r -iL.:l t 1 _ ..a1. - ..k. .. 1 -.~j.,'. 11t.1 . ) m -+'L.., . : J7 ' T 1950 _. _- -. _ . _ ._r , _s _ _ -. -__ _ -- _- - - -- - s a ~ . k % . THOMAS L. STOKES: Lobbyists--Il WASHINGTON-This is more of the story of one of the organizations surveyed by the House Select Committee to Investigate Lobbying Activities-the so-called Founda- tion of Economic Education-of the sort fi- nanced by big corporate interests that dis- tribute pamphlets and booklets by the hun- dreds of thousands with New Deal-Fair Deal objectives among their targets. The fact that they are not now regis- tered under 'the lobby law, with the result that the public is not informed of who is back of them, has raised the question as to whether they should be included when the law is revised. Correspondence submitted to the commit- tee by Leonard A. Read, energetic president of the Foundation for Economic Education, a blue-stocking, slick paper outfit, reveals a good deal about its purposes, among other ways through its contacts. Included is the National Association of Real Estate Boards, powerful in the real estate lobby here, which distributed 500,000 copies of the Foundation's pamphlet "roofs and ceilings" against fed- eral rent control. * * * DURINGTHE NEGOTIATIONS, Mr. Read, in a 'Dear Herb" letter to Herbert U. Nelson, chief factotum in this real estate or- ganiation, wrote, "There is one paragraph in this whole thing that worries me, as well as the rest of us here," referring to the pam- phlet. While objecting to rent control, the two authors-Milton Friedman and George J. Steigler-argued in the offending para- graph that what is fundamental is "long- term measures to reduce the inequality of income and wealth," saying, in part: "For those, like' us, who would like even more equality than there is at present, not alone for housing but for all production, it is surely better to attack directly existing in- equalities in income and wealth at their source than to ration each of the hundreds of services and commodities that compose our standard of living." Mr. Read asked the authors to delete that paragraph. They refused. So he fixed up an editor's note in the effort to take out the sting which said, among other . things, in explanation: "It means that, even from the standpoint of those who may put equality above justice and liberty, rent controls are 'the height of folly!" This footnote, he said, would appear in the pamphlet "and in your 500,000 copies." Then he concluded to Mr. Nelson: "This information is passed on to you now to take care of any criticisms should they be aimed at you. lJo one except a sharp, free enterpriser economist would catch the of- fending paragraph but, then, our works are supposed to be above criticism by a free en- terpriser." T HE FOUNDATION, which stresses "edu- cation," did come under criticism from another quarter, in fact by an educator, Dr. Royal Wilbur France, president of Rollins College. The files show a letter he wrote to Prof. Fred R. Fairchild of Yale saying he was "puzzled" that Dr. Fairchild was secretary and a trustee of the Foundation. "I have no special quarrels with the pur poses of the organization. and certainly con- cede its right to carry on propaganda in be- half of the beliefs of its members; but there is a wide difference between propaganda and education," Dr. France wrote to the distin- guished economist. "It is the use of the word education in the title of the organization that I am questioning." He suggested that the Foundation be made "a truly educational institution of the American people" by broadening it to have others of different viewpoint also give their views on each subject in the pamph- lets put out by the Foundation, so that th si Ie vwtold be covered ,0r. Fairchild, in' -o"i'erI reply,.did not see the validity of this suggestion and concluded that the Foundation was not interfering with "the fair field of argument" as those with dif- ferent views had available avenues through which to express them. One of the most active spirits in the Foundation, continually alert with sugges- tions, as the correspondence shows, is Char- les M. White, president of Republic Steel- "Dear Charley" to "Leonard." He revealed his proprietary interest in a letter to W. Tre- vor Holliday, president of Standard Oil of Ohio, saying "we are giving them $10,000 per year and I think they are doing the best job of its kind anywhere." he said, "this is not a Leonard Read individual undertaking, this is a great big organization which is growing and expanding and covering the country, with the best material available today. I think when you get more information from Leonard Read you are going to go in this thing on the same basis we are." Mr. Holliday's company contributed $2,000, the record shows. (Copyright 1950, by United Feature Syndicate, Inc.) Study in Black IT WOULD BE pleasant to be able to forget all about Joseph McCarthy, whom, un- fortunately, one has to call senator. But is is instructive to keep one ear cocked for his further utterances, because he so clearly exemplifies the American form of the "big lie" technique. + BOOKS + "Ain't It Terrible How We Lost Out In China?" INTERVIEW WITH INDIA. John Freder- ick Muehl. J ohn Day Co., New York, July, 1950. $3.50. 310 -pp. By MAUREEN L. P. PATTERSON IN AN AGE when we must courageously look for, and face clearly, the basic issues of any problem, daring no longer to be satis- fied with superficial judgments and to ac- quiesce in misunderstandings, it is truly heartening to find the complexity of prob- lems that is India, treated in the vigorous, outspoken and sympathetic manner of Mr. Muehl's "Interview with India." In this book, at the same time dexterous of style and fervently confident of mood, Mr. Muehl lays bare before our eyes the real India, as he found it in his remark- able six-month journey from village to village, sharing all the while the every- day lives of the unsung common people of the land. The author's course of "interview" began in northern Kathiawar, proceeded in a zig- zag fashion south thru Gujarat and Ma- harashtra to the dense Mysore forests; after struggling thru the tropical jungle he struck out west to the Kanara coast, sailed south to Calicut, thence back east to the State of Madras. For twenty-three hundred miles Mr. Muehl wandered according to a most in- formal plan, by whatever means of trans- portation were available - by foot, on horse or camel-back, by tedious bullock-cart. At every step he recorded the details of his conversations and observations, and from these on-the-spot notes the "Interview" was fashioned. Mr. Muehl's journey was confined to most of the length of the West coast and across the southern part of the peninsula, and, as such, the validity of an "interview with In- dia" may be questioned. What about the other discrete cultural areas of the North and East? How can one talk in terms of In- dia without touching upon Bengal, Pan- jab, and the whole Gangetic plain? True, in terms of material culture, literature, region- al temperment and history, this criticism would be justified. However, in terms of the basic conflicts and tensions stemming from the transitional political situation, from the post-war economic disequilibrium, and most of all from the fact that "the whole village society was old and tired and terribly sick," Mr. Muehl ably speaks for all India, from Kashmir to Cape Comorin, from Kathiawar to Assam. He undertook a tremendous task in trying to feel the pulse of India at one of the most critical and difficult moments in her long history, but in this task he has been eminently successful. In order to get across the fundamental political and social issues to the reader, and yet maiutain an essentially lively readability, the author has expertly handled a combination of narrative, dia- log, and expository material. Thus, as introduction, the significance of the inde- pendence movement and its realization are reviewed, and it is with this background, and in terms of the great variety of per- sons met and places visited, that Mr. Muehl analyzes what he found in the rural India of 1947-48. On August 15, 1947, India became free,- but divided. The British had left, leaving the essential parts of the empire behind- "all the component parts of the reactionary old order were intact, in perfect working order." Freedom had been won, and the In- dian National Congress assumed leadership of the Central Government. But in place of the promised sweeping reforms in land ten- ure, administration and the like; the im- mediate pressing problems of-communali vioq gen e,-of migration and rhabiitation in Panjab and Bengal, absorbed all the ener-. gies of the new government. Repercussions were felt throughot the urban areas of the country. Postponement of reforms was ex- plained in the cities on the basis of preoc- cupation with the results of partition. But the villages in the greater part of the country did not feel the insanity of the divided prov- inces. Independence came and went. "Swar-' aj"-self-rule-was meaningless. The same old conflicts persisted between high-caste Brahman and low-caste Shudra; between money-lender and laborer; between land- owner and cultivator; between prince and peasant. The inflexible caste structure of the villages, and the strangle hold of in- debtedness, both militated against any con- crete benefits for the villager from national independence.. As Mr. Muehl reports, while the now unwieldly, heterogeneous Congress is ab- sorbed in its new task of administration from above, attempting to maintain order at the cost of hoped-for reforms, all is not quiet in the villages. Various forces, bit- terly and actively critical of Congress, are, and have been for some time, at work. These mutually opposing forces, operating largely according to regional backgrounds and needs, are mainly three: the Hindu Mahasabha ("Greater Hindu Organiza- tion"), the Communist Party of India, and the Socialist Party.. While traveling thru Maharashtra, Mr. Muehl came across what htalls "_ - - +hp doctrine of Hindu-Muslim unity. Crying for recapture of the great Hindu past, with its traditions of holiness, duty, and its concern with the spirit, the Mahasabha and the R.S.S. use religion as a potent political wea- pon. Making India safe for Hinduism is the cry of this militant group. Deriving inspir- ation from the seventeenth- and eighteenth- century might of the Maratha empire which almost succeeded in ousting the foreign Muslims, the Mahasabha has easily built up a powerful and passionate following, both in the Maharashtra countryside, as well as throughout its towns and cities and those of the North and Bengal. In pointing out the real and potential dangers of such an or- ganization, crystallized in the assassination of Gandhiji, Mr. Muehl presents the reader with the stern realities of a fast-growing re- actionary force,tup to now little-known and appreciated in the West. The second force of increasing importance for the Indian village is that of the well- organized Communist Party of India. With its master minds in Bombay, the C.P.I. in recent years has extended its influence over large portions of rural India. This is par- ticularly true of South India, as we may readily realize upon reading Mr. Muehl's competent report and analysis of the Com- munist-controlled area he was venturous enough to penetrate. As the author. writes, the hammer and sickle chalked on rocks and temple walls in the vicinity of Madura was "not just a symbol of protest, but a genuine assertion of-Communist strength." From my our journey thru Travancore and Madras in 1948, I also can testify to the widespread and aggressive use of this sign. For Mr. Muehl, South India is "the arena where all the forces of history would be brought together, the spirit of tradition and the spirit of change appearing in their most dramatic and most violent contrast." South India is the center of orthodoxy and at the same time the center of rebellion; with the tensions of high- versus low-caste greatest here, it is the natural breeding-ground, and proving-ground, for the Communist Party of India. Even if the present dictatorship of the Brahmans and landlords were replaced by a dictatorship of the proletariat, the peasant masses would have nothing to lose, and everything to gain, in terms of a more dependable food supply. Mr. Muehl found that his own aversion to Communism in terms of loss of freedom and ignoring of the individual, was really meaningless as far as the impact of a collective government on the Indian cultivators was concerned. As he says, "The desire for freedom and for self- expression is probably much less basic than sheer physical hunger." Legislation from Delhi, or the state capi- tols, will not alone solve the village prob- lems; the major effort has to come from the villages themselves, and, as the C.P.I. has seen, basically the program has to be one of education. With a small, well- trained corps of leaders, the C.P.I. has been able to spread its message of hope thru the villages, and, as the author re- ports, this has been understandably suc- cessful. The Socialist Party, wavering in its loyal- ty to Nehru and Congress liberals, is also at- tempting to present solutions to the rural problems, but, apart from idealistic state- ments and resolutions, it has been unable to meet the practical needs of the villagers; where it is of any consequence Mr. Muehl found that it was, somewhat lamely, using the Communist Party, or being used by it, the latter being mor often tl*e vase w.s, Before conluding, and mA Ii fairi ess t those Indian -authors and publishers whose misprints, misspellings and minor factual inaccuracies are constantly pointed to by hawk-eyede Western critics, I fear it is necessary to indicate the presence of simi- lar shortcomings in this book. Misprints and misspellings are too frequent, as for example on p. 65 "impassible" for "impassable." As for factual inaccuracies, on p. 17 it is stated for example, that there are "six million vil- lages" in India, whereas six "lakhs" (600,- 090) would be more correct. Again, on p. 138 "the Mogul empire, in the tenth or elev- enth century to be exact," is hardly correct, for the Mughal (or Mogul) rule began in 1526 A.D. under Bahar. "Interview with India" is important for the essential humanity and sensitivity of its author. In reflecting the basic political and social conflicts in rural India, Mr. Muehl has done a great service to the cause of under- standing independent India. Although, of course, the author would not claim that lhis book is a definitive statement of the course of Indian society and politics, yet "Inter- view with India" serves to highlight the main trends in the new nation, especially as they impinge upon the life of the villager. Mr. Muehl found laughter and sadness, hope and deep despair in the men and women whose lives he shared for a brief moment. His sympathy is genuine and in- fectious. Perhaps my own four years in India, close to her people and appreciative "f +. .;- , - ,- 4 - ... ...... .1,x .,, _ . " , w w .. . ii ,'- tK \ t S C J : J fi / ; pr :; y . , :, L _.r tL--ti) L 3 N. 1 MAR .; INTERPRETING THE NEWS: Chinese Objectives By J. M. ROBERTS, JR. AP Foreign Affairs Analyst "THE MORE IT QHANGES. the more it is the same thing. Students of the various national foreign policies might well have the French saying posted over their desks. The continuity of British foreign policy has long been a byword. Germany's fight for "living space" for a heavily concentrated popu- lation has caused bitter wars and nearly as bitter arguments about "rights." For years it has been evident, though many were so confused by Communist red herrings that they failed to recognize it, that Soviet foreign policy is merely a continuation of that of the Czars; that Russian expansionism began in long-dimmed Constantinople as the capital of the East 500 years ago. The present American attitude toward tyranny is made inevitable by its very genes, by its independent location. And by the revolutionary tendencies that isolation has sponsored. Peoples act, as nation', ac- cording to where they live and the cultures on which their institu- tions are based. Ideology plays its part only as it fits into these situ- ations. WHICH BRINGS US around to today's point, and is itself brought up by Communist China, which has just announced its intention of "Marching into Tibet." In China, Communism is also pressing hard toward Burma,,Siam, Indochina, Malaya, Formosa and the Pescadores. Sinkiang, Mongolia, and Manchuria already are in the fold. All of which reminds that China is China, just as England, Germany, Russia and the United States go their natural ways re- gardless of socialism or conservatism, imperialism or fascism, Democrat or Republicans. Communism in China reaches for the same territory for 'which nationalism reached. That Russian Communism taker part of it, as in, Sinkiang, Mongolia, and Manchuria, and Chinese Communism' seelA another part, merely represents a division of objectives between tw_ parts of the same Asiatic force. * *e * * IN 1943 CHIANG KAI-SHEK wrote a-book outlining his aims for the future China. It created such a commotion in Western chanctlleries that he later suppressed it, but excerpts reached this country in 1944 and later the whole text. Chiang said China had to have Tibet. Sian, Malaya, Burma, Mongolia, Manchuria, Indochina, Formos and the Pescadores, which he described as inseparable from the natural China and "no area can become an independent unit." He was even going tb take Kowloon, Hong Kong's mainland bridgehead, back from the British.,i 1 Communism has accomplished part of Chiang's program, promises to fight for the rest. Ideology may spring from a nation's natural interests, as in American, or be tied to them like the tail of a kite, but in notional territorial aspirations it is geography, population pressures and some- times the naked search for power which direct the course. ,4,i *-~ ~'~- -~ ,k}ERg ocK.. O sfo -.NE N.qfNWGTaN P0.fT Cw Xettep4J TO THE EDITOR The Daily welcomes communications from its readers on matters of general interest, and will publish all letters which are signed by the writer and in good taste. Letters exceeding 300 words in length, defamatory or libelous letters, and letters which for any reason are not in good taste will be condensed edited or withheld from publication at the discretion of the editors. Molding Manuscripts.. . To the Editor: AIL RIGHT, you win. Enclosed is $1.75 for my subscription, so cease the postcards, please! And while I'm spending three cents for postage, I might as well put in my two-cents worth to make it an even nickel. Speaking of money, I have ob- served some scenes of construction on our fair campus of late. Any- time I see anything going up around here instead of burning down, I get all excited and opti- mistic. But I feel the construction and repairing is being generally misapplied and misplaced. I can't help but think: 1-That there are more import- ant buildings needed than a la- vish golf house recently construct- ed. 2-That the main library should be enlarged to a point of some sort of sufficiency. Given adequate fa- cilities, the folding manuscrips wouldn't have to be housed in a basement subject to such water seepage. The money now being spent to avert this molding mal- ady by ripping out the library fa- cade could be applied to positive construction of space and more space. 3-That had there been suffi- cient library facilities the invalu- able documents of the Bureau of Government library, in the late Haven Hall,awould still be in exis- tence, not a 'smouldering in the ground. For years. they had been pleading for different and better protection lest they should be cre- mated and crinkled away. Lo and behold, ye prophets of old. So, in face of inadequate li- brary facilities, molding manu- scripts, burning buildings, deplor- able theatre advantages, crowded office space for instructors, no lo- cation for the Student Legislature to functionproperly, et cetera ad infinitum, the University will go money-merrily on its way building golf club-houses; enlarging sta- diums; expanding that monoecious monstrosity of masculinity, the Union; repairing the Women's lea- gue so they can always proudly point to their creed and honestly believe that "Sanitation is a way of life;" appropriating immense sums for a radio station that is ba- sically ineffectual in an FM sort of way; squandering much needed space for plush parlors in the Kresge - looking Administration building for Regents and what- nots who meet rarely-but not rarely enough to be of much bene- fit to the University, on the whole; et cetera ad nauseam. So I would suggest to the proper University officials that they re- appraise the spatial situation and then apply their efforts and money measures to worthwhile building and repairing projects. Sometimes I think this isn't a perfect University, and that up- sets me; 'cause this is a great Uni- versity-potentially the greatest-- and whenever I see people and practices running contrary to the essential welfare and educational criteria for great universities, I get upset every time. So, 'til Mi- chigan soon becomes the finest University in the world . . . . and it will .... -Adele Hager DAILY OFFICIAL BULLETIN aion. in The Daily Official j ulel, I -uiqei ntaice ;tQ -ll mbers f e iveers iy. Notices fotheBulletin' should be seni in typewritten form to the Office of the Summer Session, Room 3510 Admin- istration Building, by 3:00 p.m. on the day preceding publication (11:00 a.m. Saturdays). WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 9, 1950 VOL. LX, No. 31-S Notices Recommendations for Depart- mental Honors: Teaching depart- ments wishing to recommend ten- tative August graduates from the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, and the School of Educa- tion for departmental honors should recommend such students in a letter to be sent to the Regis- trar's Office, Room 1513 Adminis- tration Building before August 24. Attention August Graduates: College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, School of Education, School of Music, School of Public Health: Students are advised not to re- quest grades of I or X in August. When such grades are absolutely imperative, the work must be made up in time to allow your instructor to report the make-up grade not later than 11 a.m., August 24. Grades received after that time may defer the student's graduation until a later date. Edward G. Groesbeck :teach in Japanese Universities for two years beginning April, 1951 Subjects: to be taught are English. ,language, literature, social sci- ences, natural sciences, physical sciences, education, music, and li- brary science. College graduate, preferably with Ph.D. degree, and teaching experience in an Ameri- can college or university. For fur- ther information please call at Bu- reau of Appointments, 3528 Ad- ministration Building. The Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway Company has an opening for a graduate civil engineer for which no}-practical experience is necessary. The Riley Stoker Corporation of Worcester, Massachusetts, makers of fuel burning and steam, genera- ting equipment, have a few open- ings for mechanical engineers for their sales training program. The Colgate - Palmolive - Peet Company has a few openings for chemical engineers for their In- dustrial Engineering Division. Ap- plication blanks may be picked up at the Bureau of Appointments. For further information about the above positions please call at the Bureau of Appointments, 3528 Administration Building. Lectures Linguistic Institute. "The Pho- nemic Structure of Japanese." Shiro Hattori, Tokyo University. 1 nnm Miehigan Union. aiim H. A. El-Abd, Electrical En-1 gineering; thesis: "Analyiss of Fuel Sprays by Electrical Meth- ods", Wednesday, August 9, 2511 East Engineering Bldg., at 2 p.m. Chairman, L. N. Holland. Doctoral Examination for Clara Marie Behringer, Speech; thesis: "A History of the Theatre in Ann Arbor, Michigan, from its begin- nings to 1904", Thursday, August 10, East Council Room, Rackham Bldg., at 1:30 p.m. Chairman, H. Z. Norton. Concerts Student Recital: Jose Bornn, pianist, will be heard at 8:30 p.m. Wednesday in the Rackham As- sembly Hall, in a program of works of Bach, Beethoven, and Ravel. A pupil of John Kollen, Mr. Bornn will present the recital in partial{ fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Music degree. Open to the general public. Student Recital: Mary Fowler Jones, Organist, will present a program at 4:15 p.m. Wednesday in Hill Auditorium, in partial ful- fillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Music degree. A pupil of Marilyn Mason, Miss Jones will play works by Bach, Dupre and Messiaen. Open to the general public, , . . String Quartet Slass, under the direction of Gilbert Ross and Paul Doktor,' will be heard at 4:15 Thursday, August 10, in the Rack- ham Assembly Hall: The program will include Haydn's Quartet in G minor, Op. 74, No. 3, played by Charlotte Saikowski and Shirley Sullivan, violinists, Kurt Schuster, violist, and Donald Carlson, cellist; Beethoven's Quartet in F minor, Op. 95, played by Alfred Boying- ton and James Vandersall, violin- ists, Emile Simonel, violist, and George Webber, cellist. The gener- al public is invited. Student Recital: Helen Maday McAlister, pianist, will be heard at 8:30 Thursday evening, August 10, in the Rackham Assembly Hall, presenting a program in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Music degree. A pu- pil of Joseph Brinkman, Mrs. Mc- Alister will play compositions by Bach, Chopin, Ravel, and Brahms. The recital will be open to the public. Student Recital: Emma Jo Bow- les, student of organ with Robert Noehren, will present a program at 8:30 Thursday evening, August 17, in Hill Auditorium, in partial ful- fillment of the requirements for the Master of Music degree. The recital was previously announced for Tuesday, August 15, but has heen changed to August 17. It will hibit, "The Coal Flora of Michi- gan." Exhibition ha~ls, "Jungle Arts, Crafts, and People." Law Library. Legal cartoons (basement, July 24-August 18). Michigan Wtorical Collections. 160 Rackham Building. "Tourists in Michigan-Yesterday and To- day. -Y Museum of Art. Oriental ceram- ics (June 26-August 15). Modern graphic art. (July 2-August 15). Clements Library. Michigan ar' ities. (August 1-18). Events Today Botanical Seminar: 7:30 p~m. Wednesday, Rm. 1139, Natural Sci- ence Bldg. F. D. H. Macdowall will speak on "Modern Concepts of Photosynthesis." All interested are invited to attend. Geometry Seminar: Wed., Aug ust 9, 3 p.m., Room 3001 Angell Hall. Dr. Leisenring will discuss "A Class of Colliniarities wlichlIn- clude the Pascal Theorum." Michigan Christian Fellowship: Bible Study, "Upper Room" Lane Hali; ,7;30 Irm. T'aplq :I TX1kesf,,j oanirdi al iapte t'e,.v esc 17, and chapter three. "The Great Adventure," last in the 1950 Summer Season cf Play: presented by the Department of Speech, will open at the Lydia Mendelssohn Theatre tonight and run through Saturday. The play is a comedy adapted by .Arnold Bennett from his novel, Buried Alive. Tickets for all performances are on sale at the MendelssohA box office, open daily from 10 a.m. until 8 p.m. Curtain at 8 p.pn. (Continued on Page 3) Am-r M-5 Fifty-Ninth Year Edited and managed by students of the University of Michigan under the authority of the Board in Cotrol of Student Publications. Editorial Staff Philip Dawson........Managing Editor