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THREE THINGS YOU 
SHOULD KNOW TODAY

Sunday’s 
Super 

Bowl XLIX was the 
most widely viewed 

Super 
Bowl 
game, 
CBS 

reported 
on 
Monday. 

The game accounted for 
49.7% of viewership in 56 
metropoitan areas. 
3

President 
Obama 

announced a $4 trillion 
fiscal budget, the New 

York Times reported on Mon-
day. The budget plan includes 
greater domestic spending 
through higher taxation on 
the wealthy and multination-
al corporations. 

1

With 
the 
NCAA 

Tournament 
nearing, 

speculation regarding 

which teams are in or out 
is ramping up. Michigan’s 
hopes are slim, but the Big 
Ten has several teams that 
are near-locks already. >> FOR 
MORE, SEE SPORTS, PG. 8

2

CAMPUS EVENTS & NOTES

Emerging 
Voices lecture

WHAT: Professor Charisma 
Acey will talk about making 
water access a reality.
WHO: College of 
Architecture and Urabn 
Planning.
WHEN: Today from 6 p.m. 
to 7 p.m. 
WHERE: Art and 
Architecture Building

The anxiety 
of influence

WHAT: Prof. JP Park will 
discuss the interperta-
tion of Chinese art in early 
modern Korea.
WHO: Lieberthal- Rogel 
Center for Chinese Studies
WHEN: Today from 12 
p.m. to 1 p.m. 
WHERE: School of Social 
Work Building

Meijer behind 
the brand

WHAT: Executives from-
Meijer and other companies 
will discuss brand manage-
ment, digital marketing and 
merchandising
WHO: Career Center
WHEN: Today from 5:30 
p.m. to 8 p.m.
WHERE: Michigan Union- 
Pendelton Room

CORRECTIONS
In “Greek organizations 
could face ‘U’ and state 
actions,” which appeared in 
print on Monday, the article 
misstated how individuals 
could be punished under 
state law. Farmington Hills 
attorney Joseph Lavigne 
said the group would most 
likely be asked to collec-
tively repay resort damages.

Report corrections 
to corrections@
michigandaily.com 

The Body 
Monologues

WHAT: University com-
munity members will 
share stories about body 
image.
WHO: University Health 
Services
WHEN: Today from 7 
p.m. to 8.30 p.m.
WHERE: Lydia 
Mendelssohn Theatre

Chemistry 
series

WHAT: Discuss the role 
of RNA polymerase paus-
ing in genomic transcrip-
tion with a professor 
from the University of 
Wisconsin.
WHO: Biological Chem-
istry
WHEN: Today from 12 
p.m. to 1 p.m.
WHERE: Medical 
Science Unit II 

TUESDAY:

Professor Profiles

THURSDAY:
Alumni Profiles

FRIDAY:

Photos of the Week

WEDNESDAY:

In Other Ivory Towers

MONDAY:

This Week in History

WE ALL LIVE IN A HUMAN-POWERED SUBMARINE

Engineers race underwater

RITA MORRIS/Daily

LSA freshman Brittany Wright catches a frisbee at 
the North Campus Courtyards Monday afternoon.

FROST Y FRISBE E

Engineering 
junior 
Allison 

Ward is the president of the 
Human 
Powered 
Submarine 

team. The HPS designs, builds 
and tests a human-powered 
submarine and then partici-
pates in two races that alternate 
each year: the International 
Submarine Races in Bethesda, 
Maryland, and the European 
International Submarine Races 
in Gosport, England.

What is the HPS?

It is a student-run design 

project team, so we design, 
build and race a human-pow-
ered submarine. The team is 
mostly engineers but we’ve got 
all kinds of people, all ages. 

They get experience designing 
the submarine and then actu-
ally building it and then test-
ing and raising it. We are also 
self-funded so we have business 
team that does fundraising.

How does the 

submarine work?

The pilot has an air tank. 

They are laying down in the 
submarine and they have 
pedals in the back. They are 
pedaling and that propels the 
submarine.

When and why 
did you join?

I joined the team freshman 

year. I was interested in doing a 
design project team. It seemed 
like a very interesting chal-
lenge. There’s no real-life ver-
sion of it. It’s just a completely 
brand new and weird concept.

What do you look 

for in new members?

We are looking for people 

who are interested in something 
… very different. Some people 
join because they are interested 
scuba diving. Some people are 
interested in the business side 
because it’s really good to net-
work with different people.

— ANASTASSIOS 
ADAMOPOULOS

THURSDAY:
Campus Clubs

FRIDAY:

Photos of the Week

TUESDAY:

Professor Profiles

WEDNESDAY:

Before You Were Here

THURSDAY:
Twitter Talk

FRIDAY:

Photos of the Week

MONDAY:

This Week in History

TUESDAY:

Campus Voices

WEDNESDAY:

In Other Ivory Towers
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The Michigan Daily (ISSN 0745-967) is published Monday through Friday during the fall and winter terms by 

students at the University of Michigan. One copy is available free of charge to all readers. Additional copies may 

be picked up at the Daily’s office for $2. Subscriptions for fall term, starting in September, via U.S. mail are $110. 

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Aziz Ansari 
inspires bravery

By MICHAEL FLYNN

Aziz Ansari began his 
show with a joke inspired 
by “8 Mile” that he created 
specifically for his Detroit 
audience. The joke launched 
into the theme of his show: 
social relationships in the 
modern age. 

Professor Tobin 
Siebers dies

By ANASTASSIOS 
ADAMOPOULOS

Tobin Siebers, English 
professor and co-chair of 
the University’s Initiative on 
Disability Studies, passed away 
on Thursday. 

THE FILTER

THE WIRE

ON THE WEB... 

2 — Tuesday, February 3, 2015
News
The Michigan Daily — michigandaily.com

Native American 
trails form basis for 
spoke-wheel plan

By LARA MOEHLMAN and 

PAIGE PFLEGER

Daily Staff Reporters

As The Michigan Daily contin-

ues to watch and report on Detroit 
shaping its future, we want to 
reflect back on how the city got here. 
Our hope for this week’s Detroit 
History Series is that readers learn 
something new about the city and, 
in turn, better understand what’s to 
come. 

Detroit’s past encompasses a 

winding and dynamic narrative 
colored by the influx of immi-
grants, migrants, riots, industry, 
transportation and music. But 
what acts as the background for 
these events is the actual city 
itself — its roads and buildings and 
transportation systems that began 
as Native American trails and 
expanded to become the Motor 

City’s immense road and highway 
system.

Before the arrival of Europe-

ans, Detroit was a hub for numer-
ous 
Native 
American 
tribes 

that used several main trails for 
travel and trade. These trails led 
in different directions, but they 
all joined together at one point. 
These roads made up the spokes 
of Detroit’s “wheel” street lay-
out, and are known today as Fort 
Street to the southwest, Michigan 
Avenue to the west, Woodward 
Avenue and Grand River Avenue 
to the northwest, Jefferson Ave-
nue to the northeast and Gratiot 
Avenue between Woodward and 
Jefferson. The “hub” of the wheel 
is where Campus Martius Park 
stands today.

Joel Stone, senior curator at the 

Detroit Historical Society, said the 
spoke-wheel plan could be attrib-
uted to Native Americans.

“They were here long before 

anyone else, and they had estab-
lished trails,” he said in an inter-
view with Michigan Radio.

In 1701, Detroit was founded by 

the French trader Antoine de la 
Mothe Cadillac. On what is cur-
rently the Detroit River, Cadil-
lac built Fort Pontchartrain du 
Detroit, with the French word 
Detroit meaning “strait.” Subse-
quently, Detroit became a major 
French fur trading post until 1760, 
when the city was surrendered to 
the British after the French and 
Indian War.

In June of 1805, the city of 

Detroit caught fire. At the time, 
there was no formal fire depart-
ment, so the citizens formed a 
bucket brigade to attempt to save 
their city. They formed a line from 
the river and passed buckets into 
the city to try and extinguish the 
flame. The fire inspired Detroit’s 
city motto, “Speramus meliora; 
resurget cinerbus,” Latin for “We 
hope for better things; it shall rise 
from the ashes.”

Determined to rebuild the city 

with Washington D.C. as a model, 
Augustus 
Woodward, 
newly-

appointed chief justice of the 
Michigan Territory, hired Cana-
dian surveyors to help him plot 
the city’s new parks, streets and 
lots. Inspired by an urban plan-
ning movement in France, Wood-
ward wanted Detroit’s layout to 
be attractive and spacious, with 
major streets radiating from one 
central spot.

Woodward’s plan for the city 

called for a “point of origin,” locat-
ed at the junction of Woodward 
and Monroe avenues, from which 
each mile road in Michigan’s mile 
road system marks their distance. 
For instance, Seven Mile Road 
is seven miles from the “point of 
origin.” The center of Campus 
Martius Park was chosen as the 
focal point because it remained 
the city’s central hub from Native 
American trails.

While the city’s road system 

was being built, boats were the 
main mode of transportation 
in the Great Lakes and Detroit 
region.

“Water was the primary way 

that people moved around, to get 
to Detroit,” Stone said in an inter-
view with The Michigan Daily. 
“That was really important ini-
tially to get people into the Great 
Lakes region, and then once they 

were here and living here, it was 
important to move them around 
to business meetings, to go visit 
relatives in other towns, that kind 
of thing.”

In 1836, street signs appeared 

for the first time in Detroit. Down-
town streets were cobblestone 
while others were wooden plank. 
Bicyclists were the first to push for 
paved roads.

The mid- to late 1830s saw a 

massive growth in transporta-
tion to and from Detroit. Stage-
coaches that ran between Detroit 
and Chicago were introduced, and 
a Detroit to Pontiac railway was 
completed with horse-drawn cars. 
The country’s railroad system was 
expanding at this time, too.

“Starting in the 1830s, Detroi-

ters could get fresh oysters from 
the East Coast because train 
travel cut the distance down to 
just a couple of days, whereas two 
decades earlier it had been a cou-
ple of months,” Stone said.

Over the course of the next 30 

years, trains spread across the 
Midwest. Two main lines traveled 
through Detroit: Michigan Cen-
tral on the south side of town, and 

then down the Dequindre cut ran 
another line that changed names 
several times. By 1854, the first 
Detroit to New York City rail was 
completed.

In 1863, horse-pulled streetcars 

appeared on Jefferson and Wood-
ward avenues. The fare was five 
cents. By the 1890s, three street-
car companies operated 66 miles 
of track within the city’s limits, 
and streetcars, called interurbans, 
ran between towns.

Serving as a streetcar driver 

became a popular job in the city. 
One such streetcar driver was the 
uncle of amateur Detroit transpor-
tation historian H. Bernard Craig. 
Craig, a Detroit native, worked 
for the Detroit Department of 
Transportation for more than 30 
years before he retired. He now 
spends most of his spare time in 
the library, researching Detroit’s 
nuanced transportation history.

“A lot of people credit the street-

cars for helping the development 
of the city because it provided the 
means for people to now move out 
a little farther,” Craig said.

Detroit’s 
streetcars 
stopped 

running in the late 1950s, which 

many attribute to General Motors. 
Called the Trolley Conspiracy 
or the Streetcar Transparency, 
many believe GM bought up the 
streetcar companies to remove 
the tracks and replace them with 
their newly designed GM motor-
buses. The conspiracy was true in 
other cities, Craig said, but not in 
Detroit.

The streetcar tracks in Detroit 

were so damaged that it actu-
ally cost less to purchase a fleet of 
buses than it would have to fix the 
streetcar lines. Buses also had the 
same capacity as streetcars.

“Their buses could hold 50 pas-

sengers — the same amount of 
people that the streetcars could 
hold,” Craig said.

The removal of the streetcar 

system made Detroit the largest 
metropolitan city without some 
form of a commuter rail service.

Today, construction is under-

way for the M-1 rail that will run 
down 3.3 miles down Woodward 
Avenue from Jefferson Avenue to 
West Grand Boulevard. The rail 
will serve as a curbside trans-
portation system, much like the 
streetcars of the past.

Detroit’s layout continues to shape transportation, growth

Illustration by Francesca Kielb 

