FOUn THE MICHIGAN DAILY TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 1954 The 21 Who Stayed ONE OF THE developing fads in America seems to be confusion over political is- sues. But, the most disturbing aspect of this trend is its tendency to spread to other is- sues and problems that are not political- such as the problem of the 21 American pris- oners of war who chose .to stay behind what we enjoy calling the Iron Curtain. From confusion comes incoherent ac- tion. Such is exactly what America can be properly accused of in regard to the 21 who rejected it. It seems obivous that the American peo- ple would like these men to change their minds and return. Yet, official action and denunciations by certain segments of the press have made it as hard as possible for them to do so. It reminds one of the case where a wife asks her husband to come home at six o'clock and locks the door at five. We call them traitors; we give them dishonorable discharges; we threaten them with commitment to mental institutions; and we court martial two of them who did change their minds. It seems that in our failure to persuade them to return immediately, we have for- gotten that we want them to return and, more important, why we want them back. We have let our concern become wrath, in a strange metamorphosis, and remember only that they did not return, igoring the possi- bility of wondering why. The explanation for this cryptic change of attitude may be in the reasons why we wanted them back which have been forgot- ten. At first, it was most likely a shock to America to hear that anyone who knew it could choose the antithesis of its ideals. Then the practical aspect appeared through the cloud of indignance, and psychological dis- advantages in the cold war were seen in the situation. Together, these two combined to make it an obsession to have them back. As is the case with most obsessions, we forget how we got them. Soon, getting them back was the only concern. We no longer cared why they didn't. It is not surprising, then, that we became angry when our efforts failed. So, we turn against them, as much as telling them, "All right, we told you what was good for you; but you wouldn't listen. So, to hell with you." We have forgotten the circumstances of the case. When a man is starving, we don't throw him in jail for stealing a slice of bread. Or do we? We forgive him his taking the slice of bread and give him another. Don't we? Similarly, there are circumstances to be considered in this case of the prisoners. The first aspect of the situation that most have failed to see is that the decision by the 21 men to stay within Communism was not an ideological one. Furthermore, it could hardly be called a free choice. These men either gave in to Communism after a long ordeal of mental and physical torture, or went over to the Reds in anticipation of the treatment they would otherwise be forced to endure. In either case, acceptance of Communism meant collaboration with it. And it is the collaboration, or charges of same by those prisones who did return, that has provoked the American action that finally made it nearly impossible for them to come back. Behind Jhis action on the part of Amer- ica, and behind our forgetting to consid- er why these men did not come back, is an assumption that we, if placed in the same circumstances, would not act as they did. Seemingly, we can do nothing now. The 21 have been wisked into the Soviet and into an impossibility of returning. But we can learn a lesson from our failure to bring them back. We can resolve not to let it happen the next time, even while we hope there will be no next time. -Jim Dygert ILC ENT MOVIES J At the Michigan .. . HIS MAJESTY O'KEEFE, with Burt Lan- caster. WE NEED wait no longer to select the all- around most miserable movie of 1954. No candidate could hope to approach "His Majesty O'Keefe." The story, or rather the idea which makes shift to hold the scenes together, involves an American adventurer determined to bleed the South Sea islands of all the copra he can get ("worth its weight in gold," he says, but I don't believe it). The gentleman is not above infringing upon the franchise of a German copra company nor setting the Polynesians to civil war to obtain the inval- uable item, and although the Germans don't cause much trouble, it does seem a shame to stir up all those nice, lazy natives who are perfectly content to leave the coconuts hang- ing on the trees. The incidents in the movie have nothing to revolve about but O'Keefe, played quite wretchedly by Mr. Lancaster. He does not bother to approach thq status of a credible character, but resigns himself to toothy grimaces and bare-chested strutting, and for some occult reason this is all that's necessary to excite both Polynesian war- riors and maidens. Consequently the film, pretending to be a "true legend" (?), de- generates into two sorts of scenes: those THE FOREIGN STUDENT: 34,000 Hand-Picked Visitors Post Office -1-1401_ _ _ ,r -> ' a t tetteP4 TO THE EDITOR The Daily welcomes communications from its readers on matters of general interest, and will publish all letters which are signed by the writer and. in good taste. Letters exceeding 300 words in length, defamatory or libelous letters, and letters which for any reason are not in good taste will be condensed, edited or withheld from publication at the discretion of the editors. (EDITOR'S NOTE: The following is the first in a series of articleson the foreign student- how he happens to come to this country and what he does and doesn't find here. The author, Eddy Lachman, is a graduate student in journal- ism and comes from Amsterdam where he was for several years foreign news editor of the Algemeen Handelsblad.) By EDDY LACHMAN HOW WOULD YOU like to find yourself rocking along on an ocean liner between two continents, suspended as it were in time and space, the sun shining on the decks, a lazy atmosphere of easy chairs, sun glasses, books and sun-tan oil prevailing and an un- certain future of a new country, where you will be able to study for one whole year without cost to you or your parents, beam- ing over the horizon? A good position to be in. But what would you say if you found aboard the ship six other persons of approximately the same age as yours, who as to their likes and dislikes, education and above all psychological make- up are your very images? That could be quite annoying. Believe it or not that is what happens to many foreign students coming to this country every July or August to study at some U.S. university for a year or so. They will become part of a community of 34,000 foreign students, who at an approx- imate cost of one hundred million dollars annually to the American economy, learn their trade in what is to them the most in- teresting country on the face of the earth. Now this does not mean that all of these 34,000 are the same sort of person. Far from it: they come from 128 different lands, study a thousand different subjects and have lived in places as far apart as the village of Naz- ira in Burma and the town of Hammerfest in Norway. But 3,000 of them-those who are brought over here on State Department or other pub- lic funds, who get a free round trip to the U.S., whose tuition, housing and food are taken care of by the American taxpayer- may find that their psychological frame is almost identical. They have on the whole been carefully selected and screened, ac- cording to almost uniform standards. They tend to be of the easy-going type, open- minded, with an intelligence slightly above average and a good academic record. Most of them are graduate students and most of them speak English. Above all, attention has been paid to their personalities. Thus, by some magical process of questioning and sifting, only the extroverts have been chosen, only those who enjoy mixing with all sorts of companies, who profess an interest in the other fellow and who are ready to adapt themselves with a cheerful smile to all sorts of circumstances. There is also another trait which all 34,000 have in common, whether they are' grant and fellowship or "private" students. They are all essentially pro-American. This is not so amazing if you put yourself in the place of a student in say, imaginary Ruritania., Let us assume that this particu- lar Ruritanian has an instinctive dislike for everything that is American. Perhaps he has seen too many Hollywood films, or perhaps he once read a story about the rough civiliz- ing procedures adopted towards the original population of this country. Would that par- ticular student care to study in America? Would he be interested enough to learn Eng- lish, or would he believe that the American educational system has something to offer him? Would he feel an inclination to mix with American students for a couple of se- mesters? The chances that he would answer these question in the affirmative are slight. Now take another Ruritanian - one of those who, like many young people in Europe or Asia, professes to believe that America and Russia, or as they sometimes put it "Capitalism of the Wallstreet brand" and "Communism of the Stalin and Malenkov system," represent the choice between the devil and the deep blue sea. Would he go to the nearest American consulate to find out about scholarships in America; would he like to tell his circle of friends who think along the same lines as he does that he is attempt- ing to capitulate to the,Cocacola habit for one year? Would he then subject himself to a close screening process in order to get a grant and finally, would he care to answer the 200 questions put to him by American educational institutions and the American consulate? He would probably revolt at the thought of writing his political beliefs on an official visa-application form under oath -political beliefs which in his own country, if there is even a slight semblance of de- mocracy, are held among the most sacred personal secrets to which a citizen is en- titled. Again the chances that such a student would like to come to America are slight. Many people in foreign lands know per- fectly well that the process of getting an American visa is a long-involved and above all, rather degrading affair. Only those young people who believe that the picture of a frightened America, gained through the chauvinistic immigration regulations, is not a true one, would be ready to swallow the first bitter fruits of their friendship to- wards the American people. Barring the infinitely small numbers who would subject themselves to the visa-getting ordeal for ulterior and dishonorable reasons, it is safe to assume that a majority of the students who want to come to this country for a limited time have, before setting out on their journey, a fundamentally favorable attitude toward the U.S. and its peoples. Why are the American people paying ap- proximately a hundred million dollars every year to get these people here? President Ei- senhower provided the answer in a letter which he sent to Kenneth Holland, president of the Institute of International Education. (The Institute does most of the organiza- tional work in the field of student exchange.) Eisenhower said: "The threat of another (war) will not be removed until the peoples of the world come to know each other better; until they understand each others problems, needs and hopes. Exchange programs can contribute immeasurably to such under- standing." The subsequent articles are designed to make a small contribution towards the eval- uation of the work done in this field. r$... A4~~a&0 r a "i1~ .~IrA ~r 1, 1. J 3 t t f I Z t C 2 The Daily regrets that many Letters to The Editor received recently have not appeared in print. The main reason for this is that these letters are not signed by the individual writers. Daily policy requires that all communications be signed by the writer. There can be no ex- ception to this rule. -The Editor Out of Focus ... To the Editor: MY ONLY experience with this new medium - Cinemascope -was a fiasco termed King of the Kyhber Rifels, starring Tyrone Power and Terry Moore. Before we get started, let me note briefly the best part of the picture. That was the fact that I got there in the afternoon before the prices went up. The plot, what there was of it, consisted of Tyrone's at- tempts to rid India and The Brit- ish Empire of a slovenly rogue who is sort of a semi-sibling of his, thus involving intense emotional problems. A bit of intregue is found in a sub-plot (if anything could be more sub than the orig- inal one) consisting of Terry Moore's attempts to snag Tyrone despite her father's (I'll not have you running off with one of them bloody 'arf-casts) protests. The plot of the picture, however, is un- important; the thing these days is to be bigger, longer, more stery- optic and steryophonic than what- ever came before, no matter how bad you are in achieving these aims. King of the Kyhber Rifels suc- ceeds admirably in all respects, es- pecially the last. For one thing, I remember in the good old days that at least the movie was in fo- cus, if nothing else. Twentieth- Century, however, seems to be un- der the impression that my fa- ther's generation gave rise to a brood of astigmatics, and thus have taken correctionary steps in this matter; rather than let the viewers get their own glasses, they have taken care of this in the film- ing with the result that anyone with normal (or corrected) eye- sight gets the impression that the picture was filmed on a rather hazy day. Even Miss Moore was somewhat of a dissapointment. While she may be the most in a Mink Lea- tarde, she just doesn't make it sitting demurely through most of the movie repeating "cheese' over and over again to herself And even the above mentioned Miss Monroe couldn't be too fetching in a high- necked gingham frock (sanforized or not) let alone Terry. Despite all the criticism, how ever, the new look of cinemascope was rather pleasing to me in a nostalgic sort of way. It brought back memories of the days before I was 21 and had to watch televi- sion from the outside peeking through the venitian blinds on the barroom window. -Jerry Varon TODAY AND TOMORROW: The American Business Cycle And Tax Reductions By WALTER LIPPMANN tisan issuel A PERSON looking for signs of things to standing of comb might well pay attention to the di- it from bel alogue, which took place last week before And Chair the Joint Committee on the Economic Re- by no me& port, between Sen. Fulbright and Mr. Mar- navigating tin, the Chairman of the Board of the Feder- navigating al Reserve System. They were talking about ly weather tax reductions. The Senator wanted to know When the which of two kinds the chairman preferred. tax policy I Did he favor increasing the incentive to in- Mr. Fulbr vestment and production by tax concessions long run bu to liberalize depreciation allowances and to the present reduce double taxation of dividends? Or is the way7 would he prefer to increase the personal ex- tion. Hisa emption in the income tax in order to leave ture," at th more spending money in the hands of the adjustment mass of of consumers? on the "pro The first kind of reduction is advocated phasize an: by the Administration. The second is ad- power. He vocated by most of the Democrats. Here in would favor a nutshell are the seeds of a controversy come anyw which may grow up to something very juncture th big in this session of Congress and in the bright favo election campaign next atumn. It turns on Mr. Ful genuine issues of policy, principle, and would pre of fact. Yet it is set up for political dema- the recess goguery. justment For the concessions*would be about the in the ne same-say $3,000,000,000-under either tax not close plan. But the immediate benefliciaries under what it m the Administration proposal would be the April or relatively small -number of taxpayers in the The Adm upper brackets. Under the other proposal their funds the beneficiaries would be the very much that expan larger number in the lower brackets. There social nece is obviously a great deal of political dyna- economy. T mite in an issue of that kind, especially if the one i there is to be a shrinkage of incomes due technologic to shorter hours in industry and to the incentives b troubles in agriculture. Sen. Fulbright has the honor of being as These pi clear of demagoguery as a successful and ef- progress o fective public man can be. His uetions run. But th WASHINGTON-Silver-haired, barrel-chested Senator Pat McCar- ran of Nevada not only lobbied much of the funds through Con- gress to help dictator Franco in Spain, but now wants to tell the Spanish government what technicians to hire in building Spanish bases. The Senator took the amazing step of telephoning the Spanish Minister of Public Works, Conde Vallellano, to ask that he use Ger- man technicians. As a result of the call, the State Department is in- vestigating to see whether McCarran violated the Logan Act which prohibits non-diplomats from meddling in the conduct of American foreign affairs. Three years ago, McCarran was so active in demanding that $187,000,000 be allocated to Spain that Franco awarded him the Grand Cross of Isabella. At that time, McCarran even called Her- bert Gaston, former president of the export-import bank, on the carpet to ask why moaney advanced to Spain was not being spent faster. McCarran's recent transatlantic phone call, however, went furth- er than anything else he has done to meddle in Spanish-Amercain affairs. The call was made from the Plaza Hotel in New York, and here is the telephone record of what the Senator from Nevada said: WHAT McCARRAN SAID IT TOOK several hours to put the call through, partly because the Spanish cabinet officer was routed out of bed. Then, over the crackle of traiatlantic static, the operator's voice announced: "I have Conde Vallellano on the line. He does not speak English." "I have an interpreter here," replied McCarran. "Conde Vallellano is ready now," intoned the operator. The interpreter then took the receiver and transplanted McCar- ran's words. "As you know, I have always been a champion of Spanish causes in this country," McCarran explained through his inter- preter. "I would like to have my mind so clear as to be able within my own conscience to make decisions most advantageous, both to my country and to yours." "It is a great honor that you should take the trouble to telephone me, and I appreciate your sentiments greatly, as all Spaniards ap- preciate them," the interpreter translated Vallellano's reply. "What I would like to bring up is the question of building mili- tary bases in Spain," McCarran got down to the point. "I know of various plans which offer great advantages. The one that appeals most to me proposes that wherever necessary, Spanish construction capacity should be supplemented by West German technicians and facilities."4 "I personally am of the same opinion as the Senator that Ger- mans should be used in the construction of these bases," agreed the Spanish minister of public works. "I am familiar with this idea of using Germans. Many of the details of such a program have already been furnished to me. Of necessity, it must be received by me and by Spaniards with the utmost sympathetic and favorable consideration." "I wish to receive an opinion from some high Spanish officials to guide my thinking," replied McCarran with satisfaction. "I can state," repeated Vallellano, "that I know of no objection of any kind to such a procedure." BEHIND THE PHONE CALL INSIDE STORY is that McCarran has been pulling wires both in Washington and Madrid to cut a group of German contractors into the multi-million-dollar Spanish base project. They have offered to accept part of their payment in surplus commodities from the Agri- culture Department's overflowing bins. . McCarran is dealing behind the scenes with a man named Esto- groul Ousman, who represents the German contractors. What the Sen- ator from Nevada has neglected to tell his Spanish friends, however, is that the German contractors have agreed to buy their heavy equip- ment from the Nevada office of Wells Fargo, a firm close to McCarran. NEW LOOK AT BASES MEANWHILE, THE Pentagon is taking a second look at the mili- tary base agreement that McCarran was so instrumental in push- ing through. The Senator from Nevada was so insistent in trying to get better terms for Spain, rather than his own country, that Penta- gon officials have concluded it's an excellent deal-for Spain. Here are some facts the American public doesn't know: Under the agreement, Spain is not committed to fight on Ameri- ca's side or even to let the U.S. Air Force use the bases in case of war. Furthermore, after ten yeras, Spain can throw the United States out and take over the bases for herself. All she will be obliged to pay is scrap value for the expensive American equipment. In return for this dubious agreement, the United States will re- build Spain's broken-down railroads and highways, revamp and re- equip Spain's military forces, pump economic aid into the country, lay a 570-mile pipeline across three-quarters of the country, and pour over $200,000,000 into building air bases, port facilities, communication systems, and other facilities that Spain can legally expropriate at scrap value after only ten years. In contrast, the United States got a 99-year lease on all the British Islands of the Atlantic and the Caribbean in exchange for only fifty destroyers. WHO HELPED HVASTA ON THE SURFACE there may not appear to be much affinity be- tween a Czech-American and an Italian-American, but it was an American Congressman of Italian descent, Peter Rodino of New Jer- sey, who had most to do wtih releasing Jan Hvasta, an American of Czech descent. but to open the way to an under- F the issue-which mightprevent ing exploited by the demagogues. man Martin has a critical, though ans the whole, responsibility for in the choppy waters and squal- through which we are passing. e Senator asked Mr. Martin which he preferred, we may take it that ight was thinking not of the ut of the very near future during readjustment. That, as I read it, Mr. Martin understood the ques- answer was that "at this junc- .his point in the course of the re- t, he would still put the emphasis oduction side," rather than to em- increase of consumer purchasing did not, however, say what he r at a later "juncture." He did not vhere near saying that at a later he tax reduction which Mr. Ful- rs might not be called for. bright had asked him which he fer now-given the mildness of ion and the fact that the read- might be concluded successfully xt few months. Mr. Martin did and lock any doors against might be expedient to do say by May. ninistration's tax program reflects (mental economic doctrine. It is sion is a continuing political and essity in a free and capitalist 'he first conditions of expansion- inseparable from the other-are cal improvement and sufficient to enterprise and investment. rinciples are fundamental to the f a free economy over the long hey are not the panacea, they are (Continued from Page 2) Introduction to Literature of Music. Brings to the layman a practical meth- od of listening to instrumental music and familiarizes him with the signifi- cant forms and styles of music com- position heard currently in the concert hall and over the radio. Its aim is prac- tical, and its approach is nontechnical; no previous knowledge of music is necessary. (The 1954 May Festival Lec- ture Series is included in this course). Sixteen weeks, $18. Instructor: Glenn D. McGeoch, Pro- fessor of Music Literature, History and Criticism. Tues., Feb. 9, 7 p.m., 206 Burton Tower. Practical Public Speaking. For the student who desires a course devoted exclusively to training in public speak- ing rather than a basic course in the whole field of speech. Study, analysis practice, and criticism dsigned to pro- mote the acquisition of proficiency in extemporaneous speaking. May be taken for credit or without credit. (Speech 31, two hours of undergraduate credit.) $18. Instructor: Paul E. Cairns, Instructor in Speech. Tues., Feb. 9, 7:30 p.m., 1429 Mason Hall. Social Forces in Human Behavior. Material from the three disciplines of psychology, anthropology, and sociol- ogy will be integrated into a single .ap- proach to the problem of understand- ing man and the socio-cultural forces that affect his behavior. At the same time, the lectures will introduce the student to the problems, aims, meth- ods, and techniques that are charact- eristic of each of the three fields. Six- teen weeks. $18. Lecturers: David F. Aberle, Associate Professor of pociology and of Anthro- pology; Ronald Freedman, Associate Professor of Socilogy and Ford Founda- tion; Theodore M. Newcomb, Professor of Sociology and Psychology; Milton J. Rosenberg, Instructor in Psychology; Guy E. Swanson, Assistant Professor of Sociology; Edward L. Walker, Associate Professor of Psychology; Alvin F. Zan- der, Associate Professor of Educational Psychology. Coordinator: Milton J. Ros- enberg. Tues., Feb. 9, 7:30 p.m., 171 Business Administration Building. Concerts The Toronto symphony Orchestra, Sir Ernest MacMillan, Conductor, with Betty-Jean Hagen, violinist, will give the sixth program inthe current Choral Union Series, Wednesday evening, Feb. 10, at 8:30 in Hill Auditorium. Sir Ernest will present the following program for the Ann Arbor debut of this distinguished organization: Over- ture to "Euryanthe" (Weber); Two Sketches for String Orchestra on French-Canadian Airs (MacMillan); Symphony in B-flat major (Chausson); "Symphonie Espagnole" for Violin and Orchestra (Lalo) with Betty-Jean Ha- gen, soloist; and Soirees Musicales, Five Movements from Rossini (Britten). Tickets may be purchased daily at the offices of the University Musical Society in Burton Tower, at $1.50, $2.00, $2.50 and $3.00; and at the Hill Audi- torium box office on the night of the concert, after 7 p.m. Exhibitions Museum of Art, Alumni Memorial Hall. African Sculptures, through Feb. 28; The Embellished Surface, through Mar. 1; Student Printmakers Exhibition, through Feb. 20. Open 9 to 5 on week- days; 2 to 5 on Sundays. The public is invited. Events Today American Society of Civil Engineers. Prof. F. N. Menefee, of the College of Engineering, will speak on "Railroad Construction in the Labrodo Wilder- ness" (also 30 m. sound film), this evenine at. 8o'clock in the Natural DAILY OFFICIAL BULLETIN speak on "Systems of Elliptic Partial Differential Equations in Plane." Westminster Student Fellowship. The first in a series of Bible studies, "Christ through the eyes of Paul," from 7 to 8 p.m. All students are welcome to at- tend. The meetings will be held in Room 205 of the First Presbyterian Church, 1432 Washtenaw. Square and Folk Dancing. Tonight and every Tuesday, 7:30-10:00 p.m., Lane Hall. Instruction for beginners. Everyone welcome. SSR.A. Council meets at Lane Hall, 5:15-7:00 p.m. Episcopal Student Foundation. Tea from 4 to 5:30 at Canterbury House. All students invited. Museum Movies, "Mammals of thei- Rocky Mountains" and "Mammals of the Western Plains," "Birds that Eat Flesh;" and "Birds that Eat Insects," free movies shown at 3 p.m. daily in- cluding Sat. and Sun. and at 12:30 Wed., 4th floor movie alcove Museums Building, Feb. 2-8. Coming Events Roger Williams Guild. Yoke Fellow- ship meets Thursday morning at 7 a.m. in the church Prayer Room. In- spirational devotions followed by a breakfast-through in time to get to your eight o'clock classes. Roger Williams Guild. Weekly Tea and Chat, Wednesday afternoon from 4:30 to 6:00, at the Guild House. Chess Club of the U. of M. will hold its first meeting ofhthis semester Wed., Feb. 10, 7 p.m., Michigan Union. All members are asked to be present, as it will be necessary to hold elections. Play will go on after the business meet- ing. New players welcome. SL Academic Freedom Subcommssion will meet Wed., Feb. 10. at 5 p.m., Mich- igan Union. All student organizations are invited to participate. Union Student Offices Tryout Smoker, a meeting for all men interested in joining the staff of the Student Offices. Meetings are held on wed. Feb. 10, at 4:15 and on Thurs., Feb. 11, at 7:15 in Room 3-A of the Union. Episcopal Student Foundation. Stu- dent Breakfast following 7 a.m. service of Holy Communion, wed., Feb. 10 at Canterbury House. Sixty-Fourth Year Edited and managed by students of the University of Michigan under the authority of the Board in Control of Student Publications. Editorial Staff Harry Lunn............Managing Editor Eric Vetter.............City Editor Virginia Voss. .....Editorial Director Mike Wolff......Associate City Editor Alice B. Silver..Assoc. Editorial Director Diane Decker....... .Associate Editor Helene Simon..... ..Associate Editor Ivan Kaye.................Sports Editor Paul Greenberg....Assoc. Sports Editor Marilyn Campbell......Women's Editor Kathy Zeiser....Assoc. Women's Editor Don Campbell.......Head Photographer Business Staff Thomas Traeger...Business Manager William Kaufman Advertising Manager Harlean Hankin....Assoc. Business Mgr. William Seiden.......Finance Manager Don Chisholm.....Circulation Manager Telephone NO 23-24-1 .,