SUNDAY, MAY 14, 1922 THE MICHIGAN DAILY MAGAZINE 3 "THE MIND IN THE MAKING" (Continued) By James Harvey Robinson (Published by Harper & Brothers ) fundamental truths in regard to man caping control in spite of our best ef- is that be believes in too much gov- II. Our :medieval Intellectual Inherit- were assumed to be established once forts to prevent any thoroughgoing ernment. * * * Mice and for all. The Greek thinkers had readjustment.' We instinctively try to * * * In most countries of west- had little in the way of authority on show that Mr. Keynes must surely be ern Europe and in our own land one The Greeks and Romans had vani- vich to build, and no inconsiderable wrong about the Treaty of Versailles; may now believe as he wishes, teach ous theories of the origin things, number of them frankly confessed that Gibbs must be perversely exag- such religious views as appeal to him, all vague and admittedly conjectural. that they did not believe that such a gerating the horrors of modern war; and join with others who share his But the Christians, relying upon the thing could exist for the thoroughly * * * that Mr. Robin's picture of sympathies. "Atheism" is still a inspired account in the Bible, built sophisticated intelligence. But medi- Lenin can only be explained by a dis- shocking charge in many ears, but the their theories informs ation which eval philosophy and science were guised sympathy for Bolshevism. * * atheist is no longer an outlaw. It has they believed vouchsafed to them by* * * With the firm establishment been demonstrated, in short, that re- God himself. Their whole conception iimedieval schoolmen turned aside of Christianity edicts began to be is- ligious dogma can be neglected in of human history was based on a far from the hard path of skepticism, long sued by the Roman emperors making matters of public concern and re- ore fundanental and thoroh searchings and investigation of actual orthodox Christian belief the test of dued to a question of private taste ernaturalisi than we find among the phenoimein., and confidently believed good citizenship. One who disagreed and preference. * * * (:reeks and Romans. The pagan phil- that they could find truth by the easy with the emperor and his religious ad- In the Middle Ages, even in the time osophers reckoned with the gods, to way of revelation and the elaboration visers in regard to the relation of the of the Greeks and Romans, there was be sure, but they never assumed that of unquestioned dogmas. three members of the Trinity was sub- little or no conception of progress as man's earthly life should turn en- This reliance on authority is a fun- ject to prosecution. Heretical books the word is now used. tirely on what was to happen after damental primitive trait. We have in- were burned, the houses of heretics This was specially true of the Middle death. This as in theorythe sole desroyed. ***I ahwvr decchpthion of r the valChrs-herited it not only from our medieval desyIt was, however, Ages. During these centuries men's preoccupation of the edieval Chris- forefathers, tut, like them and through with the lquisition, beginning in the single objective was the assurance of tdecisive, preloy to te ral rif' bthem from long generations of pre- thirteenth century, that the intoler- heaven and escape from hell. Life was If decisive, preliminary to the real life historic men. We all have a natural ance of the Middle Ages reached its an angry river into which men to come. tendency to rely upon established be- most perfect organization. were cast. Demons were on every The medieval thinkers all accepted liefs and fixed institutions. * * * Heresy was looked upon as a con- hand to drag them down. The only without question what Santayana has We are tremendously suggestible. tagious disease that must be checked aim could be, with God's help, to strikingly described as the 'Christian rm msat all costs. It did not matter that reach the celestial shore. No one Epic. This imncluded the general his- ed to credulity than to questioning. the heretic usually led a conspicu- thought that human efforts should be torical conceptions of how man came All os celity thas to quetimi. ously blameless life, did not swear, directed to making the lot of humanity sabout, and how, in view of lois originA of us believe nearly all the time. p was emaciated with fasting and re- progressively better by intelligent sid his past, he should conduct his i i o fused to participate in the vain recre- reforms in the light of advancing life. The universe had come into ations of his fellows. He was, indeed, knowledge. being in less than a week, and noan Tho findings of modern science have overserious and took his religion too, The world was a place to escape lad origioally been created in a state ston the hold of the sources of hard. The offensive parading as an froni on the best terms possible. In of perfection along wits all other medieval authority, but they have angel of light was explained as the our lay this isellieval idea of a static things-sun, moon, ltis, plants snd done little as yet to loosen our inveter- devil's camouflage. No one tried to find society yields only grudgingly, and the animals. After a time the first huss-n ute habit of relying on the more in- out what the heretic really thought 1 notion of inevitable vital change is yet pair had yielded to tenptation, oious ithority of current practice * * *. Because he insisted on ex- far from. assimilated. * * * We transgressed God's comnands, and: sould (1 lif. We still assume that re- pressing his conception of God in have learned as yet to respect only been driven from the lovely gonitn ilvt sogsas represent the secure slightly unfamiliar terms, the heretic one class of fundamental innovators, which he had placed themos. So sin conclusions of mankind, and that cur- was often branded as an atheist, just those dedicated to natural science and came into the world, and the offspring I rent institutions represent the ap- as today the Socialist is so often ac- its applications. The social innovator of the guilty pair were thereby con- proved results of much experiment in cused of being opposed to all govern- is still generally suspect. taminated and defiled from the womb. the past, which it would be worse than ment, when the real objection to him (Continued on Page 4) futile to repeat. * * * The general account of man, his It is very painful to most minds to origin and fate, embraced in the admit that the past does not furnish Christian Epic, was notable for its pre- us with reliable, permanent standards cision, its divine authenticity, and the of conduct and public policy. * *k obstacles which its authority coose-; We are full of respectable fears and quently presented to any revision in a general timidity in the face of con- the light of increasing knowledge. 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