts of 
the silenced X chromosome to 
compensate for disease-causing 
aspects 
within 
the 
originally 

activated chromosome. This type 
of activation has previously not 
been possible.

Diseases 
linked 
to 
the 
X 

chromosome 
include 
autism, 

hemophilia 
and 
muscular 

dystrophy.

“If we increase understanding 

of the mechanism of how X-linked 
chromosome inactivation actually 
occurs, we can better understand 
X-linked chromosomal diseases,” 
Gayen said.

The study’s authors said future 

research aims to further investigate 
the regulating factors this study 
suggested were responsible for X 
chromosome inactivation.

“We want to find these other 

factors,” Kalantry said. “We already 
have one of them worked out, and 
this is close to being published.”

STUDY
From Page 1A

RITA MORRIS/Daily

Customers wait for their order at Chipotle Wednesday. 

2-News

organization in the country, 
the City of Warsaw and the 
Polish Ministry of Culture and 
National Heritage.

Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 

said one of the difficulties of 
establishing this museum was 
that the creators began the 
process without any sort of 
collection of artifacts.

However, since its opening, 

the 
museum 
has 
proved 

remarkably 
successful, 

according 
to 
Kirshenblatt-

Gimblett. Over 1 million people 
of all ages and backgrounds 
have come to experience the 
multimedia 
exhibition 
that 

documents more than 1,000 
years of Jewish presence on 
Polish soil.

When 
talking 
about 
the 

beginnings of the museum, 
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 
said 

the 
founders 
wanted 
to 

share important events in an 
applicable manner.

“What we had was the story 

and we had the commitment 
to tell the story in a vivid, 
compelling way,” she said. “The 
exhibition presents remarkable 
history in a fascinating way.”

She said there is no master 

narrative, but rather many 
historical principles that the 
exhibit tries to convey. Along 
with her speech, Kirshenblatt-
Gimblett 
also 
displayed 
a 

slideshow with images of the 
interior and exterior of the 
POLIN.

The Hebrew word “Polin” 

in 
English 
means 
either 

“Poland” or “rest here” and it 
is a reference to a legend that 
describes the arrival of the first 
Jews in Poland. The museum 
itself stands on land that 
was once part of the Warsaw 
Ghetto.

Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 
also 

spoke to the symbolic nature of 
the appearance of the museum.

“The building is covered 

completely in glass because the 
message of glass is a gesture of 
hope and openness in the face 
of tragedy,” she said.

She said the museum aims 

to situate the Holocaust within 
1,000 years of Polish Jewish 
history, noting that the creators 
did not want the Holocaust to 
be the sole focus of the displays.

“We were able to present the 

Holocaust in its moment from 
the perspective of those people 
who did not know what was 
coming next,” she said. “We 
held strictly to the idea of being 
in the moment and not looking 
forward.”

LSA senior Colleen Murphy, 

who attended the event, said 
she found the talk interesting, 
especially the discussion of the 
physical building.

“I’ve always loved museums 

and as I’ve learned more about 
them through this class, my 
interest in history continues 
to grow,” she said. “What I 
thought was most interesting 
was when she talked about 
museum architecture and the 
importance of the design of 
the building. I think everyone 
can learn a lot from visiting 
this museum, regardless of 
religion.”

In 
closing, 
Kirshenblatt-

Gimblett said POLIN hopes to 
continue the storytelling the 
museum has strived to uphold.

“It is a living organism. It is 

completed by the interaction of 
visitors with the exhibit,” she 
said. “We are working hard to 
keep our story going. Our task 
now is to keep up the success.”

POLIN
From Page 1A

Matter, We Matter, Black 
Lives Matter.” The message 
stuck and Garza ,with two 
others — Opal Tometi and 
Patrisse Cullors — began 
promoting 
the 
hashtag 

#BlackLivesMatter 
on 

social media. The hashtag 
ultimately 
prompted 
a 

nationwide 
discussion 
on 

race relations, specifically 
after recent police shootings 
of unarmed Black men and 
boys such as Michael Brown 
and Tamir Rice.

Garza 
also 
discussed 

the 
future 
of 
the 
civil 

rights movement and the 
importance of the people 
perpetuating activism in the 
real world.

“Hashtags 
don’t 
start 

movements,” 
she 
said. 

“Hashtags 
are 
ways 
to 

continue a conversation. But 
movements are comprised of 
people who share a vision, 
who share a set of values, 
who take action together, in 
order to bring about some 
kind of change, and without 
the work that it takes to make 
that happen, we would just be 
talking on Facebook.”

James Hilton, University 

librarian and dean of libraries, 
also spoke to the theme 
of this year’s symposium, 
#WhoWillBeNext, 
during 

the event. He said the theme 
is meant to ask both who will 
be the next victim and who 
will be the next leader of the 
movement.

“Who will be next to suffer 

racial 
discrimination 
and 

oppression?,” Hilton asked.

Who 
will 
be 
next 
to 

suffer due to their gender, 
gender identity or sexual 
orientation? Who will be 
next to suffer oppression 
because of their birthplace 
or religion? On the flip side 
but equally important, who 
will be next to take up the 
banner of leadership, to fight 
discrimination, 
oppression 

and injustice?”.

LSA junior Jay Akolkar, 

who attended the event, said 
she wanted to learn more 

about the Black Lives Matter 
movement firsthand.

“You see a lot about it 

on social media, but you 
don’t really get to see a lot 
about the people behind it, 
and I thought it was very 
interesting,” Akolkar said.

Garza also spoke about 

her 
experience 
attending 

Tuesday’s State of the Union 
address, where she was a 
guest of her congresswoman, 
Rep. Barbara Lee (D–Calif.). 
She came to the University 
directly from Washington, 
D.C.

Garza 
said 
she 
felt 

compelled to attend in case 
she got the opportunity to 
speak with President Barack 
Obama. Though she did not 
get the opportunity, she said 
her message to the president 
would have been to discuss 
Black lives in the United 
States, as well as to spread 
peace internationally.

“We can still be proud that 

we have a Black president, 
but I’d be even prouder if that 
Black president could admit 
that Black people in this 
country are having a really 
hard time surviving,” Garza 
said.

In particular, Garza said 

she would have appreciated 
clearer 
language 
in 
the 

president’s address about the 
issue.

“We have violent, racist 

rhetoric that is taking hold 
in this country and it impacts 
all of us,” Garza explained. 
“First, it’s directed towards 
Muslims. Then, it’s directed 
towards 
Black 
people. 

Then, it’s directed towards 
immigrants. And then who’s 
next?”

LSA 
sophomore 
Kayla 

Countryman, who attended 
the event, said she came after 
seeing and following the 
Black Lives Matter Twitter 
and finding it relevant to her 
personal and academic life at 
the University.

“She 
is 
so 
personable, 

and what she was saying 
felt so relevant and easy to 
understand, but it was also 
deep in a sense where I really 
felt it, and it made me want 
to go out and do something, 

BLACK LIVES MATTER
From Page 1A

While the consensus among 

the three professors was that a 
return of Crimea to Ukraine was 
unlikely, Uehling proposed twos 
steps that could be taken by the 
United States and other countries 
to alleviate the situation. These 
countries, she said, could help 
groups there trying to monitor 
human rights abuses in Crimea 
and continue to impose economic 
sanctions on Russia.

LSA freshman Amelia Feuka, 

who attended the event, said 
she came because Suny is one 
of her professors and she was 
interested 
in 
the 
historical 

aspect of the conflict in Ukraine. 
She added that she didn’t expect 
to be presented with issues 
pertaining to human rights in 
Crimea or international law, but 

noted that she walked away with 
a new perspective on the issue.

“There is often a very narrow-

minded view on this really 
complicated subject and in reality 
there are so many different 
elements and components to it,” 
Fueka said. “I thought this was 
really enlightening and useful for 
me to hear.”

Public Policy junior Graham 

Steffens said he attended because 
he is part of the Michigan 
Journal of International Affairs 
Club and has a strong interest in 
foreign policy.

“Russia’s actions are a big 

deal right now and I think it’s 
really important for students 
to actually listen to what actual 
professors have to say about it 
instead of just talking back and 
forth and not understanding 
everything,” Steffens said.

UNION
From Page 2A

RUSSIA
From Page 2A

