. I FOURt THE MICHIGAN DAILY TUESDAY, MARCH 9, 1954 POUR THE 1~1ICHIGAN DAILY TUESDAY, MARCH 9, 1954 An Editorial TO DATE, 28 petitions have been taken out for the 22 Student Legislature seats open in the campus spring elec- tions. Deduct from this number the three or four petitions which inevitably never get returned plus the three or four can- didates who drop out during campaign- ing, and the result nullifies any prospects for a vigorous election contest. This, numerically outlined, is SL's prob- lem. And since SL is still SL-future re- organization plans aside--it is a campus problem as well. If the present ratio of candidates run- ning to posts available holds or improves only slightly, student government faces two alternative predicaments. Most pes- simistically, SL could decide, with no elec- tion contest in sight, to remove itself from the ballet. This would mean no student government. Or, taking a resigned but somewhat brighter outlook, SL could go through with the election, automatically seating all but a few of the candidates. This would mean a weak student govern- ment. Obviously, more candidates are the only successful way out. Bnt the platitudinous plea that SL is only what its members make it, although true enough, is in- sufficient in terms of present circum- stances. Although the Student Affairs Study Committee did not intend such a result, its tentative plans to reorganize SL out of existence are discouraging can- didates from running. Paradoxicay, though, a competitive election is neces- sary to the real success of reorganiza- tion work. Without a strong member- ship, SL will be in no position to uphold its ideals of representativeness and vital- ity before the study committee, and an essential check on the significant reor- ganization work will be missing. The deadline for turning in SL peti- tions is Saturday. In a sense, it is also thedeadline for assuring that a strong student government-whether or not with the initials SL-remains on campus. -The Senior Editors Harry Lunn, Eric Vetter, Virginia Voss, Mike Wolff, Alice B. Silver, Diane D. AuWerter, Helene Si- mon. Free Air Time For McCarthy SENATOR McCARTHY has, in his own eyes at least, risen to great heights. He is so important, he tl'inks, that he must be given free air and' TV time to answer every poli- tical attack made upon him. There is a Federal Communications Com- mission ruling which provides for equal ra- dio and TV time to political parties. The Senator is trying to capitalize on this law. He has already abused the privilege of free time to answer former President Truman. Now he wants to reply to Democratic chief, Adlai Stevenson. If the Senator is granted this privilege, then conceivably any political figure who has been slighted over the air could de- mand, free time to reply. Fortunately there are not yet many people in public life who insist upon the limelight to the degree the Senator does. Apparently McCarthy, who is so concern- ed with the "abusement" of constitutional rights, can see no danger in his own abuse of a federal ruling which was not designed to give individuals free air time to advance their own political careers. -Dorothy Myers Why Join? THE EVIDENCE increases daily that it would have been the part of wisdom and safety to have joined nothing, said nothing, written nothing, associated with nobody that could possibly cause embar- assment in the future. That is the lesson of the Thirties; and it has been employed with a vengeance, especially by the strident min- ority of extreme "anti-Communists" whose successful imitation of Communist methods imposes severe psychological limitations on other people's freedom. If there is one place, for instance, where there must be complete receptivity to new ideas, where the interchange of thought and clash of opinion ought to be absolutely un- trammeled it is the college or university. And yet the national and local pressures, ranging from loyalty oaths and screening boards to full fledged investigations have created an atmosphere adversely affecting even those centers of our intellectual life. College students are advised to "join noth- ing-it's safer." And indeed it is. It is much safer for both student and faculty member to refrain from becoming members of organizations, sub- scribing to publications, engaging in de- bates that might at some future time be, cited;to show that they held dangerous-or at least unpopular-thoughts. The result is a slow attrition of real in- tellectual freedom which many teachers have commented on in the past few years but the worst effects of which may not be felt for' years to come. TODAY AND TOMORROW: "They're Thinking Of Backing Up Now" McCarthyism and the Founding Fathers 3 tettet4 TO THE EDITOR The Daily welcomes communications from its readers on matters of general interest, and will publish all letters which are signed by the writer and in good taste. Letters exceeding 300 words in length, defamatory or libelous letters, and letters which for any reason are not in good taste will be condensed, edited or withheld from publication at the discretion of the editors. BRCERatEeT ESATE 11 By WALTER LIPPMANN ON WEDNESDAY of last week the Presi- dent said he was glad '"to state that Sen. Knowland has reported to me that ef- fective steps are being taken by the Re- publcian leadership to set up codes of fair procedure." That same day Sen. Knowland and Sen. Ferguson, who speak for the Re- publican leadership, said that each chair- maneof a committee, and Sen. McCarthy is one of these chairmen, would be allowed to decide whether he would accept, indeed whether he would even consider, recommen- dations that the "leadership" might make. What now? The President is on notice from Sen. McCarthy that he will not mend his ways and he is on notice from the Republican leadership in the Senate that they will not regulate the activities of McCarthy. The President cannot, there- fore, continue to "assume," as he said in his statement, that "every governmental employee In the Executive branch, whe- ther civilian or in the armed forces," .. . "will be accorded the same respect and courtesy that I require that they show to the members of the legislative bodies." There is a solution for this problem of the President's deep down in the fundamen- tal conception of the American Constitu- tion. The founding fathers understood per- fectly the problem which for the time being we call McCarthyism. The problem arises from the facts of human nature, namely that self-restraint cannot be counted upon to keep the lust of power within bounds. When all the exhortation and the preach- ings have been applied, there will still be a tendency in almost all men, a strong ten- dency in some men, a vicious tendency in a few men ,to expand their power until they encounter an obstacle which checks them. The mechanism of the American Consti- tution is designed to bring into being checks and balances which will keep all parts of the government within reasonable bounds. This system of checks and balances is there as the final resort 'when pleading and persuasion fail, as so often in human affairs they do fail. The show-down last week was conclusive on this point,,not primarily because of the brutal insolence of McCarthy's reply to the President but because of the open refusal of the Re- publican leadership in the Senate to im- pose any restraints upon McCarthy. That marked the failure of pleading and per- suasion in this case. It is the President's right and it is his duty to check the invasion of the Executive branch of the government by the McCarthy Committee. When the next overt act oc- curs he should do what he should have done when Gen. Zwicker had been maltreated. He should say that it is against the public in- terest to subject the employees of the Exe- cutlive branch of the government to Mc- Carthy's treatment, that this terrorism and intimidation are destructive of the morale of the government. He should declare that the Executive branch of the government, +M U ANGELL HALL AUDITORIUM .. . Six Concerti Grossi, Op. 3, by G. F. Han- del, presented by the Collegium Musicum, Hans T. David, director. THE FIRST program by the Collegium Mu- sicum in auite some time was as excit- ing and stimulating as any of the season. Consisting of six early Concerti Grossi by Handel, the performances were all spirited, both from the standpoint of the 18th cen- tury and happily the 20th, and at the same time musical, reflecting the unwavering de- votion and keen understanding of Prof. Da- vid. Prof. David brought to these concerti vital and robust interpretations, antithe- tical to the refined, suave readings some professional orchestras might give. The effect was of players gathering for an evening of fun with the audience present not as an austere body of onlookers but themselves sharing in the enthusiasm. The spontaneous ovation given the play- ers after the last piece underlined this situation. while it recognizes the value and importance of Congressional investigations, will not deal with this particular committee because it is abusing the power of investigation. Until its powers have been curbed and its pro- cedure reformed, he will not as Chief Exe- cutive permit anyone in the Executive branch of the government to deal with this committee. The application of this check will reverse the field. The President will no longer be pleading, quite in vain, for fair treatment. He will have acted to protect the Executive branch of the government against abuse. It will then be for McCarthy to find out whe- ther the Senate can and will enable him to compel the President to withdraw his order. There is no power in the Senate, which could be exercised in support of McCarthy, to coerce the President in a matter of this kind. The "leadership" would not dare to challenge the President on the ground that McCarthy must not be restrained. *«* * THE PRESIDENT'S obligation to cooper- ate with Congress and with its commit- tees is not a one-way affair. There is a cor- responding obligation on Congress to coop- erate with the President. It is pernicious nonsense, and a complete denial of the prin- ciple of the Constitution, to assert the su- premacy of Congress and to claim for it powers that can be abused and for which there is no remedy. In the American system no man, no in- stitution, no branch of the government is a power to itself, and all are kept within the bounds of the Constitution. This is done not only by their own self-restraint -though that is so necessary-but by the checks and balances which restrain all powers. In the present case the leader- ship in the persons of members Knowland and Ferguson, being unable to restrain McCarthy, the restraint must be imposed by a check from the other end of Penn- sylvania Avenue. This is the way the Constitution is meant to work. It contains no precise and com- prehensive definition of the perogatives of the three branches of the government. The founding fathers were too wise to attempt the impossible, which is to define in ad- vance how men in the future were to deal with all the conflicts and abuses of power that were likely to arise. Nor have the courts ever laid down clear and precise boundary lines. The ultimate principle is simply that arbitrary power is abhorrent to the Con- stitution, and under it men are expected, they are given the facilities, and they are required, to resist arbitrary power when- ever it becomes manifest. How is it to be determined whether pow- er is arbitrary and is being abused? It is determined in the American system through the debate which is carried to the people when the exercise of power is checked, and the issue has been drawn. (Copyright, 1954, New York Herald Tribune, Inc.) sic + Outstanding among the players were Prof. Heger, oboe, Mr. Hauenstein, flute, and Bar- 'bara Garvin andsNathalie Dale, solo violin- ists. The featured soloist of the evening was Evelyn Brooks, who performed beautifully on the Spinettino, a delicate cousin of the Harpsichord, in the sixth concerto. The obvious beauties of performing this music in a small hall where players can communicate the spirit of such intimate mu- sic free from the pomposity of the large concert hall, and likewise the interpreta- tions which brought out the many varied moods and dramatic contrasts in the con- certi, were hovever the main reasons why the concert became so fine a musical ex- perience. Unfortunately Prof. David's speech before the concert began was both lengthy and tedious. The response this concert evoked defin- itely proved that our musicologists have been too sparing with their talents, a pre- dicament which Sunday night demonstrated should not last for long.' -Donald Harris .-S DAILY OFFICIAL BULLETIN (Continued from Page 2) June graduates, in chemistry, chem- ical engineering or food technology. For additional information about these and other employment opportuni- ties, contact the Bureau of Appoint- ments, 3528 Administration Bldg., Ext. 371. Lectures University Lecture, auspices of the Department of Classical Studies, "Homer and the Origin of the Historical Con- sciousness," Bruno Snell, Rector, Uni- versity of Hamburg, Germany, Wed., Mar. 10, 4:15 p.m., Rackham Amphi- theater. Academic Notices Seminar on Fluid Stability will hear Mr. J. Shea, Engineering Mechanics, speak on Rayliegh's Treatment of In- stability of Parallel Flows on Tues., Mar. 9, at 3 p.m. in 1504 East Engi- neering Building. Geometry Seminar, Wed., Mar. p.m., Room 3001 Angell Hall. Prof. Rainich will speak. 10, 7 G. Y. .. .:. Concerts Stanley Quartet, Gilbert Ross, and Emil Raab, violins, Robert Courte, viola, and Oliver Edel, cello, will pre- sent the first of two programs at 8:30 this evening, in the Rackham Lecture Hall. It will open with Haydn's Op. 74, No. 1, in C major. The first per- formance of Villa-Lobos' Quartet No. 14 will follow. This work was commis- sioned by the University of Michigan and written for the Stanley Quartet. After intermission the group will per- orm Beethoven's Opus 130 in B-flat major. The public will be admitted without charge. Wolverine Band Concert Postponed. The concert of the Wolverine Band, previously announced for 8 p.m., Wed., Mar. 10, in the Union Ballroom, has been postponed. The new date will be announced later. Elena Nikolaidi. the glamorous Greek contralto of the Metropolitan Opera Association, will make her Ann Arbor debut in the ninth concert of the Choral Union Series Friday, March 12, at 8:30 p.m., in Hill Auditorium. Mme. Nikolaidi will be accompanied on the piano by Stuart Ross, presenting the following program: "Parto, parto" from "Clemenza di Tito"; Haydn's Die See- jungfer and Schaferlied; a group of four songs by Schubert; "Bell raggio lusinghier" from "Semiramida" by Ros- sini; Ravel's Habanera; Faure's Aus bord de l'eau; Respighi's Nebbie; and "O mio Fernando" from "La Favorita" by Donizetti. Tickets are available at $3.00, $2.50. $2.00 and $1.50, at the offices of the University Musical Society in Burton Memorial Tower; and will also be on sale on the night of the concert after 7 o'clock in the box office of Hill Audi- torium. Concerts-May Festival. The sale of tickets for single concerts will begin Wednesday morning, March 10, at the offices of the University Musical Soci- ety in Burton Memorial Tower. To avoid confusion and to conserve time, it will be appreciated if purchasers will be pre- pared with correct amountsfor pay- ment. Tickets are priced at $3.00, $2.50, $2.00 and $1.50. The Philadelphia Orchestra will par- ticipate in all six concerts; and the as- signment of soloists is as follows: Thursday, April 29, 8:30. Lily Pons, soloist; Eugene Ormandy, Conductor. Friday, April 30, 8:30. Lois Marshall, soprano; Blanche Thebom, contralto; Leonard Rose, Cellist. University Choral Union, Thor Johnson, Conductor. Saturday. May 1, 2:30. Brahms pro- gram. Jacob Krachmalnick, violinist, and Lorne Munroe, cellist; Eugene Or- mandy, Conductor, The Festival Youth Chorus, Marguerite Hood, conducting. Saturday, May 1, 8:30. Zinka Milanov, soprano; and Kurt Baum, tenor; Eugene Ormandy, conductor. Sunday, May 2, 2:30. Mendelssohn's "Elijah" - Lois Marshall, soprano; Blanche Thebom, contralto; John Mc- Collum, tenor; William Warfield, bass; University Choral' Union; Thor John- son, Conductor. Sunday, May 2, :30. Arthur Rubin- stein, pianist; Eugene Ormandy, Con- dutor. 7-7 - m a The Young Democrats will meet in Room 3M-N of the Union tonight at 7:30. The main business will be ex- planation of the role that the Young Democrats will play in the forthcom- ing city election. We will hear ad- dresses from thrbe of the candidates: Mrs. Cain, Dean Coston, and Brett Miller, Sr. All members please try to be present for this very important func- tion. Episcopal Student Foundation, Tea from 4 to 5:15 at Canterbury House fol- lowed by Student-Faculty led Evensong, Chapel of St. Michael and All Angels. The Congregational-Disciples Guild. Tea at Guild House, 4:30 to 6 p.m. Museum Movies. "Heredity and En- vironment" and "Heredity in Animals," free movies shown at 3 p.m. daily in- cluding Sat. and Sun. and at 12:30 Wed., 4th floor movie alcove, Museums Building, Mar. 9-15. S.R.A. Council meets at Lane Hall, 5:15 p.m. Square and Folk Dancing. Everyone welcome. Lane Hall, 7:30-10:00. Coming Events American Association of University Professors. Governor G. Mennen Wil- liams will discuss the University bud- get at an open meeting to be held Wed., Mar. 10. at 4:15 p.m. in the Rackham Amphitheater. All members of the staff are invited. The Literary College Conference Steer- ing Committee will hold an important meeting on Wed., Mar. 10, at 5 p.m. in Dean Robertson's office in Angell Hall. Society of Automotive Engineers. There will be a field trip to the G.M. Transmission Plant at Willow Run on Wed., Mar. 10. Meet in front of East Engineering Building at 12:50 p.m. This trip is free to members and there is a small charge to non-members. 3rd Laboratory Bill of Plays will be presented by the Department of Speech this Friday and Saturday, Mar. 12 and 13, at 8 p.m. in the Lydia Mendelssohn Theatre. Included on the bill are Aris- tophanes' satiric comedy, THE FROGS; Rupert Brooke's thriller, LITHUANIA; and Frank Wedekind's ironic comedy, THE TENOR. All seats are reserved at 25c each. Tickets will be available at the Lydia Mendelssohn Box Office start- ing Wednesday morning at 10 o'clock. Academic Freedom Sub-commission of SL will meet at 4 on Wed., Mar. 10, in the Union. Hillel. Reservations or cancellations for Friday evening Kosher dinner must be in by Thursday afternoon-Call NO 3-4129' Sigma Alpha Eta will initiate its new key members during the meeting Wed., Mar. 10, at 7:30 p.m. at the Women's League. Dr. Harlan Bloomer, Director of the Speech Clinic, will be initiated as an honorary member. Students and fac- ulty are invited to attend. Episcopal Student Foundation. Stu- dent Breakfast at Canterbury House following 7 a.m. Ember Day service of Holy Communion, Wed., Mar. 10. Episcopal Student Foundation. Silent Luncheon for students and faculty members. Canterbury House, 12:10ap.m., Wed., Mar. 10. Episcopal Student Foundation. Stu- dent-Faculty led Evensong, Chapel of St. Michael and All Angels, 5:15 p.m., Wed., Mar. 10. Wesleyan Guild. Lenten Matin in the chapel Wednesday, 7:30-7:50 a.m. Be in the lounge from 4-5:30 Wednesday for the mid-week refresher tea! The Congregational-Disciples Guild. Discussion Group meets at Guild House on Wed., Mar. 10, 7 p.m. Lane Hall Symposium. "The Nature of the Church," led by The Rev. John F. Bradley, Ph.D., at Father Richard Cen- ter, 8:15 p.m., Wed., Mar. 10. THERE WAS A TIME, we are told, when a gentleman retired to his study to read the London Times with an open atlas at his elbow. This day is long gone and for much the same reason that at The Older Version,.. To the Editor: IN A LETTER to Tuesday's Daily, Mr. John Leggett explained at length that Stalinists do not be- lieve in liberty. Surely this is true, and it can hardly be pointed out too often. Mr. Leggett also point- ed out, with obvious gusto, that1 few people are now willing to de- fend the civil rights of Stalinists. If I have understood him correct- ly, he is asserting as a matter of principle that it is all right to deny liberty to people who don't believe in it. This principle is, at any rate, currently popular. We should un- derstand, however, that it is not traditional Americanism. On the contrary, it is a repudiation of tra- ditional Americanism. The founding fathers, when, they wrote the B,1ll of Rights, might very well have provided that freedom of speech be limited to reasonable people, or to people who are not exasperating, or to people who believe in freedom of speech. But they. made no such provision. Perhaps the omission was an oversight. On the other hand, perhaps not. Also, the founding fathers might have limited freedom of religion to certain sects - namely, those sects whose foreign adherents practice tolerance at times and places where they have the power to persecute dissent. This restric- tion also was omitted. And its omission makes the amendment in question somewhat more sweep- ing than it otherwise might have been. It is pretty clear, then, that the principle of liberty-for-libertar- ians-only is at best an innovation. It is directly contrary to the ideas expressed in the Constitution. You might call it the simulated-Gold- en Rule: Do unto others as you are afraid they might do unto you if they got the chance.- I like the original better in each case. --Edwin E. Mose ** * Call To Action ... To The Editor: IN A HIGHLY rational environ- ment like our University, an appeal to political action is seldom necessary. But there are times when this appeal becomes impera- tive, when a continuing period of political inaction may further pro- mote the loss of those freedoms upon which our society is based. It is my belief that McCarthy's strength is growing in an obvious and brutal fashion. He is taking and holding new power at every step. His actions are those of the demagogue in political office. The symbols he uses to manipulate the public are shoddy with age, but they still serve to arouse the aud- ience he seeks. I believe that he wishes full control of the state at a higher level than his present role will permit. I believe that Senator McCarthy is a real and present threat to the democratic process. In Germany many politically aware groups and individuals thought the rising Hitler a fool, someone not to be seriously con- sidered. Remember the lonely fight of the Journal Simplicissimus that tried to expose his tactics of terror and to shoy the public his real purpose. The campaign stopped after the offices and press of the journal were destroyed by.a few of Hitler's early followers. Some of the more sophisticated in our University look with dis- favor upon public actions that identify their political nature. Some in the safety of containment would rather observe the change in the society than take positive steps to .preserve their present sanctity. A retreat into cynicism is a re- fusal to think the general problem through; careful thinking will in- dicate that the burden of oppo- sition lies with those aware of the danger and in positions capable of effecting change. Education in a free society places a responsi- bility upon the recipients of the learning. That responsipility Is in part to protect the democratic process from fanatical subversion and the possible resulting tyranny. I have said that this is an ap- peal, perhaps in too many words. In closing, I hope again that our many excellent teachers will con- sider this man as a real threat to our state, and that their thinking will lead them to action against this growing force. -Tom Linton I have also been in Paris, Ma- drid, and Brazil where I have lived for twenty three years and I do not understand how Mr. Picard wants to compare girls in these large cities with U of M coeds. If you notice, Mr. Picard, Ann Arbor has a population much smaller than the cities I men- tioned above, and it is impossible to compare personality, appear- ance ,character, and friendliness between a large city and a small town.nSince you mentioned Brazil in general without referring to any particular city, I assume you must have gone to some little town in far away Matto Grosso probably, unless you think that Brazil is the name of a city like Paris, Madrid or Heidelberg . . This puzzles me since the univer- sities you visited are located in Rio de Janeiro,sSao Paulo and other large cities. Now, tell Mr. Picard, did you date any coed in Brazil? If so, what kind? If you haven't, when you come down again look me up and I'll be glad to show you what you missed. By the way, were you blindfold- ed or was it just a dream? -F.L.G. de Tullio - , * SL & SAC Study Group To the Editor: AS THE student member of the Student Affairs Committee Study Committee, I have often heard that the work of our com- mittee is discouraging participa- tion in the coming Student Legis- lature election. The effect of the committee should really be just the opposite. That is, as we con- sider the many plans toward effec- tive student government, the ex- isting organizations must be able to continue. Only through them will the committee hear the ex- pression of student opinion on the many problems we are to meet. The SAC study group is present- ly working on a plan for a single responsible student government organization. Only the preliminary decisions have been made. The vital details that will determine the character of the student gov- ernment remain to be decided. We will report our findings to the Pre- sident of the U. If our study results in the es- tablishment of an effective stu- dent .government-one that is granted responsibilities, and is able to carry them out-we will have done our job well. But cer- tainly there will be a lapse of time between the report and any im- plementation of a new student government structure. D u r i n g that time the work of the present student organizations cannot be abandoned. Our committee, then, needs the interest of student groups in the formulations of its plans. Also, there is so much work to be done in the interim in the field of stu- dent government, the SL, and all other student governing groups must not be allowed to fail through lack of interest. -Susan Popkin ,t . i r h { +, 1. r -r i CURNMQO/IcS At the Michigan .. . THE GLENN MILLER STORY, with James Stewart and June Allyson. PERSONALITY OR style or "that certain tain something," whatever you call it, is an asset to any expressive work. For the musical film, and particularly for the "mu- sical biography," it is practically a neces- sity. Fortunately, the makers of "The Glenn Miller Story," technicolor bidgraphy of the late band leader, have given as much at- tention to finding a style for the film as Miller himself, according to the script, spent in seeking a personality for his music. As 0rQ1f .a e n mn l.hn c Cnmn of flip en ,vp fierceness Hollywood usually allows only to composers in the throes of purer cre- ation. Once found, however, "the sound" pays off in terms of montages of records and sheet music and front pages of Var- iety. Miller then goes on to entertain the troops in Europe during the war un- til his death, presumably in an airplane crash over. the Channel. These familiar ingredients are thoroughly redemmed largely through the presence of James Stewart and June Allyson in the roles of Mr. and Mrs. Glenn Miller. Stewart's par- ticular touch is again effective in this part, and Miss Allyson personifies "the American girl" once more with an already instinctive Sixty-Fourth Year Edited and managed by students of the University of Michigan under the authority of the Board in Control of Student Publications. Editorial Staff Harry Lunn............Managing Editor Eric Vetter..................City Editor Virginia Voss......... Editorial Director Mike Wolff ....... Associate City Editor Alice B. Silver.Assoc. Editorial Director Diane D. AuWerter.....Associate Editor Helene Simon..........Associate Editor Ivan Kaye..............Sports Editor Paul Greenberg.... Assoc. Sports Editor Marilyn Campbell......women's Editor Kathy Zeisler.... Assoc. Women's Editor Chuck Kelsey ......Chief Photographer Business Staff Thomas Treeger......Business Manager William Kaufman Advertising Manager Harlean Hankin. ...Assoc. Business Mgr. William Seiden......Finance Manager Don Chisholm....Circulation Manager Telephone NO 23-24-1 Member ASSOCIATED COLLEGIATE PRESS i Events 1[Today least two of the nouns in that- first * * * sentence are today faintly offen- Int'l Coeds . . irs. Harlan Hatcher willyentertain sive: a "gentleman" is a dying the Women of the University Faculty ideal, except on the understand- To The Editor: at a dessert meeting this evening,'d 7:15 p.m., at her home on South Uni- gnt th eve; Ada by can versity Avenue.! get to be one; and a "study" is in M JR. PICARD STATED that he