«. THE MICHIGAN DAILY Marine Disputes A ppear Again in World Affairs FORMER BOY SCOUTS: APO's Services Cover Wide Territ nest id' W)-The State e asked again provg an ambi- iding program University. ver, the previ- >gram will be years and costs cent higher. money during session to get posed five-year to cost $103,- s reJected the '.r By SUSAN HOLTZER I of Agriculture o resubmit the e State Budget ion provides the s for Governor They used to wear an eagle and fleur-de-lis. Now they wear a black armband initialed with a white "APO." The former is the emblem of the Boy Scouts of America; the latter, the identification of Alpha Phi Omega, the National Service Fraternity. Performs Many Duties- APO originated on the campus of Lafayette College in 1925, as an outgrowth of the Boy Scouts. Be- cause of their affiliation with the organization, an APO member must at onetime have been a registered member of the parent group. Outside of that one stringent qualification, the fraternity itself is a rather nebulous organization, consisting of an indeterminate number of members at any given time, chartered ons this campus sometime in the 1930's, and per- forming any particular sdrvice it happens. to think of at any parti- cular time. Registration Work APO ,like Topsy, seems to have "jest growed." Its members have' no clear idea as to just how they have come to take over the various progranjs they now run. Whether suggestions were put forth by the University, or whether they volun- teered, no one quite knows. Be that as it may, the fraternity now manages to involve itself with a phenomenal number of 'affairs and programs, .having become somewhat hydra-like in its make- up. Perhaps their most valuable "head" is the one that concerns itself with registratic Besides administering smelling salts to overcome freshmen, APO a l s o operates the Lost and Found booth, and members act as sort of roving information agencies. Poster Service Smaller but sturdy heads include the poster service that they oper- ate for the benefit of any dampus Rv JOT.HN f' IJUEW organization that wishes to itself of this service, a grea of mimeographing, dittoing dressographing, and the like extensive chariyt work, pa larly for the Boy Scouts. At present, the fraterni preparing for its current' meeting. This will be held on day, Sept. 24, at 7:30 p.m. in z 3-R and -S of the Union, a open to all who wish to atter ms, who in turn '"'""""^ ^^~~~ mmendations to The age-old question of freedom of the seas is again raising Its head opriation in contemporary international pol- will be asked to itics. 8,800 during the Two actions within the last year r for. a start on have brought the problem into wilding ' program diplomatic focus once more. In the eriod. first and better-known of these, ed that building Israel and the Arab nations are increased eight disputing the former's right to use year to account the Aqaba Gulf. In the second, al. Russia recently announced that A . Hannah re- Vladivostok Bay would be closed, a.d that le had to foreign ships in the future. from George S. Israel claims the gulf is an r of the State international w a t e r w a y, Arab >riculture, asking states bordering on the gulf, Egypt willing, torlease and Saudi Arabia, have declared the campus asa that it is within their jurisdiction, ng to house the that' Israeli use would violate Arab datmeth territorial waters. ' Stare Vladivostok Closure became that territorial seas, could have no basis in theory unless a state could control them in fact. The Hibernian powers were clearly unable to control three oceans, and Great Britain, the Netherlands and other states went ahead with expansion and trade. This rather Machiavellian pro- cess provided the basis for the present. doctrine of "freedom of the seas for all." Subsequent cen- turies saw the modification of that basis into a principle of interna- tional law so important that the United States in 1812 went to war,. over it. Control. Extends Three natuical miles (about three. and one-half statute miles) was the commonly a c c e p t e d boundary in those days. Now, with super-weapons, direct control of the seas can easily be extended well past the "three-mile limit." The United States has been one of the major powers upholding the three-mile concept. But President Harry S. Truman's 1945 claim of tthe continental shelf areas as American territory violated this rule, and started a wave of similar shelf-area claims, particularly in Latin America. Fishing rights also complicate the picture. Particularly in the Scandinavian area, where fishing is often the major livelihood of a nation, states have claimed fish- ing jurisdiction as far as their fishing vessels could go. This las been a constant sore spot between the Soviet Union and Norway. President Truman's act and the subsequent Tidelands Oil dispute brought home to many people the fact that immense natural re- sources exist in submerged waters.' This is one of the causes of fric- tion in the Middle East. International agreements re-a specting continental shelft rights are in force in some areas,.but oil companies, unwilling to risk capi- tal where no recognized interna- tional law prevails, are seeking to establish a group of precedents. These companies are basing mush of their hope on. the forth- coming conference next spring. If any sort of agreement can be arrived at, it will provide assur- ances to the companies. If not, development of a strategic re- source of the Middle East-r-oil- may be seriously hampered. Tonight 'at 8:00 Color ROBERT TAYLOR ELIZABETH TAYLOR JOAN FONTAINE ARCHITECTURE AUDITORI UM 5Qe A RVAMW lqww I so A o it the was s add endation ek more Ban 1ave ',I (Conitiued from Page 1) out any charges. The group, ommented, had no idea what "had to do to return to full i with the national when its would again come up at the onvention. rker expressed the belief that S"was nothing sneaky" in the they had pledged the fellow; was a freshman. We kept the d Lodge completely informed ow things were going, during hree week rushing period last h. tiough he also disliked the ner in which the man was said we been pledged, Epker said roup voted to keep the Am- t local, "because we felt we not want to lose them as a ter." pile "to my knowledge,'" the erst pledge would have be- the first Negro in the fra- .ty, had the convention not , Epker said, the University has had Chinese, Indian and h members. ' e should pledge a Negro, n't feel we would -be sus- ed." te last fall the Administration inherst college had asked all aternities whether thgir pol-' were in keeping with an Am- ruling prohibiting discrimin- in membershij bec. .e of color or creed. eta Xi had answered that was a conflict between its fraternity's policies and the erst regulation. - Moscow's statement on Vladi- vostok Bay has created conster- nation among other nations, par- ticularly Great Britain and Japan. The Bay forms part of the Japan Sea, and it closing cuts off a large part of that sea. Both the British and the Japanese have declared Russia's action to be aviolation of international law and encroach- ment upon open water. These two disputes have once more raised the question of just what constitutes open water. A United Nations commission has been working for more than six years in an effort to develop a' working basis for discussions of maritime disputes. Conference, Scheduled Twelve miles was recommended by this commission as a maximum figure for territorial sea limits. It also suggested that an interna- tional conference be held to fix a definite figure. A conference has been scheduled for next spring in either Rome or Geneva, but its prospects for reaching any worthwhile agree- ment are not good. The problem which delegates will attempt to solve has a history reaching back at least five 'centuries, to the days when Portuguese, navigators first ventured forth on unknown seas and claimed them for Portugal in the name of Prince Henry the Navigator. Historically, the principle of freedom of the seas is relatively new. It dates only from the 17th and 18th centuries, and is largely an outgrowth of the desires and efforts of Northern European states to gain territory in the newly-discovered c o n t i n e n t s. Spanish and Portuguese claims to proprietorship of the Atlantic, Pa- ,cific, and Indian Oceans stood in the way of these states. The principle of the agressors Senifor VPhotos All senior picture appointments must be made before Wednesday, Oct. 9, according to the 'Ensian staff. , Seniors may sign' up for ap- pointments with the 'Ensian Staff at. the Student Publications Build- ing, 420 Maynard, from 3:00 to 5:00 daily. If appointments are broken witliout giving notice, the $2.00 fee will be forfeited. MEMBERSHIP MIXER -I on your ME 'MNEY'ACCES 3R- SunaSp.22 7-10 P.M. DANCING, REFRESHMENTS HILLEL I 7 EXTRA STRONG *RECORD RACKS 50 (RIGHT) $995 '(LEFt) ;, ENTERTAINMENT I B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation 1429 Hill Street 16 You'll love through every moment with .Kfr LARGEST SELECTION OF GREETING CARDS on .the Campus one French Riviera chester robert gfts aloer ~. jjpNew York ! P awSO SPINwP~h 312 South State Street S, uu u E ihtifU r1 6 m .. -,.,, ..... ... .r *~~b as-..zop ed-winaill kAj wry DIAL NO 8-6416 IT 2nd Triumphant Week! TODAY! DIAL NO 2-3136 VISIT TROPICAL PARADISES .. 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