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Edited and managed by students of the University of
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of Student Publications.
Published every .morning .except .Monday during the
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Editorial Staff

Enmile GeI .,
Robert Speckhard
Albert P. Blaustelr
D avidLachenbrucl
Bernard Dober.
Alvin Dann .
Hal Wilson .
Arthur Hill ,
Janet Hiatt .
Grace Miller

. . . . Managing Editor
. . . . Editorial Director
n . . . . City Editor
h . . Associate Editor
. . . . Associate Editor
* . . . Associate Editor
. . . . . Sports Editor
. . Assistant Sports Editor
. . . . Women's Editor
. . Assistant Women's Editor
Business Stafff
.. . . . Business Manager
. . Assistant Business Manager
. Women's Advertising Manager
. . Women's Business Manager

Daniel
James
Louise
Evelyn

II. liuyett
B. Collins
Carpenter
Wright .

NIGHT EDITOR: MORTON MINTZ
-The editorials published in The Michi-
gan Daily are written by members of The
Daily staff and represent the views of the
writers only. {
Christianity Was
Once Subversive Too.
T'S INTERESTING, in these days of
radical-hunting, persecution of mi-
norities, and patriotism which occasionally rings
on the phony side, to look back two thousand
years or so and realize that it's all happened be-
fore. It's not particularly useful to do so, maybe;
there are some who might even say that it's
dangerous. But it's interesting.
I's interesting to consider that a dogma once
labeled "subversive"-perhaps not really judged
subversive, but at least attacked under the letter
of an anti-subversive law--turned out to be the
"most powerful religion in the world: Christianity.
More than 1800 years ago, back in 110 A.D., in
the time of the great Roman letter-writer Pliny
and his emperor, Trajan, the Christians were a
sect which had its chief adherents among the
slaves and the lower classes. They were despised
and ignored by educated Romans. They were
not persecuted, as we think of the word in its
Nazi connotation-there was no concerted drive
to wipe them out. But they fell afoul of a
"subversive activities" law.
FOR OBVIOUS political reasons, the Roman
emperors had banned the formation of col-
legia and hetaeriae-small, powerful groups or-
ganized secretly for a definite purpose, which
was as often as not to overthrow the govern-
ment. There was every reason for this attitude
- on the part of the emperors. Although the col-
legia had originally been founded as perfectly
innocent social clubs; they 'had gravitated into
organizations which could be a rowerful weapon
in the hands of a rebel. As such, they were out-
lawed, and the penalty for membership in them
was death.
The Christian church had all the trappings of
a collegium. Its meetings were secret-only mem-
bers were admitted. It had a mystical service,
with prescribed rites, and an "oath" of member-
ship. To a Roman, then, it had all the appear-
ance oX a collegium. And sinister rumors hovered
about it, brought on by misconceptions of its
purpose and its ritual; the Christians, people
said, ate human flesh-even live babies-at their
church suppers.
But an impartial judge like Pliny, as we can
tell from a collection of his letters to the em-,
peror Trajan which has come down to us, was'
not deceived by these rumorgs. He even related
to Trajan (with amazement) that the Christians
bound themselves not to evil purposes, but to
good ones! But although he gave them every
break he could, Pliny was forced to condemn
to death those Christians who would not re-
nounce their religion; for death was the penalty
for membership in a collegium, a penalty man-
datory by law. And the Christian Church-be-
cause of its secrecy, its ritual, and the refusal
of its members to worship the image of the
emperor (-much like the refusal of certain groups
today to salute the flag) was placed arbitrarily
in the category of a collegium.
BUT although he did not relish his duty of put-
ting Christians to death for membership in
what he considered a harmless, if stupid, organ-
ization (l'e seems to have had no religious preju-
dice against the Christians) Pliny, in 112 A.D.
would never have believed that the cult of slaves
and semi-literate villagers which caused him a
judicial headache could become a powerful
world religion.

WASHINGTON - There was very little opti-
mism in the report which Ambassador Winant
back from England, laid in the lap of the Presi-
dent. It was the story of a heroic people putting
up a heroic battle, but also of a numbed people,
now fighting automatically. How long they can
continue fighting was the question.
SO FAR no appeasement is evident with the
man on the street in London. One day
he is depressed by the sinking of the Hood, next
day he is buoyed up by the destruction of the
Bismarck. Through defeat after defeat he has
kept his chin up. But now prospective withdrawal
from the Mediterranean will be a stiff jolt -
the stiffest jolt of all.
Actually, the man on the street in London
has not realized how bad the situation is. Actually
the state of public opinion is brittle. It could
break."
Also, some of those at the top of the ladder
- comparable to wealthy appeasers in the United
States - have revived feelers for a negotiated
peace. These are in a very, very small minority.
But the seeds are planted, and in the soil of
continued adversity, they can sprout.
DRAWING all these together, the main question
confronting the United States, as a result of
Ambassador Winant's report, is how long Great
Britain can hold out.
Two things are obvious. One is that if she can
hold out through September, then large-scale aid
will be available from this country. Second is
that Hitler is determined that September will
never come with England still at war.
For Hitler, the war has got to be won now or
not at all. The kill is just around the corner, and
if he does not close in now, he knows all too
well that Germany faces a long war with the
vast, though ponderously moving, industrial em-
pire of the United States.
That is what is behind Hitler's demand of
peace now or the threat that he will unleash
everything in the Nazi arsenal, including poison
gas, in an attempt to raze every British city.'
The threat of poison gas is not taken lightly
in England. The British know Hitler has the
gas. They also know he can use it far more ex-
peditiously against England than on the Euro-
pean continent. For in Poland, ,France Yugo-
slavia and Greece, Nazi troops advanced so
swiftly that they would have caught up with their
own gas. In attacking England, however, the
Channel would prevent the gas from sweeping
back, and the British Isles could be subjected
to a bath of poisonous vapors long before Nazi
troops landed.
No wonder there was no optimism in Ambas-
sador Winant's report.
So, in brief, England may be reaching the
point of the French a year ago this month, when
Winston Churchill very belatedly offered the peo-
ple of France an equal partnership with Britain
if they continued to fight and shared her fate.
4ND U.S. MILITARY strategists, all too well
A aware of South American vulnerability to
Nazi attack if the British fleet falls are wonder-
ing whether the United States also will be too
late.
LETT:ERS
T O THE EDITOR
The Wi ill To Believe
To the Editor:
IN HIS CONTRIBUTION to the editorial page
June 3 Mr. Haufler makes a statement which
calls for some rbision. "At that time," he
writes, "the Board (in Control of Student Pub-
lications) appointed its three student members
without consulting anyone and usually selected
men who did not cause trouble. The disgruntled
liberal members of the staff worked out a plan
by which the campus should elect the student
members of the Board."
This statement, I regret to say, has no basis
in fact. An examination of the files of The Daily
since 1930 shows that the Board has nominated
each year at least six, generally nine and at
times ten candidates for the three positions in
question, and that the three student members
of the Board were elected at the campus election

in May, At present the nominations are made
by a Committee appointed by the Board and
composed of the student members of the Board,
one of whom acts as chairman, and the outgoing
editors and business managers of The Daily, the
Michiganensian and the Gargoyle.
In the past the list, of candidates presented by
the Board was made up of men who had consid-
erable experience on the publications. It was
thought that any three of them because of
their interest and experience would be particu-
larly helpful during their senior year as student
members of the Board.
T IS CLEAR, then, that the Board did not ap-
point its student members. It is equally clear
that the disgruntled liberal members of the staff
did not work out a plan by which the campus
should elect the student members of the Board,
It is unfortunate that, irr this instance, the
will to believe was stronger apparently than the
desire to know.
- W. A. McLaughlin
- - - - -- - --.a .... .+ t... +- - - - - -- ~e5 f n + n o +

"" Tom Thumb's
Education
By TOM THUMB
Dear Ma,
5CHOOL'S ALMOST OVER, so I figger it's
almost time for me to write you another let-
.ter and let you know I'm still alive.
They have a quaint custom here at the Uni-
versity of Michigan, and it's called Finals. Finals
is stuff that you study all night before the, an'
then you flunk. I just want to tell you in this
letter that they are very trivial and their im-
portance should be minimized. Finals are a
very biased and partial way of telling your
grade and therefore they count very little. Here's
the way they work. A guy gives you a piece of
paper containing completely irrelevant ques-
tions, like the following:
Answer briefly, but completely, in not more
than 78,006 words:
I. Trace briefly the tariff between 1600 and
1933, with special emphasis on Pithecanthropu
Erectus.
II. How many pesetas in an apothecary's
measure? Why?.
III. State the difference between an esker
and a drumlin.
IV. Write completely from memory the com-
plete works of the Third Earl of Shaftesbury,
commenting on Lashley's opinions of each.
V. Explain the theory of maze learning in
rats. Does this in any way alter the ?ythagorean
Theorem?
IT'S OBVIOUS, MA, that those questions are
terribly difficult, and what's more, they don't
have any relation to the course. The main reason
for them is to give the instructors a rational-
ization for giving you low marks. If they don't
like you they can just excuse the low mark by
saying, "Well, you did lousy on the final."
Right now I am averaging all A's, and I seem
to be doing so well in my courses that I know
more than the instructors. As a result they are
jealous, and they don't like me. So you can't
tell what they'll do.
After Finals we get our grades. They have a
new grading system here. A is fair, B is good,
C is very good, D is fine, E is Excellent, F is poor
and G is not acceptable.
My courses are very interesting. I'm having
a little trouble with Roman Band Instruments.
But Geology, Geography and Hygiene are com-
ing along O.K.
LAST WEEK Hal Wilson and I tried to coax a
cow up into the Carillon Tower. We had a
heck of a time! First she wouldn't get into the
elevator, then when we finally got her into the
elevator, she got her tail caught in the door and
she mooed to beat the band. We finally got her
up to the roof and she got socked on the head by
one of those big bells.,
Those things wouldn't exactly come under the
heading of book-learning, but they all constitute
education. Now we know better. It's impossible
to keep a cow in the bell tower for any length
of time, despite what the old grads say.
Tell Dad to please send $153.25 for stamps and
other incidentals. Have him send it to Saline
Valley Dairy Farms, Saline, Michigan. I'll ex-
plain when I get home.
You'll probably get some postcards with
my marks on them before I get home. Don't
let those worry you-they're unofficial. As I've
often said, Ma, it's not what you learn from
books in college, it's the contacts which are im-
portant-and have I made some contacts! She's
a blonde and she sits next to me in Geology class,
And I'm really enjoying myself and getting a1
liberal education.
WjE had a swell time last week-end driving
around town in a University truck, whic '
we borrowed from the Building and Grounds
Dept. At 2:30 a.m., when we were taking the,
girls back to the dorm we hit a telegraph pole,
but luckily nobody was hurt, The truck was
ruined but a nice guy named Whitey took us
home.
If you should by any chance get a letter ad-
dressed to you, in a University of Michigan en-

velope, don't waste your time with it, as the
University sends out its advertisements thxis time
of year.
Please write to Stetson University and get a
catalogue for me. I'm thumbing home. I'll see
you a week from Sunday, Did they ever get
that billiard ball out of Ajax's mouth? Love
to all,
- Tom
P.S. Regards to Ajax,
by the cdit director
A REMARK passed between two isolationists
on the campus yesterday: "I hear that guy
Roosevelt is planning to send our air corpse
to England one of these days." .,. .It's bad gram-
mar, but who can question the logic?
A headline on page six of yesterday's Daily:
PROFESSOR -DECLARES GAS WARFARE IS
HUMANE, EFFECTIVE. To prove the point the
professor says, "The public has been definitely
misled from the standpoint ol' permanent injury
by gas". .for example, "Mustard gas burns are
severly painful for only 24 hours or so. However,
the victim must be hospitalized from one to six
weeks, and must be treated for his burns during
that time, making him a greater liability to the
enemy than if he had been killed outright . .
The professor may be right when he says the
gassy stuff is EFFECTIVE, but I'll be hanged if
I can see the HUMANE angle.

As Others

Our armed ::orces can learn much about modern warfare
from German tactics, writer says but charges that im-
portant reports are being held up.
Joseph C. Harsch, Berlin Correspondent, in the Christian Science Monitor

'-I

Nazi Army's Lessons For America

FOR ANYONE sincerely interested in forging an
adequate military defense against Germany's
armed forces, these is still a great deal to be learned
from the German army-a great deal which could
and should be applied in the upbuilding of America's
own new defense force.
Some of its lessons have reached Washington and
are being studied carefully. I also happen, to know
that reports of some of the most important lessons
have been held up by officers in control of transmis-
sion whose preconceived notions prevent innovations
in the Germany army from being fully aired in Wash-
ington.
Most of the technical innovations have been fully
reported. The United States General Staff knows
that technically the strength of the German army
derives as a balance of different weapons' and types
of equipment, rather than on preponderance of any
one weapon; from a highly trained, resourceful officer
corps which has performed phenomenal feats in plan-
ning the supply of enormous armies in motion; from
the equipment which is inferior but always adequate
in quantity and simple to maintain and operate.
More Must Be Known /
BUT if American defense is ,to take the fulles possi-
ble advantage from German military progress,
much more must be known and appreciated about
Hitler's military weapon. It must be realized first of
all that it is a new Rind of army, as different from the
Kaiser's army of 1914 as the army of the French Revo-
lution differed from its Bourbon predecessor.
'1o understand it adequately, one first of all must
stop thinking about it in terms of the old Prussian drill
sergeant and dumb "cannon fodder," or of the class-
conscious officer with the monocle and the utter con-
tempt for his men stylized by Hollywood.
Probably the greatest single element of the strength
in this new German army-and this is hard to be-
lieve, but a fact attested to by those who have seen
that army at close range-is the spirit of equalitarian-
ism upon which its personal relationships are founded.
It comes remarkably close to being a democratic
army, using the word "democratic" in 'the sense of
fellowship and mutual respect between officers and
men. .
True, there is some Prussianism left, particularly in
the High Command, where the older officers date from .
the Kaiser's army. The clicking of heels and the "Ja
wohl1" are as mechanical as ever. But the distinction

between the officers and the enlisted men has been
reduced to what is probably a military minimum. The
Russians tried to go farther and have had to abandon
the experiment, reverting to a greater distinction than
exists in the German army.
The rank of officer is for the most part on a merit
basis. The men who hold it do so essentially because
of ability and leadership and obtain greater respect
from the men for this fact.
Brass Hats Are Gone
THE OLD "brass hat" tradition has been eliminated
left and right. On campaigns, officers eat the same
rations as the men. Of extreme importance-officers
actually lead their men where the danger is greatest.
Generals commanding whole army corps frequently
advance with the front line.. During the campaign in
Poland, one commanding general was the first man
across the river.
* *
One of the most striking contrasts this war has pro-
duced is that between the men commanding the Ger-
man army and those who commanded the French
army. The German army expects of its officers a de-
gree of daring, quick thinking, initiative and physical
activity which are characteristic of youth. Seniority
and age are handicaps to advancement rather than
assets. The result is that men under 35 years of age
have reached Field Marshal's rank and command
whole armies.
Physical youth, with all its daring and emancipa-
tion from tradition and caution, mark the command
of this army, even in the top ranks. By contrast,
French officers with incapacitating physical disabili-
ties, burdened with obesity, often marked by the worst
rather than the best characteristics of age, were strik-
ingly numerous in the officers' prison camps 'behind
the German lines during the 1940 campaign.
There were many reasons for the shattering of the
French army, but among them one of the most im-
portant and least noted was an officers' corps stag-
nant with seniority, marked by .the weariness and
caution of age, strangled with outworn military ideas
and scornful of innovation.
ON THE OTHER SIDE were energy, initiative, readi-
ness for innovation of a young group of command-
ing officers stimulated by opportunities for quick pro-
motion. and the reward for responsibility for anyone
deserving it, regardless of youth.



A Faith To Fight For

By John

Strachey

TRACHEY views the British fight for
survival against the forces of hatred
and deceit as a fight to support a
civilization tottering on the brink of
a thousand-year setback. He likens the
present to certain critical points in the
par wherein the fate of mankind hung
in the balance-wih the continuation
of a process or reversion to darkness as
alternatives. The "coming struggle for
power" has arrived, but it is inextric-
ably woven into the fabric of the im-
mediate conflict. Hitlerism must be
stopped if there is to be even the pos-
sibility of social advancement, but in
irder for the Nazis to be crushed, funda-
mental social changes must be made in
the process-here and now.
The English are fighting for their
homeland but amore fundamentally the
fight is against the ruthlessness and hat-
red of a Nazi nihilism that would set
up a master race over conquered slaves.
It is because the immediate issue is so
clear that Strachey can only describe
the position of "those supremely clever
foals who tell us that our conquest by
Hitler would mean for the British peo-
ple merely 'a change of masters' " as a
"grotesque oversimplification that be-
comes a downright thumping lie". In
broader terms, however, the British must
fight for more positive goals, and Stra-
chey would set these goals up under the
twin ideals of "Truth" and "Love". "The
Nazis can only be stopped by a faith
stronger, and in a sense fiercer, than
their faith. And the only things that
are stronger, and in a sense fiercer, than
hatred and lies art truth and love."
They must, in other words, be fighting
for a world that would allow the indi-
vidual to realize his potentialities-not
as a machine fed by the state, subject
to its whim, and incidental to it-but
as men working in cooperation to fur-

ther their welfare. And Strachey is in-
sistent that this objective cannot be
realized by a return to the pre-war
sociey of privilege. He strikes out hard
against the rich who have been, in many
respects, as guilty as the Nazis of di-,
verting the minds of men from the in-
evitable social "truth"-from the pro-
gression of society toward the more
equitable organization that is necessary
to welfare.
The democratic potential must mani-
fest itself in socialism if the Nazi creed.
of force and hate is to be combatted
successfully, and Strachey follows Las-
ki in the insistent belief that these
changes must be made now if the peo-
ple are to develop this all-important
faith. And "unless we h;ave a faith, it
would be madness to go on for a moment'
after Hitler is ready to make terms,
and that may be soon."
This simply written credo of an Eng-
lish radical's position inz the struggle does
not demonstrate an unlimited moral ob-
ligation for American participation. It
fails in the attempt to show how the
U.S. can be expected to go "all-out"
when the English people are not yet
aware of the broader stake apart from
immediate defense. Strachey has added
nothing to the clarification of this dif-
ficulty and his statement of the neces-
sity for social change during the fight
is in simpler and less satisfactory terms
than the more thorough approach of
Laski's Where Do We Go From Here.
But his message can only be 're-em-
phasized to America-we, also, must
face Nazism more positively and, our
"faith" must be rooted in humanistic
values that will be realized in a more
equitable and efficient organization of
our own society. A satisfactory solu-
tion of America's domestic problem is
integral to meeting the totalitarian chal-
lenge. --Ed Fried

FromTe
Leitter
One,
Only one,
White cylinder,
Of a hundred
Million million,
Dropping endlessly
From a cigarette
Machine.
Yet,
It may become
A solace
For a man
Just ready to walk
The "last mile"
To an execution
Chair.
Or,
The first lift
For a man
Taken from
A burning
Mine.
Or,
The handy thing
Snatched up,
By some frantic person
In trouble,
To kill
An age-long
Moment.
Or,
A bridge
Between the beefsteak
And dessert,
For some
Fastidious lady
Dining out.
Or,
A magic carpet
Standing by;
A vehicle
To ride the wind,
The rainbow curve
Or some high road
To dreamy .isles
Within the fourth
Dimension.
One,
Only one,
White cylinder
Of a hundred
Million million
But the only one
Made especially
For a time, a place
And a
Circumstance.
Raymond E. Manchester,
Office of Dean of Men
Kent State University

Educaition: German vs. Freneh


IN the Thirty-fifth Annual Report of
the Carnegie Foundation for the
Advancement of Teaching, the Presi-
dent of the Foundation, Dr. Walter A.
Jessup, describes the changes in the
educational systems of Germany, Eng-
land, France, and the United States
during the past twenty years. In con-
sidering higher education in Germany,
Dr. Jessup states: "During the time
of the German Republic the universities
of Germany enrolled some 130,000 men
and women. 'In the present-day uni-
versities and higher technical institu-
tions, the enrollments are approximately
84,000 students, men and women .
During these two decades a nation, a
7" -nn1P xxa. n a An nv,-ar-nn nnn o f 1,a

nationalism, and self-immolation." Con-
trasting the situation in France, he
continues: "During these same years,
1920-1940, French schoolmasters were
thinking in far different terms. Al-
though French schools have long been
thighly centralized under the State, the
French schoolmaster has enjoyed grow-
ing freedom from direction. The hu-
manistic . ideal had been generally.
accepted in France. Her schoolmasters
had been actively engaged in formu-
lating their ide l of a citizen of the Re-
public . .. Annual attendance at French
universities over the past twenty years
has never averaged so many as 70,000
students. The purpose of French higher
Praim inn ho hoP.P rhat it alayvs as