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2 — Tuesday, January 20, 2015
News
The Michigan Daily — michigandaily.com

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Research shows 

composer’s cardiac 
arrhythmia mirrors 
tempo, key changes

BY MAYA SHANKAR

Daily Staff Reporter

Fans of Ludwig van Beethoven 

may find his compositions heart-
felt, but their sentiments may be 
more accurate than they realize.

An essay published in Perspec-

tives in Biology and Medicine by 
Musicology Prof. Steven M. Whit-
ing; Dr. Joel Howell, professor of 
history of medicine and Dr. Zach-
ary D. Goldberger, cardiologist 
at the University of Washington 
School of Medicine, suggests that 
Beethoven’s music may have been 
influenced by his own heartbeat.

The 
essay 
examines 
the 

unusual rhythms found in some 
of 
Beethoven’s 
most 
famous 

compositions — such as sudden 

key changes or tempo changes 
— and speculates these irregular 
rhythms may mimic the arrhyth-
mic rhythms of Beethoven’s own 
heart.

Whiting said the idea for the 

essay emerged out of interdisci-
plinary curiosity.

“It started because of two 

musically-inclined doctors and a 
musically-inclined musicologist 
who wondered together whether 
this visceral connection to his 
own heartbeat might add yet 
another dimension to Beethoven’s 
music,” he said.

The group studied the rhyth-

mic patterns of several composi-
tions of Beethoven, focusing in 
particular on passages that were 
both emotionally stimulating and 
rhythmically irregular.

These 
irregularities 
were 

striking, the authors wrote. 
Whiting said they compared 
electrocardiograms, 
which 

measure electrical activity of 
the heart, with the music. They 

concluded that Beethoven’s own 
cardiac arrhythmia, a condition 
that causes the heart to beat with 
an irregular rhythm, may have 
influenced some of the rhythms.

Beethoven has been linked 

with a host of other health 
problems as well, such as liver 
disease, kidney disease and deaf-
ness.

His deafness, the authors 

wrote in the essay, could have 
also contributed to a heightened 
sense of awareness of his own 
heartbeat.

“If you were to sit in silence for 

a while, you would become more 
aware of your heartbeat,” How-
ell said. “Beethoven’s world was 
silent.”

One of the passages studied, 

“Cavatina,” is a movement in 
Beethoven’s String Quartet in 
B-flat Major, Opus 130. It is the 
slow movement in the quartet 
and has been long recognized as 
exhibiting overwhelming emo-
tional force. In the passage, the 
lower strings throb slow repeat-
ing notes, while the first violin is 
rhythmically unhinged from the 
lower voices.

“The passage is almost too 

distraught to align with them 
rhythmically,” Whiting said.

The emotion in the passage is 

deliberate. In fact, in the com-
poser direction written for this 
passage is the word “beklemmt,” 
a German word that could be 
taken to mean “heavy of heart.” 
The phrase “heavy of heart” may 
not only refer to a psychologi-
cal emotion, the authors wrote. 
It could also be referring to the 
pressure felt on the heart that is 
associated with cardiac arrhyth-
mia.

“We talk about music being 

heartfelt, and it is interesting 
because in some cases, music 
might be literally heartfelt,” 
Howell said. “Music might liter-
ally reflect how your heart feels. 
Your heart beats continuously 
your entire life. That’s pretty 
amazing. You’re intimately relat-
ed to your heartbeat, so it’s not 
surprising that it might make its 
way into great artists’ works.”

‘U’ professors say Beethoven’s 
heartbeat influenced his music

Keynote speaker 

encourages 

listening, unity in 

today’s society

BY LEA GIOTTO

Daily Staff Reporter

Kicking 
off 
the 
Martin 

Luther King Jr. Symposium, 
Marc Lamont Hill, host of 
HuffPost Live and BET News, 
delivered a keynote lecture 
to a full Hill Auditorium on 
Monday morning.

Hill spoke on King’s life 

and legacy in the context of 
current social conditions in 
the United States.

“Today, January 2015, pres-

ents a particularly interest-
ing and compelling moment 
to think through: Dr. Martin 
Luther King’s life and legacy 
at a moment when his life 
and legacy has been hijacked 
by all sides, at a time where 
he has been transformed or 
reduced into a sort of revo-
lutionary 
or 
multicultural 

action figure,” Hill said.

Hill described the present 

time in history as particular-
ly interesting and compelling 
when the legacy of King is 
compared to that of President 
Barack Obama.

“War has become an instru-

ment of foreign policy, rather 
than a last resort — this isn’t 
a motivational speech, clear-
ly. But this is our reality as 
we enter this moment. What 
would King say about this?”

Hill said King’s idea of rad-

ical listening, a practice Hill 
sees as absent from a cur-
rent age defined by “preoc-
cupation with the self,” could 
“usher in a new possibility of 
justice.”

“The legacy of King would 

say we need to listen to more 
people, we need to listen for 
poor people,” he said. “We 
can’t just be compassionate by 
proxy — poor people need to 
be at the table.”

Hill said the U.S. is also 

missing a sense of unity and 
is inhibited by a lack of con-
versation surrounding issues 
important to others, but not 
necessarily a priority to our-
selves. For example, Hill said 
people may be more concerned 
with educational reform com-
pared to prison reform, since 
the former is an issue poten-
tially more relevant to them.

Though King would not 

have argued for unanimity or 
for everyone to work togeth-
er, Hill said King would have 
wanted everyone to take the 
first step of listening to one 
another.

To fully understand King’s 

desire for listening, Hill said, 
Americans must reconstruct 
conceptions of history.

“We remember King as the 

father of democracy and mod-
ern democracy, the patriarch 
of the Civil Rights Movement, 
the 
leader 
of 
empowered 

struggle … But the truth is 
Dr. King dies an enemy of 
the state. April 4th, 1968, 
People Magazine denies Dr. 
King’s entrance on its ‘Most 
Admired Americans’ list; the 
National Baptism Convention 
kicks King out,” he said.

Hill said recognizing this 

idea is critical for helping 
people realize what King sac-
rificed when he committed 
his life to “dangerous truth-
telling.”

The latter part of the Hill’s 

speech covered points that 
relate closely to the recent 
controversial deaths of Black 
citizens, such as Trayvon 
Martin, 
Eric 
Garner 
and 

Tamir Rice.

“We’ve been reenacting the 

same ritual of Black people 
being killed for being young, 
Black and outside,” he said. 
“Instead of talking about driv-
ing while Black all the time, 
maybe we can talk about 
patrolling while racist.”

To prevent history from 

repeating 
itself, 
Hill 
said 

Americans need a greater 

sense of unity at the commu-
nity level.

“To create a community 

that includes all of us, we need 
values of inclusion,” he said. 
“That means restorative jus-
tice must trump contributive 
justice. Justice doesn’t mean 
punishment.”

To conclude his lecture, Hill 

emphasized that for change 
to occur, citizens must make 
a plan and follow through by 
taking action.

“Dr. King said we must have 

an analysis, but we can’t suc-
cumb to, as Dr. King put it, 
the paralysis of analysis … 
What does that look like? It 
means we must act bravely. 
No one modeled brave action 
more than Martin King,” he 
said.

The crowd gave Hill a 

standing ovation at the con-
clusion of his speech.

In an e-mail interview with 

The Michigan Daily, Pub-
lic Policy junior Julie Sarne 
said Hill’s lecture inspired 
students to move beyond the 
classroom and take action.

“As students at the Uni-

versity of Michigan, we learn 
about sweeping societal injus-
tices in the past and present — 
yet so often, we stop there. Dr. 
Hill delivered a call to action, 
an imperative for us to ‘act 
bravely,’ ” Sarne said. 

“After all, Dr. King’s lega-

cy demonstrates that ‘to act 
bravely is to work in the ser-
vice of justice.’ ”

Rackham student Courtney 

McCluney, president of the 
Students of Color of Rackham, 
also wrote in an e-mail inter-
view that Hill’s call to action 
resonated with her.

“Instead 
of 
glamorizing 

the positive messages of Dr. 
King’s life, (Hill) encour-
aged us to realize that to take 
action means that not every-
one will agree with you, that 
you have to sometimes go 
against the norm, and that you 
must become a radical listener 
for change to occur.”

Ndaba Mandela explores 
African equality, future

Grandson of Nelson 
Mandela calls for 

student empowerment 

through African 

heritage

BY GENEVIEVE HUMMER

Daily Staff Reporter

Ndbaba Mandela spoke to more 

than 500 students, faculty and com-
munity members Monday, detail-
ing his upbringing, problems that 
plague Africa today and the work he 
is doing to combat them.

Mandela, the grandson of the 

late South African President Nelson 
Mandela, was the keynote speaker 
for the 2015 William K. McInally 
Memorial Lecture, sponsored by 
the Ross School of Business and the 
Office of Academic Multicultural 
Initiatives, and held in the Blau 
Auditorium at the Business School.

He 
referenced 
Martin 
Luther 

King, Jr. several times, beginning 
and ending his lecture with excerpts 
from King’s famous “I Have a 
Dream” speech.

Mandela 
championed 
progress 

and social equality throughout his 
lecture, emphasizing the struggle of 
the African people.

“The American Dream is pervad-

ing every part of society across the 
world but we, as Africans, do not 
want the American Dream, we want 
the African Dream,” Mandela said.

He said his experiences abroad 

motivated him to form his own non-
governmental organization, Africa 
Rising, to spread awareness about 
African culture and society.

“We see ourselves creating a new 

breed of young Africans that will 
empower themselves to develop the 
continent from within, raising the 
pride and the confidence of young 
Africans,” he said. “So that when 
they travel, when they engage with 
travelers that have come to visit us, 
that they will talk about Africa with 
a certain pride and confidence.”

Africa Rising strives to educate 

and empower young Africans, con-
tribute to the development of Africa 
and spread awareness to those out-
side the continent.

The organization is currently 

working to develop a resource center 
in the small village where Mandela’s 
grandfather was raised. The center, 
which plans to house a library and 
technology center, is slated to edu-
cate African children so that they 
can compete on a global scale.

Mandela said the biggest obstacle 

South Africa faces is its lack of qual-
ity and accessible education.

“The primary barrier that we have 

in South Africa, and probably across 
the continent is skills and training,” 
he said. “We do not have the skills 
nor the information to service our 
people, hence we are always work-
ing with Europe, with China, etcet-
era, to get people with skills to come 
in to service our people.”

Mandela branched beyond Afri-

ca’s internal struggles and acknowl-
edged that the fight for racial and 
economic equality across the world 
is far from over. He called on stu-
dents to recognize the sacrifice 
needed to create social change.

“Some of us have to take pub-

lic positions, we have to sacrifice, 
guys,” he said. “That is why we 
talk about these leaders because 
they sacrificed everything, includ-
ing their own families. “My grand-
father Nelson Mandela sacrificed 
his own family to become the man 
that he became and he will tell you, 
‘If I was put in the same position I 
wouldn’t change anything, I would 
do it again.’ ”

LSA freshman Taylor Rick was 

drawn to Mandela’s platform, “The 
Power of One,” and felt a desire to 
learn more about Africa.

“People don’t know enough about 

the problems in Africa so that’s 
why I came. I’m just not informed,” 
Rick said. “It has opened my eyes to 
what I need to do and what I need 
to learn.”

HuffPost Live host discusses 
King’s vision for race relations

VIRGINIA LOZANO/Daily

TOP: Engineering sophomore Chloe Henderson and LSA sophomore Adelia 
Davis lead the Circle of Unity, a series of performances and speakers in honor of 
Martin Luther King Jr., Monday in the Diag.
BOTH MIDDLE: Students participate in the Circle of Unity by standing together 
in the Diag for an hour on Monday. 
BOTTOM: Musician Joe Reilly sings in the Circle of Unity Monday on the Diag. 

