t ;t st Pege Four THE MlCH GAN DAILY.MAGAZINEi Sunday, May 4, 1958 Nuclear War and the Future Kissinger Has Outlined the Problems the United States Must Resolve .I THE MICHIGAN DAILY MAGAZINE I THE MICHIGAN DAILY MAGAZINE Students' Dett oerca Provid s Insih o rierCa By LANE VANDERSLICE EDGAR ALLEN POE could not have foreseen the strategic position of the United States in 1958. But his story "The Pit and the Pendulum" is strangely anal- ogous to the present United States situation in international affairs. The story concerns a man im- prisoned in a cell. He faces unex- pected challenges - a pendulum, slowly slicing down from the ceil- ing, red hot iron bars, that force him to the center of the cell. There the worst fate of all awaits him-- the pit, an indescribable horror.- The United States, in turn, faces the relentless increase of nuclear technology, the constant pressures of the Soviet bloc, and the inde- scribable horror of atomic war. The analogy doesn't carry much further but there may be one more similarity. The man was saved be- cause he had strength and was willing to use it. The United States has strength: if it is willing to use It in international relations, will its position improve? HENRY KISSINGER is a man who is willing to answer yes. His position: Russia is constantly taking advantage of United States' unwillingness to unleash massive retaliation in answer to ambigu- ously presented Soviet threats. To stop Russia from making gains, he urges, develop methods of graduated deterrence-in other words, suit the firefighting equip- ment to the fire. Kissinger's "yes" has been turn- ed into a book, "Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy." It gained him both national eminence and a place on the best seller lists. How- ever Kissinger wryly admits "Nu- clear Weapons and Foreign Policy" may be the least read best seller since "Toynbee." Kissinger brought the University political science department out in force for his speech in Ann Arbor last month, "Military Power and Defense Strategy." As is the fate of a successful author Kissin- ger only repeated with variations, the themes of "Nuclear Weapons." For Kissinger, the main problem is formulating a strategic doctrine that will enable the United States to face all the dangers of the cold war-both physical and psychol- ogical. Kissinger is by no means the only person outside of the State Department concerned with the strategic problems of the United States. In fact, recent years have seen an increasing number of young faculty members-like Kis- singer himself-of many univer- sities become interested in United States strategic policy. They, perhaps more than any other group, are providing the im- petus for critical examination of United States foreign policy. They, perhaps more than any other group, are providing the fresht ideas from which any new United States policy must come. AS A MEMBER of this informal group, Kissinger cannot be1 credited with the origination of all the ideas expressed in his book. But' he can be credited, and has been by many experts, with the ,'best book on the biggest current problem - the effect of nuclear weapons on foreign policy. ' It takes the form of formulatingI a policy of "graduated deterrence,"l in the jargon of political scientists. "Bringing our power into balancet with the issues for which we are most likely to contend" is the way he put it in one of the half dozenF or so times he mentioned the idea1 during his Ann Arbor stay or oner of the dozen times he says it dur- ing the course of his book. - The doctrine of "massive retalia- Lane Vanderslice, a mem- I ber of the Daily editorial staff, reportedMr. Kissinger's visitI tion" has created difficulties in many different, important fields. One of the most currently press- ing of these fields is that of the armed services. Kissinger sees the inter-service dispute as a dispute over control of nuclear weapons and the weapons systems that ac- company them. Are missiles anal- ogous to artillery because they are fired like shells, or to aerial war- fare because they fly through the air? Who controls atomic bombs? and what size shall they be? Kis- singer points out that nuclear. weapons and weapons systems have obliterated the traditional boundries among the services. HER are several important- and disheartening -- conse- quences to be drawn from this. In the first place, it puts the services in the position of the automotive scores the United States propa- ganda effort. "There is no need to reply, to every Soviet note until there are more concrete pro- posals," Kissinger points out, say- ing that he would deluge them with ,concrete proposals of our own. He says too that the United States should also have positive values for which to contend, and not . be satisfied with the merely negative aims of containment. Kissinger says that United States policy "clearly" falls down' in its alliance system. He takes NATO as a case in point. Kissinger distinguishes two basic types of response by NATO nations toward our policy of "massive retaliation." The one type of response, which Britain has adopted as its policy, leads to building up a strategic air command. This does not add much to the deterrent power of the free world, but is a somewhat natural result of the emphasis on strategic striking power. THE OTHER, a equally natural result, is one France and other nations have subscribed to, in greater or lesser degree. The end result is little contribution to the NATO defense effort in Europe. The rationale goes like this. The United States Strategic Air Com- mand is the only effective deter- rence the free world has. Only the United States can set it in action. The United States will be more inclined to set it in action to defend Europe if the troops attacked in Europe were American. Therefore fewer foreign troops. These are some of the problems as Kissinger sees them. What are his answers? It would not be much of an injustice to Kissinger to ex- press his position in two words: "Be tough - minded." From this stems his interest in doctrine (which he insists is only a first step, in answer to critics who say he puts too much stress on doc- trine) and especially that of limit- ed nuclear war. WITH the smaller nations this toughmindedness should take the form of leadership, instead of trying attempts to build popu- larity. Kissinger argues that neu- trals "will not surrender their non- alignment" but may be willing to follow the United States in pur- suit of common interests. "In the uncommitted nations, popularity may be less important than re- spect," as he puts it. He points out that it is to the advantage of the United States to be insistent on its own position if nleutrals are going to balance half- way between the American's posi- tion and the Soviet's. But eventually, any concept of graduated deterrence must depend on an adequate policy of fighting a limited war. This is so because it would be foolhardy in most cases -especially a limited nuclear war -to fight a limited war without knowing if wars can be limited. Does Kissinger think that any- one has developed a practical policy of nuclear war today? "No, including myself," Kissin- ger says. His criticism of his own policy: "too mechanical." A GROUP of University foreign students spent a weekend in Detroit's Negro community last month. They found it "interesting," even "inspir- ing": "the type of thing every student ought to have the opportunity to do." The 21 from foreign countries and two from the United States were the guests of the Second Baptist Church, which was observing its 122nd anniversary. A second Negro church, Christ Baptist, also located families for the students to live with and invited them to its service. During an afternoon the students toured Negro businesses in metropolitan Detroit, traveling in buses loaned for the occasion by a white church., They visited a radio station, a newspaper, two fu- neral homes and a housing project. THE STUDENTS ate dinner and spent the night in the homes to which they had been assigned. They noted a certain "American" quality of frank- ness and generosity which they were surprised to find predominate over feelings of being members of a minority. The students attended church with the host families, including Bible classes and services. Some found the service quite like other Protestant services they had seen, others noted an "emotionalism" in the service which they said they liked. After church the students and their hosts ate dinner together at a large Chinese resaurant, fol- lowing which the bus returned to Ann Arbor. But according to many, the effect of the weekend was much more lasting. --Thomas Turner BRITISHER dent David B the Second B MEETS NEGRO STUDENTS-Amber Van of the sponsoring Protestant:Foundation for International Students talks with children who live in the housing development the group visited recently. COFFEE TOGETHER-University student Mrs. Tamako Tobe chats with the director of Christian Education of the Second Bap- tist Church. The students commented afterward they felt their hosts had a certain "American" attitude which they liked. CHRONICLE Negro newspa paper's opera: RELAXING IN HOME-A University student stretches out in an easy chair in his hosts' home and watches television after a hard day of touring finished off with a home-cooked meal. MISSILES - ICBM's will add less to our strategic power than the Soviets, Kissinger says, be- cause our present weapons sys- tem is more adequate than the Soviets. big three, each competing for their share of the budget dollar with bigger and better weapons and concepts for defense. Thus the Navy, for example, has played up its big carrier program and played down its less glamorous sister - anti-submarine warfare. - And the interservice squabbling has tended to reinforce the other disadvantages. Each service, ac- cording to Kissinger has become parochial in its outlook, tending to stress only what will benefit that service This, especially since the Joint Chiefs of Staff are directly involved in the controversy, often leaves no one for overall military planning. The other main disadvantage of the doctrine of "massive retalia- tion" is that the United States has tended to conceive of diplomacy and force as separate, which has had two serious effects. It has made our force useless, because we are unwilling to unlease it.-It also makes our diplomacy useless, be- cause the Russians respect diplo- macy only when there is force be-, hin'd it-a point that Kissinger very clearly makes and documents in "Nuclear Weapons and Foreign THERE is no arguing that if nuclear' wars could not be. fought, it would pull the rug most of the way out from under Kis- singer's theory of strength. It would not eliriinate taking a stronger attitude toward the So- viets, it would just vastly increase the danger in doing so. Kissinger feels that the Depart- ment of Defense could do what he has not been able to do. "I'm no military expert," Kissinger says. "I'm concerned with devel- oping defense strategy only so far as it pertains to international re- lations." So, in a very real sense, the issue is unresolved. But Kissinger has taken steps toward resolution by narrowing the question from HOST MINISTER-Rev. A. A. Banks, Jr., of Second Baptist Church was observing his 11th anniversary at the church con- FREE NEWSPAPERS--Visiting the offices of t the students were given copies of the paper. T]