PAGE IIVO THE MICHIGAN DAILY WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 12, 1954 EAGE TWO WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 12, 19~%4 rdita 7?te By HARLAND BRITZ Daily Managing Editor W HETHER IT be for the sake of tradi- tion, to repent for past sins, to instill spirit into the oncoming staff or to blast everyone for general bungling, Managing Editors have, through the years, taken the opportunity of issuing a last testament in their final issue. As we review the summer's written record, it will quickly become apparent that a sig- nificant amount of space was allotted to artistic subjects. Musical, dramatic, literary, and artistic events filled a large part of each day's columns. We at The Daily have done this be- cause we feel these subjects are of great interest to the summer reading public. With a summer, not distinguished by its political activity, but with a highly trained staff of reviewers available much was made of Ann Arbor's artistic life. Such a program is most definitely the function of college journalism. It is regrettable that so few of our nation's daily papers touch more than the surface of these activities. Editorial thanks are due to Donald Harris, who graciously consented to handle the bulk of the arrangements for reviewing and still managed to bring his excellent resources to report all the musical activity on the campus. Gratitude is also due to the hard working junior staff, Becky Conrad, Gayle Greene, \Pat Roelofs, and Fran Sheldon, who gave unselfishly of their time and efforts to- wards seeing that decent newspapers were being read in campus lodgings. Business Manager Bob Miller' deserves editorial ap- plause for a fine job, and splendid coopera- tion.. Faced with a small staff, it was particular- ly assuring to have such a cooperative shop at work on the mechanical end of publica- tions. To Arch, Les, Marion, Millard, Lauren and our shop superintendent Ken Chatters, the thanks of the staff for a wonderful job. Rounding out the plaudits, Maize and Blue orchids go to Ivan Kaye, who stepped into the shoes ofUSports Editor Dick Lewis, when Lewis was drafted at midseason. In the hope that we informed many, of- fended few, aroused some, we affix our final 30 to The Daily and head out towards the green pastures of the Law Quandrangle. BOOKS AT LAST, MR. TOLLIVER, by William Wiegand. Winner of the Mary Roberts Rhinehart Mystery Award. Originally published by Rhinehart Books Inc., now available in a pocket edition, Dell Pub- lishing Co. THE FICTIONAL boarding house, with its ability to attract with a certain degree of credulity an assortment of wierd char- acters, provides an interesting core around which author and Daily reviewer Bill Wieg- and builds this prize winning novel. In addi- tion to the many standard ingredients of a detective thriller-murder via a kitchen knife in a locked room, the police on the wrong track, and evidence of the murder pointing toward the unwilling hero- Wie- gand heaps on some of the fresh and un- expected to make Tolliver good reading not only for the mystery adict, but for the un- initiated as well. Tolliver, a physician who was stripped of his right to practice because of one-time links with the underworld, is looking for- ward to returning to his profession in an Amazon jungle clinic. But before Tolliver can leave murder intervenes at the house where he boards, and he becomes the Num- ber One suspect. To prove himself innocent Tolliver goes off to hunt the killer in his own methodical fashion on a trail leading in and out of his own past; always eluding the police until he voluntarily surrenders for his own protection. - Wiegand does well in creating an atoms- phere of tension and suspense in the boarding house even before the murder occurs. Some parts of the book are slow- moving however, bogged down in the writ- ing itself. Wiegand's excessive use of de- scriptive words and phrases interfer with the forward motion of the plot, and the reader at times is conscious of the author rather than of the characters. These in- teruptions, though infrequent, are irri- tating. As the description becomes more simple, the pace quickens. Some of the characters in the novel, as the tough policeman, Lt. Carmichael, and the land lady, Mrs. Oberholz, never quite leave the "type" category; but Samuel Tolli- ver does emerge as an individual with opin- ionated comments and a distinctive moral code. Though hardly a chiller, as the cover il- lustration and copy advertise, the antics of Mr. Tolliver will enjoyably fill a long study MATTER OF FACT: The Eisenhower Democrats "Think Maybe We'd Better Say Something About It?" e TO THE EDITOR The Daily welcomes conmmunications from its readers on matters of general interest, and will publish all letters which are signed by the writer and in good taste. Letters exceeding 300 words in length, defamatory or libelous letters, and letters which for any reason are not in good taste will be condensed, edited or withheld from publication at the discretion of the editors. A By JOSEPH ALSOP WASHINGTON - As Congress heads for home, everyone is talking about the meaning of the past session-the things done and undone, the trends that developed, the signs that the President will have a staggering job on his hands when Congress meets again. All in all, however, the out- standing feature of the session was the growth of a novel and useful relationship between the White House and the Demo- cratic opposition. House Leader Sam Rayburn, Senate Lead- er Lyndon Johnson and the other Demo- cratic chieftains decided at the beginning of the session that they would support Presi- dent Eisenhower whenever they could reas- onably do so. In part, the motive was strict- ly political. In Rayburn's and Johnson's native Texas, the polls showed Eisenhower with 76 per cent of the voters behind him. As Johnson has remarked, "Nobody but a right wing Republican would want to kick this kind of popularity in the teeth." In part, however, the Democrats' deci- sion was also the result of the long exper- ience of responsibility which they had enjoyed. Before this experience and re- sponsibility also came to him, the late Sen. Taft used to say that "the business of the opposition is to oppose." The very different viewpoint of the Democratic leaders is again that of Lyndon Johnson, who has said that "We're all in the same airplane together, and it just isn't sensible to hit the pilot over the head so hard that the plane crashes." At the beginning, it must be added, Presi- dent Eisenhower, his Cabinet and his politi- cal advisers either took the cooperation of the Democrats rather lightly for granted, or they were - actually disturbed by it. No thanks were offered. Loud partisan noises were made on issues which the President was sure to lose without Democratic support. * * * * T HIS PHASE PASSED, however, as the President learned his political job. He began on occasions to consult Johnson and Rayburn, and particularly Rayburn, whom he knows and likes of old. Rayburn quietly advised the President on how best to secure Democratic help without riling Democratic tempers. By stages, the collaboration be- tween the White House and the moderate Democrats was regularized with the more astute members. of the Cabinet like Secre- tary of the Treasury George Humphrey, quietly joining the act. It is hard to know whether the results have been more remarkable in the House or in the Senate. It was in the House that wise old Rayburn rose in the middle of the reciprocal trade fight, to inquire scath- ingly, "Isn't there a man on the Repub- lican side who will support his own Presi- dent?" Yet on the whole the new develop- ment has been more important in the Senate, where divisions are deeper and the going is harder for the Administration. Senate Minority Leader Lyndon Johnson has made the biggest mark of any Senator of his age in a good many years, partly by his success in directing the strategy of co- operation, and partly by his triumph in pulling his own party together. In both efforts, he has had much help from such respected senior Senators as Richard B. Russell and Walter F. George of Georgia. But Johnson is still the man who has had to work at the job from twelve to eighteen hours a day. IN TERMS OF White House policy, the results are typified by two incidents. Early in the session, it will be recalled, the left wing Democrats tried very hard to filibuster the tidelands bill. Johnson and the Demo- cratic moderates, who are the strongest cooperators, were strongly for the bill. At one point Sen. Taft told Johnson that a "filibuster had never been broken," and talked of giving up. Johnson replied with some scorn that the anti-tidelands filibusterers were not southern filibusterers, and suggested hold- ing the Senate in continuous session. Taft went to the floor immediately to announce this intention, and the filibuster folded up. By the same token, at the close of the session, Sen. Pat McCarran of Nevada was threatening to talk the President's refugee bill to death. Johnson and the new Major- ity leader, Sen. William Knowland of Cali- fornia, jointly invited McCarran to a chat in Johnson's little office. There they told McCarran, cold turkey, that they would fight him until hell froze over unless he agreed to a bill admitting at least 200.000 refugees from Europe. McCarran gobbled a bit, but the two leaders working together were too much for him. The angry old man backed down, and the President got his bill. . "We've fought Eisenhower when we thought we ought to," is Johnson's way of summing up. "But we haven't been personal or sniped or sulked, and we've tried to show what we think an opposition party ought to be." . This does not mean that the Democrats are not going to be tough on Eisenhower in the next session. They will take their politi- cal profits where they find them. But it does mean that on vital over-riding issues Eisenhower can count on the support of a coalition of moderate men. The coalition excludes the extremists of both parties. It is made up of the big, middle-of-the-road majority. It will follow Eisenhower as long as he leads the country successfully. And it is a very great asset, both to the President and the country he leads. (Copyright, 1953, New York Herald Tribune, Inc.) 4 4. DAILY OFFICIAL BULLETIN The Daily Official Bulletin is an official publication of the University of Michigan for which the Michigan Daily assumes no editorial responsi - bility. Publication in it is construe- tire notice to all members of the University. Notices should be sent in TYPEWRITTEN form to Room 3510 Administration Building before 3 p.m. the day preceeding publication (be- fore 11 a.m. on Saturday). WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 12, 1953 VOL. LXII, No. 37-S Notices To all students having Library books: 1. Students having in their posses- sion books borrowed from the General Library or its branches are notified that such books are due Wednesday, August 12. 2. Students having special need for certain books between August 12 and August 14 may retain such books for that period by renewing them at the Charging Desk. 3. The names of all students who have not cleared their records at the Library by Friday, August 14 will be sent to the Cashier's Office and their credits and grades will be withheld until such time as said records are cleared in compliance with the regulations of the Regents. Scholarship offer for study at the Free University of Berlin, Germany during the academic year 1953-54. Covers tui- tion, room and DM 170 per marks, plus round trip air transportation between West Germany and Berlin. Open until August 16. Application should be made to the office of the Secretary of the De- partment of Political Science, Univer- sity of Michigan. For study in any field within' the social sciences. Ade- quate knowledge ofGerman required. Applicant must be unmarried and not older than 26, either sex, must have satisfactory academic record at college level. Personal interview to be held with each applicant. Recommendations for Departmental Honors: Teaching departments wishing to recommend tentative August gradu- ates from the College of Literature, Sci- ence, and the Arts, and the School of Education for departmental honors should recommend such students in a letter to be sent to the Registrar's Of- fice, Room 1513 Administration Build- ing before August 20. Attention August Graduates: College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, School of Education, School of Music, School of Public Health :r Students are advised not to request grades of I or X in_ August. When such grades are absolutely imperative, the work must be made up in time to allow your instructor to report the make-up grade not later than 11 arm., August 20. Grades received after that time may de- fer the student's graduation until a la- ter date. LIBRARY HOURS AFTER SUMMER SESSION The General Library will close at 6 npm. daily. beL.innin . Friday Ai, 4 t 14 George London, Metropolitan Opera Bass. Feb. 28 Boston Pops Tour Orchestra, Arthur Fiedler, Conductor, Mar. 4 Elean Nikolaidi, Greek Metropolitan Opera Soprano, Mar. 12 Myra Hess, British Pianist, Mar. 17 Sixty-firstMay Festival, six concerts, Apr. 29, 30 and May 1 and 2 Detailed information may be had by communicating with Charles A. Sink, President, University Musical So- ciety, Burton Memorial Tower. EXAMINATION SCHEDULE In Eight-Week Courses 'The Maltese Falcon' .. . To the Editor:+ RE: The Donald and Eleanor Hope review (August 8, 1953) of "The Maltese Falcon." This review could have ended with their first sentence: "'The Maltese Falcon' is a great movie." After that it was a prime example of pseudo-intellectual double- think: SAMPLE: "The dectective-hero, Sam Spade, is a hero. Unlike many of his popular colleagues, he is neither sadistic nor courageous, and he steers clear of psycholo- gical jargon. Sam has both emo- tion and intellect and thus, he be- gins to resemble our idea of the complete man, for he thinks and feels-simultaneously. "A complete man by definition, and by consequence of his confu- sion of emotion and intellect, ad- heres to moral values, and in this society, recreates them. But mor- ality now, and in the society this movie presents, is chaotic. As a result, Sam's morality cannot be communicated." It would have been excusable if this review had been written in psychological jargon-or in any jargon of a known variety. In my opinion this review was esoteric and uncommunicative, if not com- pletely chaotic and unreadable. The last paragraph of the re- view confides, "This review does not give the movie away." . Neither did it give the review away. May I suggest that the reviewers read "The Art of Plain Talk" by Rudolf Flesch. For it seems that the reviewers have sacrificed read- ability for the sake of being "lit- erary," assuming, of course, that they had something to say in the first place. -Walter Vogtmann A Summary ... To the Editor: DURING THE first week of this past July, Mr. F. Chigbu-Em- eme of Nigeria set forth the the- sis that Mau Mau terrorism in Kenya Colony was both justified and worthy of approbation from the outside world. It has since been the objective of your corres- pondent to contend otherwise. To date various aspects of the Kenya crisis have been discussed in let- ters to the Michigan Daily. For the reader who has followed these columns no more than a summary of the issue should now be re- quired. My objective throughout has been to illustrate one point: as conditions stand any defense of the Mau Maus is the direct anti- thesis of supporting self-deter- mination for the Kikuyu. Let us trade the argument. It now stands admitted that the terrorists do not have native support (Mr. Ememe: communicatiot of 4 August). Without native support it seems somewhat of an abortion to claim the Mau Mau as a force either of democratic representation or of true native self-determination. Since Mr. Ememe also defends self-determination (communica- tions of 18 July and 4 August), he is now supporting both ends of an obvious contradiction. In attempting a solution for the dilemma in which his arguments have become entangled, the gentle- man from Nigeria has retreated from the principle of self-deter- mination. Now, he claims, the Mau Mau are to be justified, NOT be- cause they represent the down- trodden native but because they are those few who understand the dire British objective to "reduce the Africans to serfs." The only inference one can logically make from this position is support of Mau Mau totalitarianism over the Kikuyu majority. Naturally, this is a strange position for one who truly believes in political democra- cy. When your correspondent made this reference, the gentle- man from Nigeria replied (4Aug-. ust) with what appears to be a guilty conscience about leftist in- fluence in African nationalist> movements. He raved a good deal about thought control and sim- plism but never got around to at- tacking the argument he himself had admitted in the same letter. In conclusion it seems necessary once more to reiterate that the British administration of Kenya has not itself been the epitome of political democracy. This conten- tion has not once been advanced by your correspondent. Neverthe- less, that administration is the best of available alternatives in Kenya today. The Kikuyu major, ity has chosen to remain loyal to it as they await improvement nt their status. Perhaps the loyal peo- ple of Kenya Colony, who, have been living on the spot, are not as ignorant in their choice as Mr. Ememe would have one believe. -Allain de la Berge i Time of Class Meeting 8:00 am. 9:00 a.m. 10:00 a.M. 11:00 a.m. 1:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m. Other hours Time of Examination 8:00 a.m., Thursday 8:00 a.m., Friday 2:00 p.m., Thursday 2:00 p.m., Friday 4:00 p.m., Thursday 10:00 a.m., Thursday 10:00 a.m., Friday 4:00 p.m., Friday ON THE Washington Merry-Go-Round with DREW PEARSON WASHINGTON-It was kept strictly off the record, but ex-Secretary of State Acheson recently gave Democratic senators his private analysis of what is going on in- side the Kremlin. Meeting with the senators privately, he dismissed Premier Malenkov as ambitious but not a "real leader" of Russia. His bold coup against secret police chief Beria has "temporarily" put him in complete control, Acheson said, but the "best mind" in the politburo is the old Bolshevik, Foreign Min- ister Molotov. Acheson described Beria's "biggest mis- take" as creating a deputy "who became ambitious and worked closely with Malen- kov." The result was that Malenkov "made medicine" with Beria's deputy and, to- gether, they captured the much-feared secret police chief and threw him into his owht prison to face the same trumped- up charges he had brought against others. "This was a bold stroke on the part of Malenkov," observed Acheson. "He realized he was taking a great chance, for, had he failed, it would have been his neck instead of Beria's." Of the Kremlin survivors, Molotov "is by all means the most capable, and has the best mind," Acheson added. Malenkov, though now in the driver's seat, "is not thought of as a real leader." In shift- ing power from one dictator to another, Acheson pointed out, any loosening of the iron grip is seized upon by suppressing peo- ple as a sign of weakness. s* * * -MALENKOV'S MISTAKE- "Malenkov's great mistake, so far as los- ing power and prestige for the Kremlin, was made when he started to soften immediately after Stalin's death," Acheson explained. "He sent Vishinsky back to the United Nations smiling instead of scowling, and over in Ber- lin the Communists proceeded to soften up on the tough type of administration Stalin the German people more food, greater variety of goods in the stores and several other measures to lessen their burden," Acheson continued. "It was the easing off on these dictatorial powers that gave the German workers encouragement to re- quest changes in working conditions in the factories, one big factory especially. Much to their surprise, the requests were granted immediately. The initial try was so successful, it encouraged the workers to make additional requests which, in turn, were granted. After the second victory, the workers began to have such confidence in what they might accomplish that they called a strike for additional benefits. The riots followed." Acheson added that Malenkov's meekness had given heart, not only to the people of East Germany,but all the Soviet satellites. * * * * -LESS IRON HAND- "There developed throughout all the satel- lite countries a lessening of the iron hand- from Malenkov all the way down through the subordinates," he said. "This led the people to feel that perhaps now was the time to make a demonstration for greater privileges and freedoms. Whether Malenkov will now start an entirely opposite tack and attempt to recapture power by going back to the old Stalin strict, hard-boiled dictator methods is a question nobody can answer." With the Politburo tearing at the seams from internal trouble, the ex-secretary of state urged: "Now is the time we should go ahead with all our plans and programs with greater speed than at any time since Korea started. We all know Russia started her great armament build-up immediately after World War II just as we proceeded with our great armament tear-down. The result was that when the Korean War start- ed, Russia was three years ahead of us and up until now, has been gaining on us. "We now have an opportunity to lessen the gap. As the Korean war has progressed, we have had to divert to that area nearly Anyone interested in reviewing re- cently developed electronic computing instruments in the late fall please write: E. J. Bondy, 2111 Woodward, Detroit 1, Michigan. We will have two machines in a trailer laboratory designed for data reduction work: one machine is a plot- ter, and the other a trace reader. It a sufficient number of University person- nel are interested, we will arrange to have this display in Ann Arbor. Please contact us just as soon as possible. PERSONNEL INTERVIEWS A representative from The Mead Cor- poration of Chillicothe, Ohio, will be at the Bureau of Appointments on Thursday, August 13, from 1 to 5 p.m. to interview women graduates for the position of Assistant Plant Editor of their monthly magazine, and men grad- uates for their Sales Training Program. The Whitehall Pharmacal Co. in Lin- coln Park, Mich., will have an inter- viewer at the Statler Hotel in Detroit on Aug. 12, 13, and 14 to talk with men interested in a position as Sales- man for the company in Southeastern Michigan. PERSONNEL REQUESTS The U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office has a vacancy in its Division of Naviga- tional Science for a Nautical Scientist (Editing). Requirements include a, bachelor's degree with 24 semester hrs. in subjects related to the art and sci- ence of navigation or 4 yrs. experience in a field of physical science or a com- bination of education and experience. The Michigan Civil Service Commis-, sion has announced an examination for the position of Plant Industry Inspec- tor I. Graduates who have specialized in entomology, plant pathology, horti- culture, botany or forestry are eligible to apply. WTVB in Coldwater, Mich., is accept- ing applications from graduates who have majored in Radio for the following positions with the station: Continuity Writer, Salesmen, Salesman-Announc- er, International Harvester Co. of Detroit is looking for men graduates to fill job openings in Sales, Accounting, and Credit. For appointments, applications, and additional information about these and other openings, contact the Bureau of Appointments, 3528 Administration Bldg., Ext. 371. Teachers for Ankara, Turkey: Teach- ers are needed in the fields of mathe- matics, general science, biology, and physics for the High-School-Junior Col- lege, Ankara, Turkey. Instructions is in English. Interested persons contact the Bureau ofr Appointments. Room ,3528 Administration Building, extension 2614 for additional information. s L.ectures WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 12 Linguistic Luncheon Meeting. "Lan- guages and Categories of Thought." Alf Sommerfelt, Professor of Linguistics, University of Oslo. 12:10 p.m., diningj room, Michigan League. Popular arts in America. "The Pop- ular Arts in America." Gilbert Seldes, radio and television critic for the Sat- urday Review. 4:15 p.m., Auditorium A. Angel Hall. Lecture, Thursday. August 13. In- stitute for Mathematics Teachers: Op- tics, Photography, and Mathematics," Richard J. Wilson, Argus Cameras, Inc., 11:00 a.m., Room 130 Business Admin- istration Bldg. Lecture, Friday, August 14. Institute for Mathematics Teachers, "The Build- ing of Mathematical Concepts," Har- old P. Fawcett of Ohio State Univer- sity, 11:00 a.m., Room 130 Business Ad- ministration Bldg. Yhnterpretih9 the fleiwz4 'A .11. aty, Dgi g g iay, August i. Evening service will be resumed on Sep- tember 21. It will be closed for repairs from Au- gust 31 through September, 7; and on all Saturdays and Sundays, August 15 to September 20 inclusive. It will be open from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Monday through Friday except at the times noted above. The Divisional Libraries will be closed from August 15 through September 12, with the exception of Bureau of Gov- ernment, Engineering, East Engineer- ing, Hospital, Mathematics-Economics, Natural Science, Physics and Transpor- tation which will be open on short schedules. Information as to hours will be posted on the library doors or may be obtained by calling University Ex- tension 653. Requests for material from the closed libraries will be taken care of at the Circulation Desk in the Gen- eral Library. The University Musical Society will observe its Diamond Jubilee season by the inclusion of the following twenty- six major artists and organizations in its several concert series for the season of 1953-54: Roberta Peters, Metropolitan Opera Coloratura, Oct. 7 Guiomar Novaes, Brazilian Pianist, Oct. 12 BostonuSymphony Orchestra, Charles Munch, Conductor, Oct. 22 Virtuosi Di Roma, Fourteen Instru- mentalists, Nov. 2 Cleveland Orchestra, George Szell, Conductor, Nov. 8 De Paur Infantry Chorus, Leonard De Paur, Conductor, Nov. 24 Guard Republican Band of Paris, Francois-Julien Brun, Conductor, Nov. By J. M. ROBERTS, JR. Associated Press News Analyst THE UNITED STATES and the United Nations face a very serious prospect if initial reports of Chinese retention of war pris- oners turn out to be true. President Eisenhower and Sec- retary of State Dulles, by their in- tent scrutiny of the problem, in- dicate the evidence is piling up that the Reds are violating the truce agreement on release of pri- soners. It, is much too early to pass fin- al judgement, however. In the near-primitive conditions which exist in North Korea and in cer- tain functions of the Red armies, foulups in such an exchange op- eration would be bound to occur even with the greatest of goodwill. The Allies have a. precedent for doubting that such goodwill exists. It is obvious that the Reds detained hundreds of men who sh'ould have been exchang- ed with the sick and wounded long ago. Just why is not clear. It is possible they feared world reaction during the truce nego- tiations. Some of the men were victims of neglect, poor organization, lack of doctors and medicines. The haz- ards probably were not much dif- ferent from those run by the aver- age Red soldier. Some were the victims of direct brutality, another thing which is common within Far Eastern arm- ies. These facts are not stated as any sort of excuse for the Reds, even though international con- ventions merely require treat- ment of prisoners in conformity with treamtent given by the cap- tor to his own armies. They are stated as evidence of the neces- sity that the Allies be able to pinpoint any charges they make either on the subject of treat- ment or post-armistice deten- tion. But even if the record is made perfectly clear the Allies will face the dilemma of what to do about it. Dulles has suggested that one of 4,. ., those actually named by repatri- ates as having been left behind at, specific camps. Allied diplomats even then can argue themselves blue in the face without getting any satisfaction, jtt as they have about the German prisoners in Russia since World War II. What will the West be able to do then? It will be facing a great test, before the Oriental world, of its highly proclaimed regard for the individual. In the old days, in such a case, a rescue expedition would have been organized in short order. Re- member the Boxer rebellion, That sort of thing isn't done so much any more. But the possibil- ity the situation could lead to a real war with China has already found expression in semi-official circles. Mfr ;4 i Sixty-Third Year Edited and managed by students of the University of Michigan under the authority of the Board in Control of Student Publications. Editorial Staff Harland Britz.......... Managing Editor Dick Lewis ....,.........Sports Editor Becky Conrad............Night Editor Gayle -reene............Night Editor Pat Roelofs................ Night Editor Fran Sheldon..............Night Editor Business Staf Bob Miller............Business Manuger Dick Astrom. .Circulation Manager Dick Nyberg......... .Finance Manager Jessica Tanner... Advertising Associate Bob Kovacs ......Advertising Associate I L A4 I