Immunotherapy, a type of therapy that has been researched extensively in recent years and aims to employ the body’s immune sys- tem to fight off some cancers, was a focus of the research led by Weiping Zou, the Univer- sity’s Charles B. de Nancrede professor of surgery, immunol- ogy and biology and the direc- tor of translational research. Zou said the fields in which the study was based — tumor biology and immunotherapy — are difficult to work in because only a fraction of patients respond to the treatment and the likelihood of response var- ies based on a patient’s exist- ing T-cell count. “T-cells are the soldiers in the immune system,” Zou said. “The T-cells kill the tumors, so the T-cells are important. But the T-cells must be in the tumor microenvironment, and the T-cells must be also func- tional in the tumor microen- vironment. That’s the problem we have been working on for many years.” Zou said the tumor microen- vironment and the tumor itself may affect the T-cells because they all share the same micro- environment. “What we saw is that it turns out the T-cells and the tumor cells are actually competing for glucose in the microen- vironment,” Zou said. “The T-cells are not able to com- pete efficiently with the tumor cells because the tumor cells … could be resistant to the harsh environment. Therefore, this hurts the T-cells. The T-cells are not able to be fully func- tional, and they are not able to kill the tumor in an efficient manner.” According to Zou, the study ultimately concluded that cur- rent immunotherapy clinical trials with PD-L1 and PD-1 blockade, which are immuno- therapy-based inhibitors, indi- cate that tumors with a high number of T-cells were more responsive to these immuno- therapy-based inhibitors than tumors with a lower number of T-cells. Though tumor cells are killed during chemotherapy and radiation therapy, a num- ber of healthy cells are also killed, Zou said. However, in the case of immunotherapy, the tumor cells are selectively killed, rather than employing a treatment that could also potentially damage cells in the rest of the body, as is common in chemotherapy. Additionally, the side effects of immunotherapy are more manageable and quite mini- mal. Some patients could be cured of cancer, and others will have a long-term positive response. “If the patient is not respon- sive, it means they have very few T-cells in the tumor,” Zou said. “And even if they have T-cells, the T-cells may not be functional. One reason may be they don’t have sufficient sugar because of the competition between tumor and T-cells. So in that case, we have two ways to reprogram it.” The first is to reprogram the T-cells to ensure they move into the tumor. Once they’re inside, the second aim is to make sure they are resistant to the harsh tumor environment. According to Zou, while researchers might not be able to fix the problem immediate- ly, they hope the new knowl- edge may help drive the search for a solution. Educational institutions and many phar- maceutical companies are now working on finding methods to reprogram the T-cells, and the research continues to evolve. “The strategy right now is combination,” Zou said. “That means you use different ways, you combine them together. For example, we know now that the PD-1 blockade could work. But for some patients, we don’t see T-cells … So before we do this therapy, we can do something else, to increase the T-cells in the tumor.” Zou said much of what he and his colleagues discuss is why some patients are respon- sive and some other are not. Pavan Reddy, professor of translational oncology and internal medicine, works as a tumor immunologist and phy- sician scientist at the Univer- sity familiar with this type of research. “The ability to manipulate the immune system to get rid of cancer is now one of the most exciting methods of ther- apy available,” Reddy said. T-cells are probably among the most critical immune cells in the body, specifically for eliminating tumor cells, Reddy said. However, because not all T-cells survive and not all are very functional in the tumor environment, the paper published by Zou and his co- authors provides fundamental insight into potential methods to allow the T-cells to become functional to kill the cancer cells. “Tumor cells use glucose in a unique manner compared to normal tissues,” Reddy said. Reddy said the research shows a surprising but impor- tant connection between the T-cells and their competition with cancer cells for glucose. He also agreed with Zou, say- ing the use of immunotherapy could present a much more precise treatment compared to other approaches like chemo- therapy. Because it would be difficult and impractical to collect data on all types of cancers, Reddy said, the recent research was done specifically with human melanoma and ovarian cancer samples. However, he said the research is likely applicable to many other kinds of cancers as well. does to speak to our ethics and our system of values, but it has to do with how to create campus envi- ronment that is ideal for learning.” During the address, Schlissel pointed out the importance of stu- dents feeling safe in their learning environment. “If you feel threatened by sexual misconduct, you’re not going to be able to learn,” he said. “We won’t have an adequate learning envi- ronment for our children.” Schlissel spent a large portion of the talk relaying the key points of the University’s process for investigating sexual assault and describing how the process creates challenges for all parties involved. The University’s approach is defined as a student disciplinary process instead of a criminal one, and in 2011, it was changed from complaint-driven to investigation- driven, meaning the University must investigate a known episode of sexual misconduct. In addition, Schlissel noted the standard of proof for University- based investigations is based on a “preponderance of evidence.” “If it is more likely than not, then the person is found guilty,” Schlissel said. “If a ruling is 51 to 49, the person is found guilty. You only need a slight degree of cer- tainty to adjudicate.” Phillip Margolis, professor emeritus of psychiatry, introduced Schlissel, and noted the President’s how his background in medicine lends a unique perspective on the subject of sexual assault. Schlis- sel holds a Bachelor of Arts in bio- chemical sciences from Princeton University, and both a medical degree and a doctorate in physi- ological chemistry from Johns Hopkins University. “We need to learn how to control, adjudicate and prevent aspects of sexual misconduct,” Margolis said. “You can’t escape this discussion in modern society.” Throughout the talk, Schlis- sel repeatedly referenced two recent campus-wide surveys: one administered by the Univer- sity and another national survey conductedby the Association of American Universities. The Uni- versity’s survey revealed 11.4 per- cent of students and 22.5 percent of undergraduate females at the University reported having experi- enced some sort of nonconsensual sexual behavior at the University. Women were reported to be eight times more likely to be sexu- ally assaulted. Undergraduate students three times more likely, lesbian, gay or bisexual students two and a half times, Greek stu- dents two and a half times, and underrepresented minorities two times more likely to be sexually assaulted then the general popu- lation. Out of the students who responded ‘yes’ to an incident of sexual misconduct, 46 percent told another person. However, only 3.6 percent told an official University resource. LSA freshman Kyla Klein had a mixed response to the lecture overall, saying she felt Schlissel relied too heavily on statistics. “I enjoyed learning about the statistics, but I didn’t really see anything to go forward from,” she said. “I think we have the bodies to deal with these issues, but we just need more support and resources in those bodies.” Some of the challenges Schlissel pointed out included the stigma associated with coming forward and revealing one’s sexual history, the lack of direct witnesses and the prevalence of alcohol and binge drinking. The talk touched on the Univer- sity’s Sexual Assault Prevention and Awareness Center and its his- tory of sexual misconduct preven- tion. “This isn’t a Michigan prob- lem, but a university-aged student problem,” he said. “The University has really been on the leading edge of concern for students over sexual assault.” At the end of his lecture, Schlis- sel outlined how, going forward, the University needs to improve the investigation, adjudication and support processes for sexual assault. Specifically, he said he wanted to increase the number of students coming forward, as well as support for survivors on cam- pus. The University is currently garnering input to inform a revi- sion of the University’s Student Sexual Misconduct Policy. “All this is happening in a cul- ture that I think is very different from the one most of us grew up in,” he said. “What I am very proud of is the University, with its eyes wide open, has taken a very honest look at itself, and it’s identified its problems within itself.” CANCER From Page 1A ETHICS From Page 1A 2-News 2A — Thursday, November 5, 2015 News The Michigan Daily — michigandaily.com THREE THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW TODAY In her column, Anne Katz reflects on her grandmother’s life one year after her passing and the lesson she learned to never stop moving. >>SEE OPINION, PAGE 4A 2 CAMPUS EVENTS & NOTES Breast cancer diagnosis seminar WHAT: A seminar discussing the risks associated with receiving a mammogram. WHO: Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine WHEN: Today at 3 p.m. Drum and Dance Society WHAT: The Tree of Life Drum and Dance Society performs folkolo- ric music from Africa, Cuba, Brazil and more. WHO: Gifts of Art WHEN: Today from 12:10 p.m. to 1 p.m. WHERE: University Hospitals, First Floor The cause of death for Lieutenant “GI Joe” Gliniewicz of Fox Lake, Illinois was determined a suicide, The Chicago Tribune reported. The officer faked his death to cover evidence of corruption. The manhunt for his killers reached $300,000. 1 Hedy Habra reading WHAT: Arab-American author Hedy Habra will read from “Under Brushstrokes,” her new collection of poetry. There will be a book signing afterward. WHO: Hedy Habra WHEN: Today from 4 p.m. to 5:30 p.m. WHERE: Harlan Hacher Graduate Library, Gallery, Room 100 Jackie Biskupski was elected Utah’s first openly gay mayor, The Salt Lake Tribune reported. Tuesday’s vote tallies showed Biskupski defeated Salt Lake’s two- term Mayor Ralph Becker 52 to 47.8 percent, respectively. 3 Refugee crisis round table WHAT: A panel of professors will talk about what forces are driving the refugee and migration crisis. WHO: International Institute WHEN: Today from 3 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. WHERE: School of Social Work Building, 1840 Concentration camps talk WHAT: Prof. Dan Stone, of the University of London, will analyze how concentration camps have spread across the world and become an “institution of the modern age.” WHO: Judaic Studies WHEN: Today from 4 p.m. to 5 p.m. WHERE: Tisch Hall, Room 1014 TUESDAY: Campus Voices THURSDAY: Twitter Talk FRIDAY: Photos of the Week WEDNESDAY: In Other Ivory Towers MONDAY: This Week in History Wake Up seminar WHAT: Wellness Advocacy Keen-ness and Engagement in Undergraduate Programs lecture where faculty of color discuss navigating pre- dominantly white campus. WHO: Office of Academic- Multicultural Initiatives WHEN: Today from 12 p.m. to 1 p.m. WHERE: Student Activities Space policy WHAT: For the 2015 Nelson W. Spencer Lecture, Genene Fisher, the executive officer at National Centers for Environmental Prediction will speak on space weather services and science policy. WHEN: Today from 3:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. WHERE: Space Research Building, Room 2246 The University tweeted a “Humans of New York”- inspired post. “What’s something you think people need to hear more often? ‘That each person is a miracle.’ #WolverinesOfAnnArbor” — @Umich “I respectfully ask that fans conduct themselves in a 1st-class manner on social media when commenting on play- ers, opponents & prospects.” —@CoachJim4UM After a 2016 Ohio State football commit backed out and Michigan fans rejoiced, Harbaugh asked for fans to be kind. Each week, “Twitter Talk” is a forum to print tweets that are fun, informative, breaking or newsworthy, with an angle on the University, Ann Arbor and the state. All tweets have been edited for accurate spelling and grammar. Michigan Dining announced when it is serving Thanksgiving meals. “Thanksgiving celebration is on Weds, 11/18 in all dining halls. And Thanksgiving Day dinner is 11/26 at Hill.” - @MichiganDining FOLLOW US! #TMD @michigandaily “ “ FEEL THE BERN DAVID SONG/Daily Community High School student Liam Knight chalks for the Bernie Sanders Presidential Campaign on the Diag. The Michigan Daily (ISSN 0745-967) is published Monday through Friday during the fall and winter terms by students at the University of Michigan. One copy is available free of charge to all readers. Additional copies may be picked up at the Daily’s office for $2. Subscriptions for fall term, starting in September, via U.S. mail are $110. Winter term (January through April) is $115, yearlong (September through April) is $195. University affiliates are subject to a reduced subscription rate. On-campus subscriptions for fall term are $35. Subscriptions must be prepaid. The Michigan Daily is a member of The Associated Press and The Associated Collegiate Press. 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WHO: The League of Women Voters of the Ann Abror Area WHEN: Today from 4 p.m to 5:30 p.m. WHERE: Weill Hall, O’Neill Classroom, 1230 FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @MICHIGANDAILY