e Ail t tBally
Sixty-Sixth Year
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"It's All Very Significant And I'll Explain It
To You In November"
itorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers or
the editors. This must be noted in all reprints.
Y, APRIL 11, 1956 1
NIGHT EDITOR: JANET REARICK
ext of Civil Rights Plan
The following is the text-in part-of a
tter from Attorney General Herbert.
rownell to the Congress outlining the
ew Administration Civil Rights program.)
r A TIME when many Americans are separ-
ated by deep emotions as to the rights of
ie of opr citizens as guaranteed by the Con-
ution, there is a constant need for restraint,
n judgment and understanding. Obedience
aw as interpreted by the courts is the way
erences are and must be resolved. It is es-
iaI to prevent extremists from causing ir-
arable harm.
he right to vote is one of our most precious
its. It is the cornerstone of 'our form of
ernment and affords protections for our
er rights. It must be safeguarded.
Where there are charges that by one means
mother the vote is being denied, we must.
out all of the facts-the extent, the meth-
the results. The same is true of substantial
rges that unwarranted economic or other
sures are being applied to deny fundamen-
rights safeguarded by the Constitution and
s of the United States.
he need for a full-scale public study as re-
sted by the President is manifest. The Ex-
ive Branch of the Federal Government has
general investigative power of the scope re-
ed to undertake such a study. The study.
ild be objective and free from partisanship.
hould be broad and at the same time thor-
h.
Ivil rights are of primary concern to all our
ple. To this end the commission's member-
may be truly bi-partisan and geographi-
y representative.
he proposed legislation provides that the
mission shall have six members; appointed
he President with the advice and consent of
Senate. No more than three.may be of the
.e political party. The commission will be
porary, expiring two years from the effect-
date of the statute, unless extended by Con-
tIvill have authority to subpoena witnesses,
e testimony under oath and request neces-
data from any Executive department or
acy. It may be required to make interim
>rts pending completion of a comprehensive
I report contatling-findings and recommen-
ons.
he commission will have authority to hold
ic hearings. Knowledge and understand-
of every element of 'the problem will give
iter clarity and perspective to one of the
t difficult problems facing our country..
.h a study, fairly conducted, will tend to
te responsible people in common effort to
e these problems. Investigation and hear-
s will bring into sharper focus the areas of
>onsibility of the Federal Government and
he stals under our Constitutional system.
hrough greater public understanding, there-
the commission may chart a course of
gress to guide us in the years ahead.
P PRESENT the Civil Rights Section of the
Department of Justice is one of a number of
ions located within the Criminal Division.,
protection of civil rights guaranteed by the
stitution is a governmental function and
'onsibility of first importance.
merits the full direction of a highly quali-
lawyer, with the status of assistant Attor-
General, appointed by the President with
advice and consent of the Senate.
this area, as pointed out more fully below,
j d
more emphasis should be on civil law remedies.
The civil rights enforcement activities of the
Department of Justice should not, therefore,
be confined to the Criminal Division.
The decisions and decrees of the United States
Supreme Court relating to, integration in the
field of education and in other areas, and the
civil rights cases coming before the lower
Federal'courts in increasing numbers, are indi-
cative of generally broadening legal activity in
the civil rights field.
These considerations call for the authoriza-
tion of an additional assistant attorney general
to direct the Government's legal activities in
the field of civil rights. A draft of legislation
to effect this result is submitted herewith.
THE PRESENT LAWS affecting the right of
franchise were conceived in another era.
Today every interference with this right should
not necessarily.be treated as a crime. Yet the
only method of enforcing existing laws pro-
tecting this right is through criminal proceed-
ings.
Civil remedies have not been available to the
Attoriney General in this field. We think that
they should be. Criminal cases in a field
charged with' emotion are extraordinarily dif-
ficult for all concerned.
Our ultimate goal is the safeguarding of the
free exercise of the voting right, subject to the
legitimate power of the state to prescribe nec-
essary and fair voting qualifications. To this
end, civil proceedings to forestall denials of the
right way may often' be far more effective in
the long run than harsh criminal proceedings
to punish after the event.
The existing civil voting statute (Section
1971-of Title 42, United States Code). Cleclares
that all citizens who are otherwise qualified to
vote at any election (state or Federal) shall
be entitled to exercise their. vote without dis-
tinction of race or color. The statute is limited,
however, to deprivations of voting rights by
state officers or other persons purporting to act
,under authority of law.
In the interest of proper law enforcement to
guarantee to all.o our citizens the rights to
which they are entitled under the Constitution,
I urge consideration by the Congress and the
proposed bi-partisan commission:1 of three
changes.
First, addition of a section which will pre-
vent anyone from threatening, intimidating, or
coercing an individual in the exercise of his
right to vote, whether claiming to "act under
authority of law or not, in any election, general,
special or primary, concerning candidates for
Federal office.
Second, authorization to the Attorney Gener-
al to. bring injunction or other civil proceedings
on behalf of the United States or the aggrieved
person in any case covered by the statute, as
so changed.
' Third, elimination of the requirement that
all state administrative and judicial remedies
must be exhausted before access can be had to
the Federal court.
UNDER ANOTHER civil rights statute (Sec-
tion 1985 of Title 42 of the United States
Code) conspiracies to interfere with certain
rights can be redressed only by a civil suit by
the individual injured thereby. I urge con-
sideration by the Congress and the proposed
bipartisan commission of a projosal authoriz-
ing the Attorney General to initiate civil action
where necessary to protect the rights secured
by that statute.
LETTERS
to the
EDITOR
Hospital Volunteers ...
To the Editors:
RICHARD T AUB'S front page
article on Ypsilanti State Hos-
pital painted a monochromatic
picture, showing a hospital where
practically all of the patients
spend practically all of their time
doing practically nothing.
Ainy public reminder of the needs
of mental hospitals which volun-
teers can meet is welcomed by
those of us who have concern for
the situation. But I fear that the
very exaggeration which made Mr.
Taub's article journalistically good
might frighten away the potential
volunteers which he seemed to be
trying to attract. The gray tone
which he washed over the hospital
and its patients could have been
at least partially dispelled had he
mentioned that, if some patients
do spend much time staring at the
walls, some of those walls are sky
blue and others are strawberry
pink.
It is true that a main function
of the volunteers is to get patients
to take an interest in, and parti-
cipate in, a variety of activities:
playing cards and working picture
puzzles, knitting and sewing; sing-
ing and dancing, talking. But the
patients are by no means so le-
thargic that it would take a dyna-
mo to activate them. When I
took yarn and a crochet hook to
a ward, one of the ladies was not
only interested, but proved to be
far more expert with them than
I could pretend to be. As opposed
to the occasional game of solitaire
which Mr. Taub mentioned, sev-
eral of my friends in one of the
wards taught me a lively brand of
rummy.
Many patients are so eager to
talk to someone who is interested
in them as people that conversa-
tion is often no problem. My ex-
perience of finding several people
in the ward'where I worked who
have similar interests or back-
grounds, thus giving us much in
common to talk about, would
surely be the experience of anyone
who was interested. After all,
mental patients are people, many
of whom do not seem sick, and in
a group of people one can usually
make pleasant acquaintances, and
often friends.
This is why students would want
to work as volunteers. There is a
certain curiosity about mental hos-
pitals, and perhaps a little altru-
ism is necessary at first. But curi-
osity is soon satisfied and altruism
may wear off under adversity. The
volunteer continues to go back to
the hospital because he meets
people he likes, and who like him,
and he has the grat satisfaction
of feeling that he can help these
people simply by visiting with
them.
-Anne C. Hall, '56SN
New Books at Library
Hutchison, Bruce-The Struggle
for the Border; N.Y., Longmans,
'1956.
Ives, Elizabeth & Dolson, Hilde-
garde-My Brother Adai; N.Y.,
Morrow & Co., 1956.
Kazantzakis, Nikos-Greek Pas-
sion; N.Y., Simon & Schuster, 1954.
Kazantzakks, Nikos-Zorba, the
Greek; N.Y., Simon & Schuster,
1953.
Lazaron, Morris S.-Olive Trees
in Storm; N.Y., American Friends,
1955.
Ledyard, Patricia - Tonga: A
Tale of the Friendly Islands; N.Y.,
Appleton, 1956.
Marlett, Melba-The Frighten-
ed Ones; N.Y., Doubleday, 1956.
WASHINGTON MERRY-GO-ROUND:
Press Conference Difficulties
By DREW PEARSON
GETTING A QUESTION answer-
ed at a White House Press
Conference is becoming somewhat
like getting recognized on the floor
of the House of Representatives.
You sometimes have to tip off the
Speaker in advance that you want
to speak, and even so he will de-
liberately not recognize someone
he figures is going to cause thouble.
So also at the White House.
Last week, the President showed
signs of becoming extremely se-
lective in answering questions. Les-
ser fry among the correspondents
made. repeated attempts to obtain
recognition, but out. of the 18 cor-
respondents recognized, four were
New York Times men, two from
the New York Herald Tribune, two
from the Chicago Daily News. Oth-
er correspondents recognized were:
AP, UP, CBS, NBC, Gannett News-
papers, Washington Post, News-
week, Cowles Publications, Reut-
ers, and Sarah McClendon of the
El Paso Times, Sherman Demo-
crat, San Antonio Light, Austin
America, and Longview News and
Journal, all in Texas.
OUT OF THE PRESS Confer-
ence transcript of 92 news column
inches, one-fourth was devoted to
questions from the New York
Times, the same newspaper which
graduated Press Secretary Jim
Hagerty into aa' ernment service.
Yet it was the question as.d by
a small town reporter, Mi s Mc-
Cendon, that got the big head-
lines next dat. She was also the
only small town reporter who man-
aged to get an answer from the
President and she had quite a hard
time getting it.
From the start of the Press Con-
ference Miss McClendon kept bob-
bing up. But the President did
not choose to see her. Once when
she addressed him: "Mr. Presi-
dent," he abruptly turned to N.Y.
Times reporter James Reston who
sat off in a corner and was not
noticeably making an effort to ob-
tain recognition.
* * *
THE PERSISTENT Miss Mc-
Clendon, who never gets discour-
aged at having her ears pinned
back, persevered. And toward the
end of the Press Conference she
managed to get out this important
question, which the President
seemed almost intuitively. to have
been ducking:
"Would, you order those Ma-
rines that were sent over to the
Mediterranean and over in that
area," she asked, "would you or-
der them to war without asking
the Congress first?"
The official transcript of the
Press Conference as released to the
public by James Hagerty bore a
notation at this point: "Laughter."
However, newsmen attending the
conference remember no laughter,
and some suspect the word was
inserted as an attempt to belittle
Miss McClendon. Certainly it was
a most serious question, and the
President's reply indicated that he
considered it so.
"I get discouraged sometimes
here," he said, obviously irritated.
* * *
AT THIS POINT there was de-
finite laughter, though the con-
ference transcript did not so indi-
cate. It quickly stopped, how-
ever, as newsmen saw how serious
and irritated the President was.
"I have announced time and
time again," he continued, "I will
never be guilty of any kind of ac-
tion that can be interpreted as
war until Congress, which has the
Constitutional authority, says so.
"Now, I have said this so often
that it seems almost ridiculous
to ask me the question. I am--
look, how can a war be conducted?
You have got to have troops, you
have got to have draft laws, you
have got to have money. How
could you conduct a war without
Congress?
"Now their constitutional power
is to declare war, and I am going
to observe them."
Here the President went on to
make a notable exception-namely,
"Local warlike acts" which is fre-
quently the way wars get started.
"Now, there are times when
troops, to defend themselves, may
have to, you might' say, under-
take local warlike acts; but that
is lnot the declaration ox war, and
that is not going to warrand I am
not going to order any troops into
anything that can be interpreted
as war until Congress directs it.
Behind the importance of Miss
McClendon's question was the fact
that the British had just decided
to use troops, if necessary, to pre-
vent an Arab attack on Israel.
Prime Minister Eden had private-
ly queried President Eisenhower
whether he would do the same.
(Copyright 1956, by Bell Syndicate, Inc.)
DALY
OFFICIAL
BULLETIN
THE Daily Official Bulletin is an
official publication of the University
of Michigan for which the Michigan
Daily assumes no editorial responsi-
bility Notices should be sent in
TYPEWRITTEN form to Room 3553
Administration Building before 2 p.m.
the day preceding publication. Notices
for the Sunday edition must be in by
2 p.m. Friday.
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 11, 1956
VOL. LXVII, NO. 42
General Notices
Blue Cross Group Hospitalzation,
Medical and Sugical Service Programa
for staff meml ets will be open from
April 9 through April 20, for new appli-
cations, and changes in contracts now
In effect. Staff members who wish to
enroll or change their coverage to in-
clude surgical and medical services
should make such changes in the Per-
sonnel Office, Room 3012 Administration
Building. New applications and changes
will be effective June 5, with the first
payroll deduction on May 31. After April
20, no new applications or changes can.
be accepted until Oct. 1956.
Hopwood Awards. All manuscript
must be In the Hopwood Room by
Wednesday, April 11, at 4:30 p.m.
Student Activities Scholarship appli-
cations may be picked up at the Student
Government Council office, Quonset
Hut A; or at the Scholarship Division,
Office of Student Affairs. Up to $450
will be awarded. Deadline 'for filing
applications Is April 15.
Agenda, Student Government Council,
April 11, 1956, Cave Room, League,
7:30 p.m.
Minutes of the previous meeting.
Officers' reports: President: Welcome
to new members, Election of officers,
Unino Board of Directors, NSA Con-
gress; vice-President; Treasurer.
Election report-John Walper.
Coordinating and Counselling: Pro-
gress report; Requests for recognition-
constitutions: Students for Stevenson,
Fine Arts Club; constitution: Little
Symphony (Recognition 2-15-56); Home-
coming Dance, distribution of profits.
Student Representation: Clarification
of Development Council appointment;
Appointments: Counselling Study Com-
mittee.
Campus Affairs.
National and International Affairs.
Public Relations: Speakers' Bureau
Progress report.
Activities: Interim approvals-March
24, Arab Club movie, Rackham; April
10-14, India Students Association, cul-
tural exhibition, Lane Hall; April 20,
21, Michigras-plans, budget.
Petitions: April 27, 28, Frosh Week
End, Blue and Maize Team, class pro-
ject, League.
Old Business: Items for consideration
-referred from Board in Review:
1. President's voting privilege.
2. Vote of Council required for major
issues.
3. Speaking privileges, students, non-
students.
New Business.
Adjournment.
Notice of special meeting: Election at
officers, Friday, April 13, 3:15 p.m.
League.
Lectures
Social Seminar of the American So-
ciety for Public Administration, Wed..
April 11. Nel Staebler, speaker, 8:00.
p.m., Rackham Assembly Hall. "Organi-
zation of the Democratic Party In
Michigan."
Society of Sigma XI. Panel Discussion
on "The Status of Soviet Science," Dr.
Marston Bates, moderator, and Dr. Gold
berg-Astronomy in Russia, Dr. Gm-
berg-Engineering in Russia, Dr. Hazen
-Physics in Russia, Dr Nanney-Gene-
tics in Russia; Wed., April 11, at 8 p.m.
In Rackham Amphitheater. Public in-,
vited.
Research Seminar of the Mental
Health Research Institute. Wilson P.
Tanner, Jr., of the Engineering Research
Institute, will speak on "The Human
Use of Information," Thurs., April. 12,
1:30-3:30 p.m., Conference Room, Child-
ren's Psychiatric Hospital.
Concerts
Student Recital: Linda Reck, pianist,
will be heard at 8:30 tonight in Aud.
A, Angell Hall, playing compositions by
Bach, Mozart, Brahms, Schubert and
Bartok. She is a pupil of John Kollen,
and the recital will be open to the
public.
Academic Notices
College of Architecture: and Design
mid-semester reports are due Fri., April
13. It is only necessary to report "D"
and "E" grades. Please send them to 207
Architecture Building not later than
April 18.
Medical College Admission Test. Ap-
plication blanks for the May 5 adminis-
tration of the Medical College Admis-
sion Test are now available at 122
Rackham Building. Application blanks
are due in Princeton, N.J. not later than
April 21. 1956. If you expect to enter
medical school in the fall of 1957, you
are urged to take the test on May 5,
1956.
Applications for admission to the
Joint Program in Liberal Arts and
Medicine must be made before April
16 of the final preprofessional year.
Application may be made now at 1220
Angell Hall.
Application for admission to the Inte-
grated Program in Liberal Arts and
Law must be made before April 16 of
the final preprofessional year. Applica-
tion may be made now at 1220 Angell
Hall.
College of Engineering, faculty meet-
ing, Wed., April 11, 4:15 p.m., Aud. A,
Angell Hal. Agenda: 1. Curriculum and
Course Changes. . 2. Nominations for
Executive Committee. 3. New Business.
June Teacher's Certificate Candidates:
The Teacher's Oath will be administered
to all June candidates for the Teacher's
Certificate during April in 1437 U.E.S.
The office will be open from 8 a.m. to
4
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4W
TODAY AND TOMORROW:
THE DEMOCRATI
dent, is in anothe
conflict which it past
each political generat
ly divided in the days
an. Then Woodrow
Wilson, it became bi
bition and Ku Klux
the days of the grea
the New Deal. Sinc
at the end of the
northern and souther
creasing. Gov. Stev
leader in the line ofI
been trying, but not s
party.
There is a real an
Stevenson on the one
and Harriman on th
whether he can give
hell than Kefauver o
issue the deep ques'
party strategy: is th
cratic front or are t
under Truman in 194
Shall they aim to
preserving the united
Democrats who are i
so, Stevenson is thei
possible man. Or,s
southern brothers go
while they fight th
northern party appea
The Disunited Democrats
By WALTER LIPPMANN
C PARTY, it is now evi- ocrats the balance has turned rather emphati-
r of those periods of inner cally against the policy of a united front under
ses through about once in Gov. Stevenson. Why is this? It is because
ion. The party was sharp- there is not now any national issue which over-
of William Jennings Bry- rides, as in Wilson's time and in Roosevelt's,
Wilson united it. After sectional and local interests. A united front
tterly divided over prohi- policy means giving the local interests some-
Klan until Roosevelt, in thing less than they want. It can, work only
t depression, united it in when there is something so big, such as a war
e the death of Roosevelt or a depression, that local interests are not all'
war the tension between important.
rn Democrats has been in:-
enson, who is a national Truman, Kefauver and Harriman are in a
Wilson and Roosevelt, Ias position to say, "We told you so last autumn
succesfuls ytoeunie the when Gov. Stevenson announced his candi-
uccessfully, to reunite th acy; we told you then that the Democrats
Simport'ant issue between must run as a militant party, ignoring the
hand, Truman, Kefauver South, and seeking the Negro vote, the labor
ie other. It is not about vote, and the farm vote in the Northern
e the Republicans bigger states." They did not put it quite so frankly.
r Harriman. There is at But what they were asking for was that the
tion of party policy and party should follow the Truman pattern of
ere to be a united Demo- 1948.
he Democrats to run, as Although they have by no means proved
.8, as a northern party? that the Truman pattern could win again in
o win the Presidency by 1956, what has happened since Gov. Steven-
I front with the southern son announced on Nov. 15 has done much to
n control of Congress? If justify their view that this is not a favorable
r man, indeed their only year for a united Democratic front.
shall they let the erring It is, however, only fair to remember that
Republican or Dixiecrat Nov. 15 was seven weeks after the President
e election as a militant was stricken, and that there was no good
ling to the farm belt and reason then to think that he could or would
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:
Sees New Democracy Benefiting Japanese
By DICK HALLORAN
Daily Staff Writer
The following interview was con-
ducted with Shuichi Sugai, Pro-
fessor of Administrative Law at
Kyoto University. Kyoto, Japan.
Prof. Sugai has been here since
September under the sponsorship
of the Rockefeller Foundation. He
is one of two scholars brought to
the University as part of the Am-
erican Studies Seminar administ-
ered by the Center for Japanese
Studies.
Q: What has been the course of
the development of democracy in
Japan?
A: The foundations of Japanese
democracy were begun with the
introduction of capitalism, and
parliamentary forms of govern-
ment, the rise of the labor move-
ment, and the popularization of
education.
These movements began the
breakdown of the traditional hier-
archical . structure of Japanese
society and created a favorable
situation for the later introduc-
tion of Western democratic forms
of _arnvrnmnt Terer f fnlind a
trend toward Westernization and
not beneficial to the Japanese na-
tion. This reversal is being oppos-
ed by the socialists and labor.
From the days of the Meiji
Restoration, then, a pendulum-like
swing from left to riiht-and back
again can be observed. Despite this,
an inevitable historical trend to-
ward a Western cultural pattern,
including W e s t e r n p o Ii t i c a 1
thought and forms, has developed.
The trend is slow, tortuous, and
twisting but definitely there.
Q: What has been the role of
political parties in the develop-
ment of Japanese democracy?
A. One must realize that politi-
cal parties in Japan are very dif-
ferent from their counterparts in
the United States. In America,
candidates are determined by a
popular election by means of a
primary election wherein members
of the party vote.
In Japan, candidates are ap-
pointed by the party leaders with-
out a primary election. Political
parties are composed of politicians,
not voter; Elections are democrat-
ic in a sense but the candidates
are nre-determined.
contributing to the growth of
democracy?
A: Although many Japanese and
American scholars and lawyers
think that the policies of the Oc-
cupation in this field were a fail-
ure, I feel that remarkable changes
have taken place and the results
are very promising.
It is true that although the Su-
preme Court has the power of
judicial review of laws passed by
the Diet, it rarely exercises its
power. It is reluctant to void such
laws and and the judicial review
system has been accused of being
on paper only.
On the other hand, people who
are arrested without good cause
are now suing the government for
false arrest, forcing the courts to
define police powers.'
In addition, official measurers
such as administrative and taxa-
tion decisions are subject to re-
view by the ordinary courts. This
is a noteworthy change as in pre-
war days, no such remedy existed
and the people were at the mercy
of official decision.
The positionA of judges is now
secure. They are naid high salaries
legal education of extreme im-
portance and more opportunities
to come to the United States to
study law.must be made available.
As American -students of law have
travelled to England and the con-
tinent to 'study the basis of Anglo-
American law,- so Japanese stu-
dents need the chance to come
here to get a first-hand look at
American law and legal tradition.
Q: Considering 1,500 years of
Japanese history and culture in
the authoritarian tradition, what
has been the effect of the Japa-
nese people to the coming of de-
mocracy?
A: Very good,. of course, very
good. Even though it has been hard
to transplant and has developed
slowly and irregularly, it has def-
initely benefited the people. Labor
conditions are better, the farmer
has a higher living standard, and
the tendency toward individualism
has arised following the disinte-
gration of the hierarchical nation-
al culture pattern.
The change in legal form is most
important as it has given more and
more protection to the individual
and is becoming a cherished right.
4.
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