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Editorials
No One Arms For Peace.. .
The Seeds Of Struggle ...

Official Publication Of The Summer Session
VOL XLV No. 7 ANN ARBOR, MICHiGAN TUESDAY, JULY 7, 1936

PRICE 5 CENTS

Init ial Law
Talk Given
ByWlson
International Law Has Had
Greatest Development In
Twentieth Century .
4 Specific Periods
Of Growth Cited
Harvard Professor States
Treaties Do Not Make
International Law
By THOMAS H. KLEENE
After tracing the development of
international law since Russia called
the first Hague Peace Conference in
1898, Prof. George Grafton Wilson of
Harvard University last night de-
scribed its progress during the past
36 years as "greater than that of the
250 years preceding, in spite of the
World War and other hindrances."
Professor Wilson's speech on
"TwentiethCentury International
Law" opened the annual series of''
public lectures sponsored by the Car-
negie Endowment for International
Peace as a part of the program of
the Summer Session on Teaching In-
ternational Law.
The development of international
law of the twentieth century may be
divided into four specific periods, ac-
cording to Professor Wilson.
Rules Found Sound
He designated the years from 1899-
1914 as a period of conferences, in-
cluding the first and second Hague
Peace Conferences. The rules of in-
ternational law were "in general
found to be sound" during the period
of testing from 1914-1918, he stated.
"The period 1918-1920 was a period
during which there was an attempt
at xeajbi 'tation .. tle wvorld oni va
grand scale without regard to equit-
able qonsequences by persons in an
abnormal state of mind," Professor
Wilson said. "One article after an-
other of the Treaty of Versallies has
been set aside as impossible of ful-
fillment."
The main objective of interna-
tional law has now become security,
and since 1920 new plans have been
devised for its maintenance, he stat-
ed.
The years 1920-1936 were charac-
terized as a period during which
"many multilateral treaties, some out
of accord with international law,
have been entered upon by the states
of the world without establishing
confidence and security essential for
international relations."
Discusses Conference
In discussing the first Hague Peace
Conference, Professor Wilson point-
ed out that "the formal embodiment
of international law as previously ex-
isting and as hoped for received par-
ticular attention" after Russia as-
sembled that body.
The convention drawn up by this
first conference regarding establish-
ment of means for pacific settlement
of international disputes was her-
alded by Professor Wilson as "one of
the most important contributions to
the maintenance of the peace of the
world."
"Cases were immediately submitted
to arbitration under its provisions
and the commission of inquiry pro-
vided for in the convention made
possible the settlement of the critical
relations between Russia and Great
Britain in the Dogger Banks inci-

dent of Oct. 22, 1904," according to
Professor Wilson.
The first Hague Peace Conference
(Continued on Page 6)
Hospital Releases
Injured Fireman
DETROIT, July 6. - (P) -Floyd E.
Dennis, fireman of the Michigan Cen-
tral limited train which rammed a
freight near Wayne early Sunday,
was released today from the Wayne
general hospital and returned to his
home at Jackson, Mich.
Dennis jumped to the tender when
he said the collision was unavoid-
able, and was buried beneath seven
tons of coal and part of the wreck-
age. Blowtorches were used to re-
lease him.
Railroad officials said the cause of
theaccrident has not vet been deter-

Sunspots And Tree Rings Are
Aid To History, Shull Says

Ability To Determine Age
Of Structures Through
Tree Study Described
By JOSEPH S. MATTES
The correlation of data in three
apparently unrelated subjects, his-
tory, astronomy and forestry, to an
almost dramatic result was yesterday
related by Prof. A. Franklin Shull of
the zoology department in the fifth
lecture of the Summer Series. His
subject was "Trees, Sunspots and His-
tory."
How an astronomer, Dr. Andrew E.
Douglas of the University of Arizona,
who was interested in the relation
of sun-spot and weather cycles, in
the course of his investigations made
an important discovery in the science
of forestry, which in turn was to aid
historians and astronomers, was de-
scribed by Professor Shull to strik-
ingly illustrate the relation of all
human knowledge.
Dr. Douglas found that the varia-
tion in the thickness of tree rings,
one of which is added to a tree each
year, closely corresponded to the
variation of rainfall in that same re-
gion during a period of years, the
speaker said, and that by correlating
rings of growing trees with those in
timber contained in 'buildings, the
scientist could ascertain the year in
which the tree used in the building
was cut.
In efforts to prove his discovery,
Dr. Douglas calculated what the rain-
fall curve would be over a period of
years from studies of the thicknessts
of tree rings, Professor Shull said.
Then bycomparing thecalculated
rainfall curve with the actual rain-
fall curve, Dr. Douglas found them
very similar.
Dr. Douglas found that there were
severe droughts in 1379 and 1632,
,and in the period from 1573 to 1593,
by studying the thicknesses of the I
tree rings in southwestern United
States.
Since trees grow in the summer, the
rainfall year for the correlation of
tree-growths and rainfall is taken
froi November to November, Profes-
sor Shull said.}
The comparison of rings of grow-
ing trees and building timber, known
as "cross-dating," necessitated the
comparisons of trees of different ages
until a reliable record, which could
400 Guests See
Sport Program
At Open House
State, Local Champions
Give Demonstrations At
Intramural Building j
Mhe Intramural Sports Depart-
ment, under the direction of Prof.
A. A. James, held open house last
night in the Intramural Building to
more than 400 visitors.
The greatest attraction of the eve-
ning was the diving of Derland John-
son, Varsity diver for the past three
years and National Intercollegiate
Low Board Champion. Along with
this exhibition went instructions as
to how to make the various dives.
The extension swimming class, in-
cluding children as well as adults,
gave demonstrations in swimming.
Down in the squash courts, Ernest
Smith, runner-up in the Michigan
State Squash tournament fast year,
gave an exhibition during which
pointers on the game were given.
Badminton, a sport that is gain-
ing popularity with amazing speed,
was demonstrated by the various
champions, Margo Goodrich, wom-
en's singles, doubles and mixed
doubles champion, Chris Mack, men's
singles champion and a finalist in

both the doubles and mixed doubles
of Ann Arbor and Harry Kasabach,
University singles champion, and
Mrs. Paul Coursey. Mack paired with
Mrs. Coursey to defeat Miss Good-
rich and Kasabach, 15-11, 15-10, 15-
12. Members of the Ann Arbor Bad-
minton club also gave exhibitions.
W. J. Chanter and Paul Simpson
gave a tennis exhibition and Wilfred
Nelson demonstrated the game of
handball.
The aim in holding the open house,
according to Director James, is to
attract as many people to the ad-
vantages to be found there early in
the summer term so students will
spend their spare time the whole
summre and not the last few weeks

be used to establish the approximate
ages of buildings in the same regions
as the trees, could be made, Profes-
sor Shull explained.
"All trees have a definite pattern
of growth," the speaker said, "and
they generally agree if they are in
the same general regions." He ex-
plained, however, that trees are given
two classifications in regard to their
growth: complacent, such as the cot-
ton wood, which is affected little by
the variations in rainfall; and the re-
sponsive, such as the yellow pine,
which is affected greatly by the rain-
fall cycle.
Responsive trees, he said, are us-
ually found in dry regions and most
studies in this country have been
made in the southwestern states of
New Mexico and Arizona.
In these regions, Professor Shull .
continued, historians and archaeolo-
gists have found the remnants of
civilizations for which there are no
written records. To these remnants
the cross-dating process has been1
applied and in many cases historians
and archaeologists havegbeen found
to have estimated the age " of these
civilizations erroneously.
The oldest home of a dead civilza-
tion in the Southwest has been found
(Continued on Page 3)
Pollock Urges
Merit System
For ichiogan
Decries 'Spoils' Methods
In Speech Before Men's
Education Club
A strong plea for the establishment
of a civil service system in the State
of Michigan to replace the present.
"spoils system" in its public service
was made last night by Prof. James
K. Pollock of the political science de-
partment, chairman of the State Civil
Service Studies Commission, in an
address before the Men's Education
Club in the Union.
Professor Pollock pointed out in
his lecture that whereas 100 years
ago "we needed only two types of.
public servants, policemen and keep-
ers of records, we now have probably
over 1,000 different kinds of public
officials. Yet today we use the same
method of selection of the officials
as was employed in the days immed-
iately following upon the entry of
Michigan into the Union."
The present system of selecting
state public servants was termed by
Professor Pollock as a complete spoils
system. "Men are chosen for jobs,"
he said, "not because they know
something, but because they know
somebody."
This was stated to be a most serious
defect in the system by Professor Pol-
lock since he claimed that the hand-
ling of personnel is one of the most
important phases of governmental
activity. Professor Pollock then
quoted figures taken from a study of
state payrolls which showed that 65
per cent of the state's annual outlay
for maintenance of state institutions
goes to meet the salaries of state em-
ployes.
Professor Pollock gave as, an il-
lustration of how the spoils system
operates in this state, naming the in-
stance as typical of what might be
found in many states of the Union,
the case of the Southern Michigan
prison at Jackson. A recent inves-
tigation by the Governor of the con-
ditions at the prison led him to aban-
don the old method of appointing
guards and other employes merely for
reasons of political patronage, and to
order the establishment, of a merit
system for the choosing of applicants
at the prison.
According to Professor Pollock, the

merit system is being used to goodj
advantage at the present time in
Jackson, where 40 men chosen upon
the basis of examination from 400
applicants are now being trained to
fill positions at the prison.
Cadman' s Condition
Greatly Weakened
PLATTSBURGH, N. Y., July 6.-
(P)-Dr. Lyman Barton, Jr., who oper-
ated on Dr. S. Parkes Cadman, noted
radio preacher, tonight for a ruptured
appendix, said that peritonitis had
developed and further complicated
the illness of the 71-year-old Brook-
smn ern1rman

Probe LoomsI
In Ambulance
Servie Here
Local Sheriils OfficersT
Question gong Delay
In Answerig Call
Nine Are Injured
In Nearby Wreck
One Detroiter In Critical
Condition After Accident
Northeast Of Ann Arbor
An accident near Ann Arbor Sat-
urday night, in which nine Detroitersd
were injured, one perhaps critically, j n
will probably result in an investiga- L
tion into the local ambulance serv-a
ice by the County Board of Super-
visors at their next meeting.a
Sheriff's officers questioned the(
service when a 43-minute delay re-p
sulted in obtaining he second of two
ambulances called y them to the
scene of the wreckat North Terri-i
tornal and Webster Church roads
about nine miles northeast of AnnC
Arbor.
Blame for the delay was placed onl
County Auditor L. o. Cushing byb
Sheriff Jacob B. Andres. The sheriff
said that the "Red Top" ambulance
service refused to answer the callh
without Auditor Cushing's approvala
because a previous bill had not been
paid by the county.d
Skull Is Fractured,
Most severely injured was Mrs.
Reba Brower, 41 years old, 8367 Carr-
lin Ave., Detroit, who is suffering from
a possible skull fracture and shock.v
Although doctors at St. Joseph's
Mercy Hospital had nursed her
throgh two critical nights, at no
time, according to their reports, had
she shown any improvement, and last
night they still helt little hope for
her recovery.
Also in critical condition from
shock at the time of admission to the
hospital was Mrs. Ada Jones, 32, 9500
Savery, Detroit, whose injuries con-
sisted of a fracture of the right arm
and general contusions and lacera-
tions. Hospital authorities last night
reported her to be out of danger.
Others Suffer Injuries
Riding in Filanski's car were Mrs.
Jones and three of her children, Ar-
lene, 4, Helen, 8, and Marvin, 10, and
L M. Proxmore, 23, 9626 Martin-
dale, Detroit. Arlene Jones suffered
'a possible fracture of the left leg,
and cuts and bruises, Filanski had
possible rib fractures, and the other
occupants general contusions and la-
cerations.
In the Brower car, Margaret re-
ceived a fractured collarbone, and
Mr. Brower bruises and shock.
An ambulance operated by theY
Staffan Funeral Home was dis-
patched to the scene of the accidentt
immediately after the report reached
the sheriff's office, according to offi-
cers there, and when that ambulancet
reached the scene of the accident itc
was found that there were more in-
jured than could be accommodated
in the one vehicle.
Accordingly the sheriff's office
called the Red Top Cap Company,z
which also operates an ambulance1
Coontinuea on Page 6)
( P tT
Post Road 'TO

Open Here For
FoUE-Da Run
"Post Road," a mystery comedy by
Wilbur Daniel Steele and Norma
Mitchell, will be the third production
of the Michigan Repertory Players,
opening at 8:30 p.m. tomorrow for a
four-day run at the Lydia Mendel-
ssohn theatre.
The play enjoyed a very successful
run on Broadway last year with
Grace George in the leading role. The
plot deals with an old spinster, Emily
Madison, who accommodates as a
roomer in her home on the Boston
Post Road, a young girl taken ill while
touring, at the request of Dr. Spend-
er.
In a few hours the girl is an-
nounced as the mother of a baby,
but a week later Miss Madison real-
izes that the story was a hoax. and

Lefty Grove
To Start For
i
Junior CIrcuit1
National League Hopes Toa
Avert Fourth Consecutive s
Defeat In All Star Clash n
42,000 Fans Will s
See Game At Boston
Tommy Bridges Replaced S
By Vernon Kennedy, Star a
Of ChicagoWhite Sox
BOSTON, July 6.--(?) - Baseball's
dream game, nothing but a horrible
nightmare to the proud National
League since it began three years
ago, comes true again tomorrow with
the diamond's shooting stars clustered
about to wage a dramatic thriller be-
fore an anticipated sell-out throng of
2,000 at Boston National League
Park.
,Embarrassed, ridiculed and de-
feated in every one of the three prev-
ous all-star encounters, the National
League forces, headed by Charlie h
Grimm, of the championship Chicago s
Cubs and fortified with several hus-
tling freshmen, were in a belligerent 
mood as they awaited the call to I
battle at 12:30 p.m., Detroit time,.
"It may not be fair to say we a
haven't tried our best to win these
all-star games in the past," retorted e
Manager Grimm, "but I am confi- C
dent we're going to have something
sweet to dream about after this dream
game tomorrow night. This All-Star o
game started out to be an exhibi-
tion, but it's serious business nowa
with all of us. We're out to win and
we'll shoot the works all the way." N
Teams: American League All- 0
Stars, managed by Joe McCarthy
of New York Yankees, vs. Na-
tional League All-Stars, piloted n
by Charley Grimm of Chicagob
Cubs, in fourth annual game. p
Time and place: 12:30 p.m., d
(Eastern Standard), today at n
National League Park, home of f
Boston Bees, n
Weather: Generally fair andy
warm.
Attendance: Probably 42,000,o
capacity of park.C
Gate receipts: Probably $50,-E
000, with entire net "gate" goingV
to funds of Players' Nationala
Benevolt Association.n
Probable starting batteries:
Americans, Bob Grove, Boston,n
and Bill Dickey, New York; Na-
tionals, Jerome (Dizzy) Dean,
St. Louis, Gabby Hartnett and _
Curt Davis, Chicago.
Except for the information that
Vernon Kennedy, star young right
hander for the Chicago White Sox,
had replaced Tommy Bridges of De-
troit on his mound staff, McCarthy
sent no news to Boston where thee
fans were all excited and ready for
the big game. Illness forced Bridges
out.
The best prevailing guess was that
the Americrins would put this start-
ing line-up on the field: Appling, Chi-
cago, shortstop; Gehringer, Detroit,
second base; DiMaggio, New York,
right field; Gehrig, New York, first
base; Averill, Cleveland, center field;
Dickey, New York, catcher; Selkirk,E
New York, left field; Higgins, Phila-E
delphia, third base, and Lefty Grove,1
Boston, pitcher.
Gehringer and Higgins were almost,

sure to play the full game at their
respective positions with frequent'
substitutions at other points. Jimmy'
Foxx, home run king of the Red Sox
who played third base last year, will
alternate with Gehrig at 'first, and
Frank Crosetti, of the Yankees is set
to replace Appling.
Dainzig's Nazi Chief
Sl~eesOppositi on1
FREE CITY OF DANZIG, July 6.1
--(/P)--Danzig's Nazi state president
came home today from his startling
Geneva call-determined, apparently,
to exterminate all opposition.
Dr. Arthur Karl Greiser, who
thumbed his nose at Geneva news-
papermen, gave the League of Na-
tions council a snappy Nazi salute
and all but demanded the League get
out of Danzig, ordered Social Dem-
ocratic (opposition) newspapers
seized for printing a "derogatory"

Faculty Concert To
Be Given Tonight
Pr of. Wassily Besekirsky and Prof.
Joseph Binkman will give the open-
ng concert by the School of Music
aculty of the Summer Session at
:30 p.m. tonight.
The program will open with "Son-
ata, B-flat Major (K. 378)" by Mo
art, Allegro Moderato, Andantino
ostenuto, and rondo. The second
number will be "Poeme, Op. 25," by
Chausson, followed by "Sonata, Op.
7, (Kreutzer) by Beethoven, Adagio
5ostenuto, Presto, Andante con varia-
ioni, and Finale.
The last number will be Ravel's
Tzibane, (Rhapsodie de Concert) ."
The public, with the exception of
mall children is cordially invited to
ttend the concert. No admission
Nill be charged.]
Prof. Ehrmann
Talks On Rhine
Problem Todayt
Fo Lecture On 'Germany I
And The Rhineland' On
Weekly Series
Prof. Howard M. Ehrmann of the
history department will deliver the
econd in this week's series of spe- I
ial Summer Session lectures at 5
p.m. today in Natural Science Audi-
orium when he speaks on "Germany
and the Rhineland."
The speaker will place particular
mphasis on the eastward expansion
Af France and the French policy in '
he Rhineland previous to the World
War. He will also discuss the Treatry
)f Versailles and the Locarno PactsI
and their application in the disputed
area.
Attention will be devoted to the
March 7 crises in the Rhineland
which was caused by the German re-
)ccupation of the demilitarized zone.
Professor Ehrmann is recognized
as an authority on European inter-
national relations prior to the out-
break of the World War. During the;
present Summer Session, he is con-
ducting a lecture course in the diplo-
matic and political history of Europe
from 1904 to 1919 and a seminar in
recent European history covering the
years 1890 to 1914.
The other two remaining lectures
on this week's schedule are "The
Common Cold" by Dr. Nelson G.
Smillie of Harvard University on
Wednesday, and "Recent Advances
and Applications of Mental Measure-
ments" (Illustrated) by Prof. Edward
B. Greene of the psychology depart-
ment.
17 Rebel Jap
Leaders Are
To Be Killed
5 Others Are Given Life
TPerms For Participation
In BloodyFebruary Plot
TOKYO, July 7.-(Tuesday)-(P)-
Seventeen leaders of Japan's bloody
February coup were condemned to
speedy death today by a high military
court.
There is no appeal. Hence the sev-
enteen, two of them captains in the
emperor's proud army, probably will
be shot within a few days.
With the powerful war minister,
General Count Juichi Terauchi, pre-
siding, the court also handed down

sentences of life imprisonment for five
conspirators and ordered prison terms
ranging from 18 months to 15 years
for 44 non-commissioned officers and
eight civilians.
Sentences of 27 lesser offenders
were suspended.
The charges were murder, rebel
lion and diobedience to the commands
of the Emperor himself, and by the
punishment they meted out, the mil-
itary leaders of Japan disclosed the
strength of their will to stamp out the
cult of assassination and direct action
which has flourished among the
army's younger officers since the
Manchurian conquest of 1931.
Heading the list of those sentenced
to die for the bloody incidents in
which three elder statesmen were cu
down in their homes and Keisuke
Okada, then Premier, missed death by
minutes, was Captain Teruzo Ando
of the Third Infantry Regiment.
Ando, with Captain Shiro Nonaka

Bloodshed
Predicted
By J. Lewis
Leader Of Mine Workers
Warns Steel Industry Of
ImpendingStrife
Scores Capitalists'
Ruthless Methods
Promises Violence Will
Not Be Used By Labor
Organizers
WASHINGTON, July 6. - () -
John L. Lewis, president of the United
Mine Workers, predicted tonight that
the steel industry would "deliberately
provoke strife and bloodshed" in the
labor organization campaign now un-
derway.
In a radio speech made in con-
nection with the organizing campaign,
'Lewis said that the American Iron
and Steel Institute had given labor
an "open warning" in full-page news-
paper advertisements last week that
"the ruthless forces of the steel ol-
garchy-will be unloosed against" or-
ganizers.
"From bitter experience we know
what this means," he added.
Meetings To Be Disrupted
"It means that meetings of steel
employees will be disrupted by thugs
and hoodlums employed by the steel
corporations; that the organizers
themselves will be brutally beaten;
that the police and judicial author-
ities of steel manufacturing commu-
nities, who are designated and dom-
inated by the steel companies, who
are used to arrest labor union or-
ganizers, to imprison them on false
charges, to maltreat them cruelly
while imprisoned, and in many cases
forcibly to drive them from the com-
munity.
To Pursue Policy Relentlessly
"In this connection I wish to add
with all the earnestness at my com-
mand that, if any strike, violence or
bloodshed occurs as a result of the
present effort of our committee to
organize the steel workers, it will not
arise from our organizers or their
activities.
"We shall pursue our purpose re-
lentlessly but legally and peacefully.
"We shall also bring to justice any-
one in the steel industry who is guilty
of lawlessness.
Refers To Capitalists
"This does not mean merely the
subordinate officials of the steel cor-
porations, their armed guards, or
other hirelings or mercenaries. It
means that we shall hold to account-
ability those who are really respon-
sible-bankers, directors and officials
of the steel corporations-those who
really formulate policies and methods
-from J. P. Morgan and company
which controls the United States
Corporation down through other
bankers, directors and officials of less
powerful but important steel corpora-
tions, to the lowest member of the
hierarchy."
More Developments Arise
Other developments in the cam-
paign:
Pittsburgh-Vincent Sweeney, rep-
resentative of the Steel Workers' Or-
ganizing Committee, said a "tenta-
tive" agreement had been reached
with officials of the Wheeling Steel
Corporation to settle the strike at its
Portsmouth, O., plant.

Gov. Fitzgerald
Continues Ypsi
Hospital Plans
LANSING, July 6. - ()- Gover-
nor Frank D. Fitzgerald went ahead
today with his plan to build a $1,000,-
000 addition to the State Hospital at
Ypsilanti and provide beds for 1,000
additional mental inmates.
e The governor conferred with
George R. Thompson, state budget di-
rector, and directed him to authorize
n the, architects to proceed with de-
t tailed drawings on which bids will be
e submitted. Governor Fitzgerald esti-
Y mated construction would be started
, in September and completed in the
spring.
All of the $1,000,000 will be expend-