FRIDAY, OCTOBER 7, 1955 T'HE MICHIGAN DAILY PAGE a FRIDAY, OCTOBER 7,1955 THE MICHIGAN DAILY SEVEN MEN AND A WOMAN: Planners of New Japan Proud of Expe By ROBERT EUNSON TOKYO (JP)-Ten years ago sev- en men and a woman drafted a dramatic experiment in democra- cy-a sweeping program to re- shape the government of Japan. Today, those eight Americans are still proud of their work. Searched out by Associated Press correspondents throughout the world, all talked freely of the historic roles they played while in key posts of the American occu- pation. And all in effect agreed: "We laid a foundation for free- dom-but a flexible one. Those things found unworkable after a decade of trial should be replaced." Such is the view of Charles Kades, Milo E. Rowell, Maj. Gen. Charles A. Willoughby, Lt. Col. Jack Napier, Theodore S. Cohen, Wolf Ladejinsky, Miss Helen Haf- fernan, and Dr. William K. Bunce. Shaping Democracy In the fields of government, la- bor, land reform, education and religion, they are credited with giving the shattered military fas- cist state of Japan the shape and formof a democracy. The experiment began in the fateful months after Aug. 14, 1945 when the Japanese laid down their arms. Kades, now a Wall Street at- torney, and Rowell, a Fresno, Calif., lawyer, were in the gov- Suernment section of the oc- cupation's Supreme Command and helped develop the new Japanese constitution. Peaceful Government "I envisaged Japan as a nation, ,. with a peaceful government," Kades said, "as being friendly to the United States and taking its place among the nations as a bas- tion of democracy in Asia." He said he encountered only one big obstacle in seeking this goal-"the inertia of the Japan- ese Constitutional Investigative Committee." "It was very slow in accepting any move to shift sovereignty to the Japanese people," he said. Rowell said the committee sub- Read and Use Daily Classifieds mitted several drafts of a pro- posed constitution, but all were rejected. There have been charges from some quarters that the Americans wound up writing the constitution themselves. Rowell denies the charges but says: Speed Process "To speed the process . . . we wrote a lengthy memorandum de- tailing all the provisions we thought essential . . . many per- sons believe this ... was the con- stitution. "Ultimately the Japanese sub- mitted a constitution based on the memorandum which, with sub- stantial changes by the Allied powers, met with our approval." Other sources, including many Japanese, contend that such a pro- cess amounted to dictation of the constitution. Mark Gayn, in his book "Japan Diary," says Gen. Douglas MacArthur, the occupa- tion commander, ordered retention of the Emperor, ousting of the peerage, and inclusion in the con- stitution of the controversial clauses renouncing war and arma- ments. Willoughby Chief Gen. Willoughby was then Mac- Arthur's chief of staff. In retro- spect some have said he left the impression of trying to foster a conservative government, while the government section was seek- ing "a middle of the road" lead- ership. But Willoughby, when inter- viewed, maintained he "tried to follow policy laid down by Mac- Arthur's headquarters, although he personally favored a "conser- vative, capitalistic government." "I have never had occasion to question my beliefs in this de- partment," he stated. Now at Pentagon Pentagon, Washington, headed the occupation's purge program that swept many Japanese from public life, including the present Prime Minister, Ichiro Hatoyama. "I believe it was done in the best way possible," he says now. ". . . none of the more punitive things, such as seizure of lands and personal belongings, were put into effect." Napier said it was never intend- ed the removals should be perm- anent. Former Chief Cohen, now associated with a Canadian purchasing firm in Ja- pan, is the former civilian chief of the Supreme Command's Labor section. It was under his direction that the labor relations adjustment law, giving Japanese unions many of their present rights, was draft- ed. "My major effort was .. . to set up a . . . system under which workers could obtain and protect a reasonable stake in their na- tion's economy, so they would not in desperation fall for totalitar- ian adventures-rightist or Com- munist," Cohen said. Ladejinsky, currently with the Federal Operations Administra- tion in Indochina, is credited with fathering the most successful of the American-sponsored reforms- the redistribution of farm land. Ripe For Change He feels Japan was ripe for the change and that it couldn't have been carried out in the 11,000 af- fected villages if the thousands of Japanese volunteers who partici- pated hadn't wanted it. "A tenant farmer paid roughly 50 per cent of his crop in rent," Ladejinsky said. "He had to pay for fertilizer and other things .. . It is fairly obvious he was not get- ting more than 25 to 30 per cent of his crop. "Consequently the Japanese vil- lage was full of unrest. Under in- fluence of Communist propaganda there could have been a very ser- ious political situation." He said he feels rural Japan is now "fairly prosperous and fairly contented," with the influence of Communists nil. Ninety per cent of the land is now owned by the farmers who work it. In the school reform program, Miss Heffernan, present chief of the Elementary Education Divi- sion, California State Department of Education, served 14 months with the occupation in Tokyo. She said her first objective was to eliminate propaganda from textbooks. riment centralize "the rigid and total na- tional control of schools, central- ized in the Ministry of Education." She tried to increase responsibili- ty in the prefectures, which cor- respond roughly to American states. Miss Heffernan emphasized that most of the work was carried on through groups of Japanese edu- cators without force. Dr. Bunce, now with the U.S. Information Service, w a s in charge of the culture and religion section of the occupation's Su- preme Command. He was direct- ed to sever the nationalistic Shin- toist religion from the state. "The principal reason was . . Japanese militarists utilized Shin- to as a tool for rallying the people . . . for aggression," he said. An occupation directive placed Shinto in the same position as any other religion and destroyed the concept of the Emperor's divinity. All eight of the reformers spoke highly of the Japanese people. Napier was perhaps the most spe- cific. "I confidently expect ... Japan will attain a place of great im- portance in the world economy," he said. "The Japanese people have the capacity and ability to do so." University B i ~~ i 1. : DAILY OFFICIAL BULLETI Deg 4t iNCW (Continued from Page 4) vised operating procedures ror the In- Crlterviewing and Nominating Committee, including the establishment of inter- viewing teams. Appointments: Ronald Shorr, Pub- Cooperation in the field of na- licity Chairman of Cinema Guild Board; tural resources marks a new pro- Todd Lief to the Finance Committee; gram between the University and Tom Sawyer, Bob Leacock to the Marietta College in Marietta, Ohio. Reg Nutive Committee of thAssociation The cooperative arrangement, SGC Election: Tom Cleveland, Elections approved at its last meeting by Director, Hank Berliner and Donna1 the Board of Regents, allows Mar- Netzer, Count Directors; Jean Scruggs, the Personal Chairman. Phil Berry, Todd ietta students to work toward a Lief, Joe Collins will serve as resource professional degree in the School people. of Natural Resources after hav- Petitioning opened for S.. Oct. 12, closed Oct. 26. ng complete te yars o p- Election rules governing eligibility of natural resources training on the candidates: Ohio campus. (1) incumbents running for reelection At the end of the first year in 350 signatures to petitons, o secure Ann Arbor the student receives (2) each candidate will be asked for a Bachelor of Arts degree from evidence that he will be able to fulfill' Marietta, and after the second the entire one year term. year a Bachelors or Masters de- (3) active campaigning is prohibited before November 1. gree in a specific curriculum. (4) each candidate is required to Professional degrees are offer- circulate his petition himself. ed in Conservation, Fisheries, For- Joint sponsorship with International estery, Wildlife Management and Student Association of United Nations Wood Technology. Week, Oct. 16-24. Wood echnoogy'Recommendation for reconsideration Similar programs are now in of the approval for the November18 effect with Albion College, Val- Pep Rally under sponsorship of the paraiso College, Principia College, Wolverine Club -- a report to be sub- Northland College, Central Michi- mitted at the meeting of Oct. 12. gan College of Education, Grand Incorporated World University Serv- gan ollee o Eduatin, Gandice as a subcommittee of the Human Rapids Junior College and the and International Welfare Committee. University of Wisconsin. Assumption of responsibility for as- During the last school year, 26 signment of early registration passes. students from cooperating insti- Gothic Film Society, 1955-56 program uwith exception of Feb. 13 showing which tutions were enrolled in the Uni- Is also included inthe Cinema Guild versity. program. Assembly Association, I-Hop, Oct. 15 9-1, League. Academic Notices Law School Admission Test: Applica- tion blanks for the November 12 ad- ministration of the Law School Ad. mission Test are now available at 110 Rackham Building. Application blanks are due in2Princeton, N. J. not later than Nov. 2, 1955. Doctoral Examination for Hunein Fadlo Maassab, Epidemiologic Science; thesis: "Approaches to the Biochemical Analysis of States of Viral Develop- ment," Fri., Oct. 7, 1006 School of Pub- lic Health, at 2:00 p.m. Chairman, W. W. Ackermann. Psychology Colloquium. Friday, Oct. 7, 4:15 p.m., Aud. B, Angell. Dr. Donald Marquis will speak on "The Psychology of Graduate Psychology." Open to public. M.A. Language Examination In His- tory Fri., Oct. 21, 4:00-5:00 p.m. 407 Mason Hall. Sign list in History Office. Dictionaries may be used. Placement Notices PERSONNEL REQUESTS: New York State examinations will be held Nov. 19 and Dec. 10, 1955 for positions in the following categories: Engineering - Inspecting, Accounting, Education - Social Work, Medicine - Science. There are some positions in the Education - Social Work and the Medicine -- Science fields who are open to all citizens of the U.S. There are positions as Pathologist, Health' Offi- cers, Sr. Public Health Physician, Super- vising T.B. Physiacian, Sr. Psychiatrist, and Supervising Phychiatrist open to all qualified non-citizens. For information contact the Bureau of Appointments, 3528 Admin. Bldg., Ext. 371. Second Objective A second objective was to de-4 I Restaurants You Will njoy This WeekendI Napier, now stationed at the nTnnnr ''The ~ i] I A CHEF KNOWS BEST Anyone who knows good food will tell you that a dinner in any of these fine restaurants will be a pleasurable I - f 1 a r :, .,/ r experience. Don't let football week-end U. of M. 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