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THREE THINGS YOU
SHOULD KNOW TODAY

Sunday’s
Super

Bowl XLIX was the
most widely viewed

Super
Bowl
game,
CBS

reported
on
Monday.

The game accounted for
49.7% of viewership in 56
metropoitan areas.
3

President
Obama

announced a $4 trillion
fiscal budget, the New

York Times reported on Mon-
day. The budget plan includes
greater domestic spending
through higher taxation on
the wealthy and multination-
al corporations.

1

With
the
NCAA

Tournament
nearing,

speculation regarding

which teams are in or out
is ramping up. Michigan’s
hopes are slim, but the Big
Ten has several teams that
are near-locks already. >> FOR
MORE, SEE SPORTS, PG. 8

2

CAMPUS EVENTS & NOTES

Emerging
Voices lecture

WHAT: Professor Charisma
Acey will talk about making
water access a reality.
WHO: College of
Architecture and Urabn
Planning.
WHEN: Today from 6 p.m.
to 7 p.m.
WHERE: Art and
Architecture Building

The anxiety
of influence

WHAT: Prof. JP Park will
discuss the interperta-
tion of Chinese art in early
modern Korea.
WHO: Lieberthal- Rogel
Center for Chinese Studies
WHEN: Today from 12
p.m. to 1 p.m.
WHERE: School of Social
Work Building

Meijer behind
the brand

WHAT: Executives from-
Meijer and other companies
will discuss brand manage-
ment, digital marketing and
merchandising
WHO: Career Center
WHEN: Today from 5:30
p.m. to 8 p.m.
WHERE: Michigan Union-
Pendelton Room

CORRECTIONS
In “Greek organizations
could face ‘U’ and state
actions,” which appeared in
print on Monday, the article
misstated how individuals
could be punished under
state law. Farmington Hills
attorney Joseph Lavigne
said the group would most
likely be asked to collec-
tively repay resort damages.

Report corrections
to corrections@
michigandaily.com

The Body
Monologues

WHAT: University com-
munity members will
share stories about body
image.
WHO: University Health
Services
WHEN: Today from 7
p.m. to 8.30 p.m.
WHERE: Lydia
Mendelssohn Theatre

Chemistry
series

WHAT: Discuss the role
of RNA polymerase paus-
ing in genomic transcrip-
tion with a professor
from the University of
Wisconsin.
WHO: Biological Chem-
istry
WHEN: Today from 12
p.m. to 1 p.m.
WHERE: Medical
Science Unit II

TUESDAY:

Professor Profiles

THURSDAY:
Alumni Profiles

FRIDAY:

Photos of the Week

WEDNESDAY:

In Other Ivory Towers

MONDAY:

This Week in History

WE ALL LIVE IN A HUMAN-POWERED SUBMARINE

Engineers race underwater

RITA MORRIS/Daily

LSA freshman Brittany Wright catches a frisbee at
the North Campus Courtyards Monday afternoon.

FROST Y FRISBE E

Engineering
junior
Allison

Ward is the president of the
Human
Powered
Submarine

team. The HPS designs, builds
and tests a human-powered
submarine and then partici-
pates in two races that alternate
each year: the International
Submarine Races in Bethesda,
Maryland, and the European
International Submarine Races
in Gosport, England.

What is the HPS?

It is a student-run design

project team, so we design,
build and race a human-pow-
ered submarine. The team is
mostly engineers but we’ve got
all kinds of people, all ages.

They get experience designing
the submarine and then actu-
ally building it and then test-
ing and raising it. We are also
self-funded so we have business
team that does fundraising.

How does the

submarine work?

The pilot has an air tank.

They are laying down in the
submarine and they have
pedals in the back. They are
pedaling and that propels the
submarine.

When and why
did you join?

I joined the team freshman

year. I was interested in doing a
design project team. It seemed
like a very interesting chal-
lenge. There’s no real-life ver-
sion of it. It’s just a completely
brand new and weird concept.

What do you look

for in new members?

We are looking for people

who are interested in something
… very different. Some people
join because they are interested
scuba diving. Some people are
interested in the business side
because it’s really good to net-
work with different people.

— ANASTASSIOS
ADAMOPOULOS

THURSDAY:
Campus Clubs

FRIDAY:

Photos of the Week

TUESDAY:

Professor Profiles

WEDNESDAY:

Before You Were Here

THURSDAY:
Twitter Talk

FRIDAY:

Photos of the Week

MONDAY:

This Week in History

TUESDAY:

Campus Voices

WEDNESDAY:

In Other Ivory Towers
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EDITORIAL STAFF
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SENIOR NEWS EDITORS: Shoham Geva, Will Greenberg, Amabel Karoub, Emma Kerr,
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Aarica March and


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SENIOR EDITORIAL PAGE EDITORS: Claire Bryan and Matt Seligman

ASSISTANT EDITORIAL PAGE EDITORS: Regan Detwiler, Michael Paul, Melissa Scholke,
Michael Schramm, Mary Kate Winn
BLOG EDITOR: Tori Noble

Max Cohen and
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sportseditors@michigandaily.com

SENIOR SPORTS EDITORS: Max Bultman, Daniel Feldman, Rajat Khare, Erin Lennon,
Jason Rubinstein, Jeremy Summitt
ASSISTANT SPORTS EDITORS: Chloe Aubuchon, Minh Doan, Jacob Gase, Kelly Hall,
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Theisen ARTS BEAT EDITORS: JAlex Bernard, Karen Hua, Jacob Rich, Amelia Zak

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SENIOR PHOTO EDITORS: Luna Anna Archey and James Coller
ASSISTANT PHOTO EDITORS: Amanda Allen, Virginia Lozano, Paul Sherman

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SENIOR COPY EDITORS: Emily Campbell and Emma Sutherland
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BUSINESS STAFF
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Olivia Jones Production Managers
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The Michigan Daily (ISSN 0745-967) is published Monday through Friday during the fall and winter terms by

students at the University of Michigan. One copy is available free of charge to all readers. Additional copies may

be picked up at the Daily’s office for $2. Subscriptions for fall term, starting in September, via U.S. mail are $110.

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Aziz Ansari
inspires bravery

By MICHAEL FLYNN

Aziz Ansari began his
show with a joke inspired
by “8 Mile” that he created
specifically for his Detroit
audience. The joke launched
into the theme of his show:
social relationships in the
modern age.

Professor Tobin
Siebers dies

By ANASTASSIOS
ADAMOPOULOS

Tobin Siebers, English
professor and co-chair of
the University’s Initiative on
Disability Studies, passed away
on Thursday.

THE FILTER

THE WIRE

ON THE WEB...

2 — Tuesday, February 3, 2015
News
The Michigan Daily — michigandaily.com

Native American
trails form basis for
spoke-wheel plan

By LARA MOEHLMAN and

PAIGE PFLEGER

Daily Staff Reporters

As The Michigan Daily contin-

ues to watch and report on Detroit
shaping its future, we want to
reflect back on how the city got here.
Our hope for this week’s Detroit
History Series is that readers learn
something new about the city and,
in turn, better understand what’s to
come.

Detroit’s past encompasses a

winding and dynamic narrative
colored by the influx of immi-
grants, migrants, riots, industry,
transportation and music. But
what acts as the background for
these events is the actual city
itself — its roads and buildings and
transportation systems that began
as Native American trails and
expanded to become the Motor

City’s immense road and highway
system.

Before the arrival of Europe-

ans, Detroit was a hub for numer-
ous
Native
American
tribes

that used several main trails for
travel and trade. These trails led
in different directions, but they
all joined together at one point.
These roads made up the spokes
of Detroit’s “wheel” street lay-
out, and are known today as Fort
Street to the southwest, Michigan
Avenue to the west, Woodward
Avenue and Grand River Avenue
to the northwest, Jefferson Ave-
nue to the northeast and Gratiot
Avenue between Woodward and
Jefferson. The “hub” of the wheel
is where Campus Martius Park
stands today.

Joel Stone, senior curator at the

Detroit Historical Society, said the
spoke-wheel plan could be attrib-
uted to Native Americans.

“They were here long before

anyone else, and they had estab-
lished trails,” he said in an inter-
view with Michigan Radio.

In 1701, Detroit was founded by

the French trader Antoine de la
Mothe Cadillac. On what is cur-
rently the Detroit River, Cadil-
lac built Fort Pontchartrain du
Detroit, with the French word
Detroit meaning “strait.” Subse-
quently, Detroit became a major
French fur trading post until 1760,
when the city was surrendered to
the British after the French and
Indian War.

In June of 1805, the city of

Detroit caught fire. At the time,
there was no formal fire depart-
ment, so the citizens formed a
bucket brigade to attempt to save
their city. They formed a line from
the river and passed buckets into
the city to try and extinguish the
flame. The fire inspired Detroit’s
city motto, “Speramus meliora;
resurget cinerbus,” Latin for “We
hope for better things; it shall rise
from the ashes.”

Determined to rebuild the city

with Washington D.C. as a model,
Augustus
Woodward,
newly-

appointed chief justice of the
Michigan Territory, hired Cana-
dian surveyors to help him plot
the city’s new parks, streets and
lots. Inspired by an urban plan-
ning movement in France, Wood-
ward wanted Detroit’s layout to
be attractive and spacious, with
major streets radiating from one
central spot.

Woodward’s plan for the city

called for a “point of origin,” locat-
ed at the junction of Woodward
and Monroe avenues, from which
each mile road in Michigan’s mile
road system marks their distance.
For instance, Seven Mile Road
is seven miles from the “point of
origin.” The center of Campus
Martius Park was chosen as the
focal point because it remained
the city’s central hub from Native
American trails.

While the city’s road system

was being built, boats were the
main mode of transportation
in the Great Lakes and Detroit
region.

“Water was the primary way

that people moved around, to get
to Detroit,” Stone said in an inter-
view with The Michigan Daily.
“That was really important ini-
tially to get people into the Great
Lakes region, and then once they

were here and living here, it was
important to move them around
to business meetings, to go visit
relatives in other towns, that kind
of thing.”

In 1836, street signs appeared

for the first time in Detroit. Down-
town streets were cobblestone
while others were wooden plank.
Bicyclists were the first to push for
paved roads.

The mid- to late 1830s saw a

massive growth in transporta-
tion to and from Detroit. Stage-
coaches that ran between Detroit
and Chicago were introduced, and
a Detroit to Pontiac railway was
completed with horse-drawn cars.
The country’s railroad system was
expanding at this time, too.

“Starting in the 1830s, Detroi-

ters could get fresh oysters from
the East Coast because train
travel cut the distance down to
just a couple of days, whereas two
decades earlier it had been a cou-
ple of months,” Stone said.

Over the course of the next 30

years, trains spread across the
Midwest. Two main lines traveled
through Detroit: Michigan Cen-
tral on the south side of town, and

then down the Dequindre cut ran
another line that changed names
several times. By 1854, the first
Detroit to New York City rail was
completed.

In 1863, horse-pulled streetcars

appeared on Jefferson and Wood-
ward avenues. The fare was five
cents. By the 1890s, three street-
car companies operated 66 miles
of track within the city’s limits,
and streetcars, called interurbans,
ran between towns.

Serving as a streetcar driver

became a popular job in the city.
One such streetcar driver was the
uncle of amateur Detroit transpor-
tation historian H. Bernard Craig.
Craig, a Detroit native, worked
for the Detroit Department of
Transportation for more than 30
years before he retired. He now
spends most of his spare time in
the library, researching Detroit’s
nuanced transportation history.

“A lot of people credit the street-

cars for helping the development
of the city because it provided the
means for people to now move out
a little farther,” Craig said.

Detroit’s
streetcars
stopped

running in the late 1950s, which

many attribute to General Motors.
Called the Trolley Conspiracy
or the Streetcar Transparency,
many believe GM bought up the
streetcar companies to remove
the tracks and replace them with
their newly designed GM motor-
buses. The conspiracy was true in
other cities, Craig said, but not in
Detroit.

The streetcar tracks in Detroit

were so damaged that it actu-
ally cost less to purchase a fleet of
buses than it would have to fix the
streetcar lines. Buses also had the
same capacity as streetcars.

“Their buses could hold 50 pas-

sengers — the same amount of
people that the streetcars could
hold,” Craig said.

The removal of the streetcar

system made Detroit the largest
metropolitan city without some
form of a commuter rail service.

Today, construction is under-

way for the M-1 rail that will run
down 3.3 miles down Woodward
Avenue from Jefferson Avenue to
West Grand Boulevard. The rail
will serve as a curbside trans-
portation system, much like the
streetcars of the past.

Detroit’s layout continues to shape transportation, growth

Illustration by Francesca Kielb

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