Sixty-Sixth Year EDITED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNDER AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS- STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG. * ANN ARBOR, MICH. * Phone NO 2-3241 Opposing Views in a Year of Political Decision '{ I ien Opinions are Free, rrutb Will Prevail Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints. NDAY, MARCH 18, 1956 NIGHT EDITOR: GAIL GOLDSTEIN Solving Segregation; Two Views For Legal Force WHETHER racial segregation is right or wrong is no longer an issue. Neither is the question of whether it is a matter for the nation to decide any longer a real issue. The Supreme Court decision ordering desegregation was in part a decision that it was a matter for the nation as a whole. r It will not later &ecide that it did -not have the power to make such a decision. And the chances for a Constitutional Amendment nulli- fying its desegregation action are too slim to be taken seriously. Whether we are right or wrong, we have decided one way. We must enforce that way, else the question of its rightness or wrongness will dissolve into a meaninglessness. So far the federal government has not taken steps to see that the Supreme Court's order to desegregate is carried out. President Eisenhower has not made a strong stand on the issue. The explanation, the rationalization for the hesitancy is that desegregation cannot be ac- coniplished overnight. Recent events in the South make this a realistic appraisal. Southern- ers have been raised to believe in.segregation. It is an emotional thing which is not readily cured by a rationality that operates on a different level in human experience. A man may realize that his emotional reac- tion to something is wrong without being cap- able of correcting himself. Perhaps he can over a period of time, but not at the drop of a Supreme Court decision. So a policy of gradualism is given as the answer. But how gradual is gradual? It is quite possible that some proponents of gradual- ness are not proponents of desegregation, but see an opportunity to defeat it if it is slowed. It is possible that a policy of gradualness will eventually lead to a desegregation of the South. It is also possible that it will not. Yet, the Supreme Court did not decree that desegrega- tion should be possible. It ordered that it take place. THIS DOES NOT call for obstinacy, but per- suasion to get the South to realize that seg- regation, whether right or wrong, is inconsistent with the national ideals which the South in word supports. What remains is to determine the kind of persuasion to be used. Shouting at the South and preaching to it will not work; it has not worked. Something' calm and firm is needed to convince them that the Supreme Court is supreme and at the same time means business. People do not overcome misplaced emotions unless under pressure. The persuasion, therefore, should be legal. SThe federal government should use every legal means at its disposal, under the direction. of President Eisenhower, to implement the Supreme Court's decision. / Legal force seems the only way to get the South on the right track to discarding its own prejudices. TO adopt a policy of gradual waiting is to leave the South to its own desires and to forget the national objective. We might have desegregation eventually, but maybe not until the recent decision becomes as historical as John Marshall, unless the federal government acts now. --JIM DYGERT, City Editor For Moderation RAPID E14FORCEMENT of the Supreme Court's desegregation ruling is widely advo- cated on the grounds that segregation is both immoral and illegal. It is. But the crucial issue is not one of morality or legality but one of expediency. We have moral standards and Constitutional interpretations opposing segregation because we feel that separation of the races works to the economic, soc'iological and' psychological detri- ment of the Negro. But in the long run, the Negro's status in the South can only be substantially improVa( through unproved attitudes on the part of the dominant white population. Where forced de- segregation will only worsen those attitudes; it is futile to defend it on the grounds of abstract morality or Constitutional interpretation. The Supreme, Court decision has provided an invaluable impetus to desegregation of border- state schools. Where the tension surrounding integration does not too greatly pervade class- room and after-school experiences, desegrega- tion is well calculated to greatly improve race relations in the long run. But the "deep South" presents an entirely different problem. In many areas a large ma- jority of the white population bitterly and even violently opposes any form of integrated school- ing, and attempted. enforcement can only de- feat its own purpose. The atmosphere of ten- sion and hatred which desegregation would create would only serve to complicate the basic problem of improving relations between the races. DEEP SOUTHERN attitudes have been wors- ening in recent years. Many whites, whose attitudes were slowly evolving away from the deep racial enmities of old, are now frightened, by threats of enforced desegregation by the federal government. Their fears are giving rise to demagoguery the likes of which the South has not known for several years and "White Citizens' Councils" strongly reminis- cent of the Ku Klux Klan. In drawing the line betwen those areas which are actually ready for desegregation and those which are not, great prudence will be required, not a religious observance of a priori moral and legal abstractions. Of the two "evils" facing those who sincerely wish to improve the Southern Negro's status- non-enforcement of desegregation and long- run worsening of attitudes-the moderate course will prove the more fruitful. The Negro at last has the power to force in- tegration. Abstinence from its rash use will gain him more friends in the end, without in any way diminishing his power of ultimate re- course to the law of the land. It is often claimed that non-enforcement renders the law meaningless. Overenforcement can render it even more meaningless. It is hardly wise to observe the letter of 'the law so strictly as to trample its spirit. If. the law and morals involved havebeen developed tq aid the Negro, let them be our servants, not our masters. Fortunately for all concerned, the Supreme Court decision is flexible enough to allow a maximum of service to the cause of better race relations and a minimum of domineering of the means of advancing that cause. -PETE ECKSTEIN Young Democrat Viewpoint Foreign Policy THE American people were prom- ised a new dynamic foreign policy three years ago. To imple- ment this policy Dulles immed- iately "unleashed" Chaing Kai- Shek. At the time of this writing, Chaing refuses to bite. We have witnessed a barrage of slogans-"I will go to Korea," "massive retaliation," "seizing the initiative," and most recently the Secretary of State has brought us to the "brink of wr." Despite this linguistic offensive the communists have made tre- mendous gains throughout the world. Indo-Chiria is a good ex- ample of a policy of bluff and blunder. The Middle East is a cur- rent illustration of Republican bungling in the face of the new Soviet economic offensive. The Eisenhower Administration has consistently refused to increase expenditures for our Point Four and other economic aid programs. Ike's present negative policies can only lead us to new disasters. The Economy SINCE the GOP is relying on the "prosperity" slogan as a major campaign issue, it might be prof- itable and enlightening to ex- amine certain specific considera- tions which follow directly from the question-Presperity for Who? a. Profits of large manufacturers in 1955 were up 26% after taxes. Profits of the smaller size group of manufacturers were down 66%. b. Business failures for large firms were down 15% in 1955. Failures of small business estab- lishments were up 21%. In fact the number of wholesale failures increased 33% over the previous year. c. Dividends for 1955 were up 10%; stockholders' earnings up 33 %; an4 wages increased by only 7%. And who gains from the tax leg- islation passed by the 'GOP Ad- ministration of businessmen for businessmen? The large manufac- turers an dstockholders who may now take advantage of such pro- visions as the faster write-ofs and additional dividend exemptions. Eight percent of the people bene- fited from 92 % of the 1954 tax re- visions. The guy earningless than! $5,000 per year, who makes up the-majority of the population, got nothing. In fact the total population is fairing so well from the manipu- lations of the Big Business influ- ence that total liquid savings in the U.S. (those funds a person can get hold of in a hurry if caught in a financial pinch) declined from $3.2 billion per quarter in 1952 to $1.7 in the first quarter of 1955. The YD club believes in an economy where there exists pros- perity for all; not one in which the small are getting smaller and big are getting bigger. Civil Rights WE BELIEVE in and will af- firmatively work for equal treatment and equal rights for all Americans, irrespective of race, religion or national origin. We believe all states should com- ply fully and speedily with the Supreme Court's decision order- ing racial integration in all public schools. We favor the removal of Senator James Eastland of Miss- issippi, an avowed proponent of racial segregation, from the chair- manship of the Senate Judiciary Committee. We favor the revision of the Senate. Cloture Rule to pre- vent the obstruction of civil rights legislation through the filibuster. We wish laws enacted abolish- ing poll taxes, lynching, and guar- anteeing equal job and economic opportunities to all. *.* * Farm Policy THE GOP platform of 1952 said "The Republican Party will create conditions providing for farm prosperity and stability Instead of accomplishing this, the GOP farm-policy has achieved the direct opposite. In order to cover up the failings of their farm policy, the "Madison Avenue Merchandisers" are cur- rently spending $2,500,000 in order to impress the American people. with the "accomplishments" of the present administration in farm matters. It appears as though this money would be better spent as compensation for the farmers' losses under the Eisenhower Ad- ministration. The American farmer must. be returned to the prosperous condi- A.debate By Campus Partisan Groups This is a year of political decision. A hectic debate between the Democratic and Republican parties will continue to grow until November. The issues will be formulated, the viewpoints of both parties given, and the decision made by the voters. The Young Democrats and Young Republicans are campus groups organized and run by students who wish to take a more active part in the campaigns. The Daily has asked the two groups to formulate their views on the key election year issues--not necessarily ; the views of the national party. George Zuckerman is presently acting president of the Young Democrats; Lewis Eng. man heads the Young Republicans. In future issues, debate will be presented on other current controversy, i.e. the Arab- Israeli conflict; moderate and forced integration; liberalism and conservativism. This YD-YR debate was compiled by Daily political reporter Jim Elsman. "Don't Be Silly-It's Just A Few Little Words" ; . /f ".. . ." .. 1 IY 5 : p I2-:.'4:;2 -- - - Young Republican Viewpoint Foreign Policy WE SUPPORT the continuation of the realistic Eisenhower- Dulles foreign policy which aims at peace both directly and through full cooperation with the United Nations. Under the Democratic unrealis- tic approachCommunism advanc- ed steadily in Korea, Indo-China, and Guatemala. The GOP record speaks for itself: the Korean War was ended 6 months after Ike took office; the Guatemalan Com- munists were .overthrown in July, 1954; and the Indo-Chinese truce is now established fact. This nation has shown that it will not tolerate acts of aggres- sion. This policy must be. made particularly clear to the nations of the Middle East. The U.S. must act as a mediator in this area. We favor a policy of freer world trade and the encouragement of foreign investment. Under Eisenhower and Dulles, America has given new leadership to the world, while at the same time increasing the prospects of peace. ** E The Economy G EORGE MEANY, president of the- AFL-CIO, stated the strongest point in the GOP plat- form: "Right now we never had it so good." National income is at an all time high. So are the num- ber of jobs, take home pay, and business confidence. After the Korean conflict, the conversion from a war-time to a peace-time economy was accomp- lished with a minimum of fric- tion, in spite of Democrat attempts to scare the nation into believing otjerwise. Government spending has been cut; no longer does the government go in debt every year, Republicans have given the na- tion the biggest tax cut in history. Labor and management have shown that they can work to- gether for the good of all. We dis- approve of Democrat attempts to stir up class antagonism in the closest thing to a classless society in Western civilization. Improper concentrations of eco- nomic power have been and should continue to be vigorously prose- cuted. Public utility enterprises should be regulatod but not run by the Federal government. There- fore: a. We oppose government power projects in cases where private enterprise has shown itself ready and competent for the job. b. We heartily endorse Presidtnt Eisenhower's veto of the natural gas bill as being in the best in- terests of the consuming public. Civil Rights WE COMMEND President Eisen- hower and his GOP Admin- istration for replacing Democratic lip service ahd opposition to in- tegration with an active program of breaking down the barriers of racial segregation. Since 1952 segregation and dis- crimination have been reduced or eliminated in all areas. The dis- criminatory practices w i t h i n Washington, D. C. proper have been eliminated and the federal government has refused to grant contracts to any corporation or business which engages in discrim- inatory practices. S e g r e g at i o n within the armed forces is also a thing of the past. The GOP has unanimously ad- hered 'to the Supreme Court's de- cision oi the ending of segrega- tion in the public schools. One third of the Democrats in Con- gress are trying to preserve second class citizenship for American Ne- groes. ThenDemocratic party is thus an ineffectual organization for ending segregation. The GOP, however, is united in their stand to stop it whether it be in Ann Arbor or Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Farm Policy 'i I A I ,A ces ' - ' r'rr +Urvs'k --*, wA~sf4,na"rb*a 'POcsT LETTERS TO THE EDITOR: Answers As Readers See Them !M TODAY AND TOMORROW- AS MR. DULLES finishes more than ever neces. consider whether these l Washington permit him t responsibilities of his office travelling in South Asia an fic, the situation in North Middle East has been de There is an almost desper cation and of decision abo North Africa, Cyprus, Pal sian Gulf states. What . doing is to argue the Adr be a kind of travelling V Karachi, New Delhi, Color That would be all very were two men, and if the of fhe two were in Washi about North Africa and t it is, Mr. Dulles has spec when he is most urgently, ton for the grave business The visible evidence of each of the disputed area Africa, in Cyprus, Palestin and Saudi-Arabia-we find izing both sides. Our Co wrecked by Frenchmen wh porting the dissident Ara have provoked the British noyed the Greeks. In Pa trusted by the Arab states by the Israelis. It is true that in internal power cannot expect to pl at times to please anybody. The Absent Secretary By WALTER LIPPMANN his latest tour, it is TIME has just about run out on the policy sary to ask him to of drift and muddle. What can be done long absences from about it? What can be done about it is to o carry out the real make up our minds as to where we stand and While he has been what we can and what we will support. d in the South Paci- In French North Africa, we and the British h Africa and in the should consult seriously with France. We should eteriorating rapidly. then decide what we shall regard as a settle- rate need of clarifi- ment that we mean to support wholeheartedly. gut Western policy in We should give France our - full support if estine and the Per- France will offer the Arab population the full ir. Dulles had been - measure of freedom which liberal French opin- ninistration case-to ion already favors. oice of America-in In Palestine we should convert the \1950 mbo and Jakarta. declaration into a firm international guarantee well if Mr. Dulles against aggression by either side, and we might more important one then take our stand for the neutralization ngton making policy of Israel within frontiers that have been modi- he Middle East. As fled and rectified by international arbitration, nt his time talking We should face up to the tactics of Saudi- needed in Washing- Arabia in using the .profits from oil for sub-. of deciding. version by corruption and bribery and propa- all this is that. in ganda throughout the Middle East. In dealing s-in French North with Saudi-Arabia we should cease acting as e, as regards Egypt if we were helplessly dependent upon its rulers, i ourselves antagon- who must be appeased and placated lest they nsulate in Tunis is deprive us of our oil concessions. Saudi-Arabia o suspect us -of sup- is more dependent upon us for the exploitation bs. , In Cyprus we of its oil than we are on Saudi-Arabia for the z and we have an- right to exploit it. If ever it was true that destine we are dis- appeasement is an unworkable policy, it is and we are scolded true here. Decisions of this kind are grave and momen- tional affairs a great tous and they cannot and should not be made ease everybody, and , except with the full attention of the highest But in the present responsible officials of the government. The -I ...r' A..,s )rrc +,.h oifis , a u rithAs m. in a axwav r%" hi Referring to Methods... To the Editor: IN MY original letter to The Daily I made a statement that there had been an overemphasis on school buildings "Almost as if to insinuate that a'good school build- ing automatically means that Jun- ior will get a good educational background." I hope all of the readers didn't overlook that word automatically. I had assumed that most people know effective teach- ing can't be done in an overcrowd- ed school-however, isn't there more to teaching than a modern building and small classes? I am referring to the -methods used in teaching, not to physical facilities. So that no misunder- standing willhresult, the words "used in teaching" mean under- lying teaching methods such as plotting group movements within the classroom, etc. I can't understand- why issue was taken to my statement "Is it that all teachers are underpaid, or that the good ones are under- paid?" Did I say in that letter or this one or anywhere else that I didn't think teachers are under- paid? No. What I was question- ing was whether it is right to pay teachers with the same education and the same seniority, the same wage. Shouldn't there be an extra reward for the -teacher who does a good job of teaching? --John Buckmaster, '57 BAd. 'Uninformed Idiots'... . To the Editor: IT IS ALWAYS gratifying to see a paper fearlessly put forth its views, disregarding any views or developments which might dis- prove the editors' opinions. I refer to your series of consis- tently uninformed, biased, and at times outrightly stupid editorials on segregation. 1. Study the South's history since 1800, and reach a sympathetic understanding of why a South- erner's attitude towards certain situations is different from a Northerner's. 2. Explain to your readers, in an objective way, why differences do exist between Northern and Southern ideology. Your duty to both the North and Southris to snow your readers why the problem of the South are our problems too. For if Dixie can't solve her problems alone, she will surely drag the rest of us down with her. If a chain is only as strong as its weakest link, America is the chain, and the Black Belt, where democratic processes are breaking down, is the weakest link. The" South needs understanding, sup- port and, at times, she needs most- ly to be left alone. What Dixie needs least is crit- icism from sadistic, uninformed idiots playing at running a news- paper. -Roy Reynolds, '57 AT THE MICHIGAN: 'Tattoo' Magnani, Tour de Force ( 3r A THE SCREEN translation of Tennessee William's "R o s e Tattoo" brings little glory to the playwright, but provides actress Anna Magnani with a brilliant and startling dramatic tour de force. Miss Magnani portrays the wid- ow Serafina Della Rose who loses her husband, a virlie, Italian-im- migrant truck driver whom she feels was "the best-not the sec- and best, but the first best, the only best" man. She is content to live in her little world of dreams, remembering "the love of a man that was mine-only mine." The irony, apparent to the audi- ence from the beginning, is that Serafina's liusband has been un- faithful. When she learns this, the memory of that beautiful rose tat- tooed on her husband's chest, the rose that is a symbol of ideallic love, withers for her. She thinks the sailor (Ben Cooper) whom her 15-year-old daughter (Marisa Pa- van) loves is out to seduce the girl. However, when another truck Magnani is one of the few actres- ses capable of spanning such a range. Unfortunately, the tre- mendous emotions she conveys are quite unworthy of Williams' play and character, and the author al- ways seems to be demanding hu- man greatness from his people which is unjustified by his crea- tion. Nonetheless, Miss Magnani is unforgettable. With huge rings under her eyes, excess pounds of floppy flesh, straggly hair and a face that can express anything, she is the perfect exponent of down-to-earth acting. Much of her power may come from being one of the few actresses willing to appear in such a sloppy physical state, but hers is the added talent of an artist who understands life as few understand it. * * * MISS PAVAN as the daughter gives a delightful and sensitive performance; and the minor char- acters are excellently handled 'by Daniel Mann's direction. Cooner RECOGNIZING that the level of farm prices has fallen, we support the Eisenhower-Benson program to replace the unrealistic policies of the Truman Adminis- tration. This Democrat policy has proved a failure-a drastic failure--and it must be replaced. We favor these programs; a. The Benson Program which provides for flexible price sup- ports. It does not try to disregard the law of supply and demand. b. The soil bank which would take uneeded land out of produc- tion, protect farm income, reduce the accumulation of surplusses, and further extend sound conser- vation policies.