TILE MICIHIGAN DAILYFRIDAY

THE MICHIGAN DAILY

A LIBERAL MANIFESTO

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Edited andu malnaged by atudents of the University of
Micbigan under the authority of the Board in Control of
Student Publications.
Published every morning except Monday during the
University year and suimmer Session.
Member of the Associated Press
The Associatedt Press is exclusively entitled to the
use for republication of all news dispatches credited to
it or not otherwise credited in this newspaper. All
rights of republication of all other matters herein also
reserved,
Entered at the Post Office at Ann Arbor, "ichigan, as
second class mail matter.
Subscriptions during regular school year by carrier,
$4.00; by mail,. r4. i
tRPRESENTED FOR NATIONAL Af.'VtTI3ING HY
National Advertising Service, Inc.
Cu/l'e Publishers RepreserIigive
420 MADISON AvE. NEW YORK, N. Y,
C IIVAc.)'o 4N LOS A G CLEs -SAN FRA4t I m ;
Member, Associated Colleg;ate Press, 1938-39

By JACK CANAVAN
ONE FACT LOOMSout above the welter of
world chaos which confronts the thoughtful
University student today. Liberalism is in the
throes of a death struggle. The ideals for which
Americans have spilled their blood on a thousand
battlefields 'are fast being relegated to the
museum shelf as the archaic relics of an obsolete
age.
To the student who calls himself a Liberal, in
the true sense of. the word, the situation calls
for more than a sigh tinged with regret. It is a
signal that the time has come for a renascence of
the Liberal tradition, a re-definition of its char-
acter, a reaffirmation of its superior blessings as
a way of life. For if Liberalism is to survive, it
must prove itself superior in a politico- economic-
social sense to conflicting idealogies which chal-
lenge its existence.
One need not seek abroad for the roots of the
Liberal movement nor the seeds of its apparent
disintegration. The phenomena of totalitarianism
which is sweeping Europe toward another Dark
Age has its parallel in the American scene. That
we have not yet quite reached the crucial stage
is no proof of natural immunity. Yet a true
understanding of the liberal tradition implies a
knowledge of its growth through the centuries if
current threats to its progress are to be recog-
nized and repelled.
The doctrine that the best society is that whicly
allows the individual the greatest measure of
freedom evolved from bitter experience as men
began to understand the true nature of man,
and the political economy in which he func-
tioned. It was postulated on the historical ob-
servation that wherever and whenever liberty
prevailed over despotism, the arts flourished,
wars declined, and life took on a richer promise.
Scarcity The Root
The earliest societies \had forced upon them
the realization that economic scarcity was the
root of all their problems. As Professor Carver of
Harvard declared, "where there is scarcity there
will be two men wanting the same thing and
where two men want the same thing, there is an
antagonism of interests." It was from this seem-
ing clash of interests that the need for the
"state" as a regulating institution arose. And in
the laws which mark the relation of the state
to the individual may be traced in concrete
form the rise and fall of Liberalism.
Primitive law sought only redress of griev-
ances, but with the evolving social state in Greece
and Rome, a new legal order was born, the es-
sence of which was stability. The philosophy
which echoed through Plato's "Republic" and
St. Paul's exhortations until it finally found

legal expression in the Justinian Codes held
that the duty of law was to preserve the social
status-quo, to keep each individual in his ap-
pointed groove and thus to prevent the friction of
these "antagonistic interests." Clearly this was
not Liberalism.
Dominant throughout the Middle Ages, this
static concept took" formin feudalism in which
the "dignity of man" had no place, and witlh
the growing progress of the industrial arts in
mercantilism and the guilds, systems of rigid
restrictions on freedom of enterprise. And with
this authoritarianism, starvation and war went
hand-in-hand.
Gradually, as church and empire lost their
hold on medieval society, legal and political phil-
osophers, like Sir Edward Coke, awake with
the growing importance of man as an individual,
began to view law not as the means of bending
man to the conformity of a preconceived society,
but a means of conformity to what Pofessor
Pound of Harvard called "the nature of rational
creatures."
Recognition Of Mar
This recognition of man as a creature governed
by rational impulses was a necessary foundation
for the coming Liberalism of the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries. It led to the doctrine of
"natural rights" inherent in human beings and
demonstrable by a reason which society, state and
law were bound to accord. This doctrine, devel-
oped economically by Adam Smith, metaphys-
ically by Immanuel Kant, and politically by John
Stuart Mill, represented the high tide of Liberal-
ism as a world force. It culminated in the Declara-
tion of Independence in America, and a surge of
democracy abroad. It held that society could best
be served by allowing each man to pursue his
own individual interests; that the role of govern-
ment was to safeguard this liberty, protect it
from encroachment or restraint and no more.
Under this Liberalism, man for a time made
remarkable progress. The Industrial Revolution
which it helped unleash increased his material
income many-fold, while his psychic gains were
incalculable. Man, for a time, seemed to hold
destiny in the palm of his hand.
Why then, the sudden debacle? Why this
stumbling backward on the very threshold of the
promised land? To the realistic observer of
human affairs, the conclusion is this. Liberalism
has not betrayed mankind, mankind has be-
trayed Liberalism. Man, as an individual, has
lost faith in his ability to govern himself.
Haunted by fear of the breadline and the poor-
house, helpless in the face of forces seemingly
beyond his control, he looks to government to
provide security, even at the cost of liberty.

You ofM
By Sec Terry
A LONG the Nagyboldogasszony utja
in Budapest. Hungary, _ former
Michigan student, whose name might
better be withheld, offers up " . . .
the whole kingdom of Hungary fort
a good hill-billy' hamburger with a
Union chocolate malted . . ." He
longs for a good American cigarette
("a lousy imitation of the camel cig-
arette named 'darling' costs 24 cents a
pack, making smoking a luxury"),
and pines away for a session of tor-
rid swing music, for which the Hun-
garians lack hi-de-ho and genuine
feeling. Gypsy music and delicious
wine add to his general melancholia.
But of far greater interest than
ground meat, benny goodman and
fine vino are the observations of this
American student in Central Europe
who is acutely aware of prevalent
tension. He begins his intimate com-
mentary with a familiar note:
"Politically all Europe is still in
one helluva mess. Munchen settled
nothing. It merely postponed a war
that is as inevitable as the mathe-
matical rule that says 2 and 2 make
4. Germany I suppose is the greatest
disturber, although Italy isn't very
far behind. The nazification of
Deutschland with the intensive pro-
paganda and the cruel, inhuman per-
secution of the Jews has worked the
German people up to an unprecedent-
ed pitch. Munchen with the prestige
that it gave Hitler has fired up their
ambitions. They are naive enough
politically to believe that from now
on everything will go very easily,
practically without opposition-and,
of course, because of their rigid cen-
sorship the people aren't acquainted
with the strong anti-German feel-
ing existing in other countries.
"For example, in passing through
Germany the authorities took my
American newspapers away from me.I

To Members of the
Council: There will be
of the University Council
Jan. 9, at 4:15 p.m., in
Angell Hall.

FRIDAY, JAN. 6, 1939
VOL. XLIX. No. 73
Faculty Tea: President and Mrs.
Ruthven will be at home to faculty
members and residents of Ann Arbor
iunday from 4 to 6 p.m.I

Universityz
a meeting
on Monday,
Room 1009

Sanford, Margaret L.
Sanford, Ruth
Savage. Joan
Shapero, Jean
Shedleski, Carolyn
Sherman, Marjorie M.
Silver, Shirley
Spadafore, Loretta L.
Stone. Marion I.
Suffrin. Barbara
Taylor, Joanne
Tennant, Ruth
Townsley, Marceline
Turner, Doris M.
Urmston. Nancy E.
Walcott, Virginia
Ward, Virginia P.
Waters, Phyllis E.
Whitehead, Betty Jane
Williams. Eleanor M.
Wiltsee, Joyce H.
Wiseman, Margaret H.
Wolter, Mary Lou
Young, Florence Janet
Zunk, Betty

DAILY OFFICIAL BULLETIN
PublIcatlun in the 1ulleUn is constructive notice to ail members of the
t7Uversty. Copy received at the offlce of the Arsistant to the President
until 3:30; 11:00 a.m. on Saturday.

Student Loans. The Committee on
Student Loans will meet on Jan. 9 in
Room 2, University Hall to consider
applications for loans for the second
semester.
Appointments must be arranged in
advance.
Faculty, School of Education: The
regular luncheon meeting of the
faculty will be held Mondayno on


Jan. 7. at the Michigan Union. A
full attendance is urged as a num- Student Book Exchange: 'Those
ber of important announcements will wishing to apply for work in the
be made. Student Book Exchange, which will
function to resell students' used texts

Board of
Managing Editorr.
Editorial Director-.
City Editor .
Associate Editor
Associate Editor
AssociatLe EditLor
Associate Editor
Associate Editor
Book Edito
Women's E .l di tos

Editors
Robert . DMitchell
AlIb)(,rt P. Matylo
Hore W. Gilmore
Robert .L Fitlenry
S. R. Kleima
P~iL~l rt P1erinian3
[ ,;eph Freean
oeph (lie

Notice to Men Students: For the
information of men students living
in approved rooming houses, the first
semester shall end on Thursday, Fete.
9, and the second semester shall be-
gin on the same day.
Students living in approved room-
ing houses, who intend to move to
different quarters for the second
semester, should give notice in writ-
ing to the Dean of Students before
4:30 on Thursday, Jan. 19, 1939. Per-
mission to move will be given only to
students complying with this re-
quirement.

Business Department
Business Manager. . . , . Philip W ]uchen
Credit Manager ' . .Leonard P. Siegelnan
Advertising Manager. . William L. Newnan
Women's Business Manager . Helen Jean Dean
Women's Service Manager . . . Marian A. Baxter
NIGHT EDITOR: HARRY L. SONNEB3ORN
The editorials published in The Michigan
Daily are written by members of the Daily
staff and represent the views of the writers
only.
Do You
Want 1he Truth?
AT 4 P.M. TODAY, the campus will
have an opportunity to hear why
two Michigan men left comfortable homes and
these cloistered halls to face bullets and shrap-
nel in"a civil war in Spain.
m1*nan Service, '39, and Robert 'umin, '7,1
left Ann Arbor in June, 1937, as did Ralph Neaf-
us '36F&C. All three reached Albacete, Spain,
the headquarters of the International Brigade,
via Cherbourg and Paris and after tramping
across the top of the Pyrenees mountains into
Spain. Neafus enlisted in the Mackenzie-Papin-
eau Battalion, became an artillery observer and
was in command of a company of 60 men when
he was captured by the Rebels at Calanda .on
March 31. He has not been heard from since.
And although his friends still hope that he
may be alive and "lost" in some fascist jail, the
indications are that he, like many other officers
and Spanish trade-union members, was killed
after his capture.
Cummins and Service have both just returned,
Service with a bullet wound in his left lung
hardly healed.
Do you want to know why these boys went to
Spain? Do you want to know what they fought
for? Were they recruited or did they go volun-
tarily? Do they regret their action, or would they
do the same thing again? Do they feel that they
accomplished something worthwhile?
Service's best friend in Spain was James Lard-
ner, son of the writer Ring Lardner, who left a
job as correspondent for the New York Herald
Tribune in Spain to volunteer for the Interna-
tional Brigade. He was killed in action. Do you
want to understand why he put aside his type-
writer for a gun? Why did he go out under a hail
of shells and airplane bombs, giving up a good
salary for meagre pay?
Cummins and Service will speak at 4 p.m.
today in the Union Ballroom. The other speakers
will be Dr. Edith' Sunmerskill. member of the
0ritish Parliament. who recently visited Spain,
and Jay Allen, who was for 12 years correspond-
ent for the Chicago Tribune and covered Rebel
Spain until forced to leave for reporting the
massacres at Badajoz.
If it's first hand information you want, here
it is
S. R Kleimn"
R eq ired Readin
For COngreSsmel ,
Aj1HE REAL SIGNIFICANCE of the
T Supreme Court decision upholding
the Sixth Circuit Court and the National Labor
Relations Board in the Ford case lies not so
much in the settlement of a procedural matter as
in the fact that America's foremost advocate of
individualism was forced to follow certain rules
established for the collective good.
The Supreme Court did not pass judgment on.
the accusations of unfair labor practices made
against the Ford company and so the case is
still open. But it is gratifying if not a trifle sur-
prising that without dissent the high tribunal
allowed no room for special privilege in a ques-

TODAY by DavidI
IN WASHINGTON Lawrence

President Roosevelt's message marks an ad-
vance on all his previous state papers, for it is
an explicit statement of the aims and purposes
of his administration, made without rancor or
emotion, but with a deeply earnest conviction
that liberalism as he conceives it is building a
stronger and better America.
With the President's survey of the international
situation, few observers. will dissent. Indeed,
there will be widespread approval of the clear re-
statement of America's traditional policy of
awareness to dangers that confront democracy.
The national defense plans are yet to be re-
vealed in detail, but their basic purpose is no
the University Hospital a dazed union membem
with the back of his head badly bashed) and
after other charges of violations of the Wagner
Act, the labor board investigated, held hearings
and in December, 1937, issued an order recom-
mending that the Ford company cease what it
had found to be unfair labor practices.
When the company failed to comply, the NLRB
asked the Circuit Court to enforce its order.
Amid charges that the company had not been
given adequate hearing, the Supreme Court ruled
in the Kansas City Stockyards case that ali
administrative agencies must give "full and fair
hearing" before issuing orders.
The labor board, anxious to avoid reversals on
technical grounds, sought to withdraw its or'der
from the Circuit Court, with which it had filed
its proceedings. This action by the Board was
in no way an admission of "guilt" or an acknow-
ldgement that it had been unfair to the Ford
company.
The Ford lawyers objected strenuously when
the Circuit Court remanded the case to the
Board on the ground that the court, having ac-
cepted jurisdiction, must decide one way or the
other.
In putting it.s stamp of approval on the Cir-
c'it Court's action, the Supreme Court was
mtuNally reaffirming the fairly well establislhe4
1rocedurc of remanding a case to a lower court
or n adinistrative tribunal for fu'ther pro-
ccecdin'gs. This practice has been followed by
courts in the case of the Federal Trade Com-
mission, and by no less an authority than the
Supreme Court itself.
Chief Justice Hughes writing the decision said
that the Board had not been "dilatory or vexa-
ious" but had done "what the court could have
compelled." He added that "whatever delay has
resulted is due to petitioner's (the Ford com-
panv's) resistance to that course."
The highest court in the land has said again
that the National Labor Relations Board, en-
trusted with the difficult task of preserving
labor's right to organize, is giving fair and ade-
quate hearing to the employer.
The fate of the Wagner Act and the National
Labor Relations Board, however, will be decided
1,17 + fi..... . - . nn ...' - -n,, inCo nn rc r, I.

longer in doubt throughout the world--America
lines up with democracies and can no longer
remain "indifferent to international lawlessness
anywhere."
But does this mean war? Not at all, the Presi-
dent answers, for he points out there are other,
means "of commanding a decent respect for
the opinions of mankind." He then proceeds to
mention the one-sided application to world
events which rigid neutrality laws require and
hints that America will use her economic in-
fluence and economic power to bring home "to
aggressor governments the aggregate senti-
ments of our own people."
When the President transfers the thoughts of
readers and listeners from international ques-
tions to domestic issues he seeks of course, to
persuade the American people that a "United
Democracy" is necessary to ward off trouble
from the outside, and with this broad statementi
few will quarrel. When it comes, however, t6
deciding how social and economic reforms can
bring unity at home through removal of the
present unemployment and threats of economic
crisis growing out of a rising debt, Mr. Roosevelt
will find economists differing with him.
It's the way taxes are imposed and where they,
are placed that makes all the difference in the
world between a rising and a falling national
income. Somewhat the same contention applies
to the President's point about the total debt of
the country, public and private, which, he says,
"is no larger today than it was in 1929 and the
interest theron is far less than it was in 1929."
This is the kind of a general observation which
on its face is true, but upon analysis does not
justifythe deductions which will be drawn from
it.
Thus, while the interest on government debt
has declined materially, this is not true of
private debt to the same extent. Likewise, t.he
' writing down of private debt throkigh liquidation
Shas lerf fthecoluntry with plant assets which
farc by !,o, leatns functioning as they did in 1929.
To pit it another way, if we separate private
debt and public debt, we find, of course, that
private debt is the larger part, and just because
liquidation has curtailed the assets of private
citizens and has caused huge losses to the econ-
onmic system does not in any way justify or re-
late to the fact that "government debt has risen
at an unprecedented rate.
The practical question is how long America
can pile up four billion dollar deficits every year
and what effect will this rapidly increasing debt
have on the whole economic system. There are
but two alternatives-one, of course, is what
may be termed national bankruptcy and a break-
ing down of government credit, and the other
is depreciation of the dollar.
The first of these will not happen, because
political power is too great to permit it, and;
besides. depreciation of the dollar. that is hrinf..

"They can't afford to let the
people know the truth about the
intcrnational situation; therefore
they expect and demand a great
deal. Consequently, they must not i
ease up on their foreign policy.
In fact they can't . . . It is ever
thus; when one talks a big game
he must produce, creating mir-
acle after miracle, or others be-
come discouraged with him and
brand him a loudmouth whose«
boasts are empty."
Then he discusses the German
economic situatioi emphasizing Hit-
ler's policy of "Drang nach Osten,"
the push to the east. "Germany eyes
the rich wheatfields, oil wells, miner-
als and potential markets of the
Ukraine with considerable greed.
"The food problem is very acute. In
the first place all available wealth is
poured into armaments. The food-
stuffs that they already possess are
used in ersatz'-the process of mak-
ing synthetic rubber .
There is already consider-
able discontent in Germany. The
intelligentsia still desire the freedom
of speech, etc. The Prussians are
very domineering, and the southern
peoples-who are really much nicer!
folk-resent it. The Austrians-or at
least a part of them-still dream
about an independent country of their
own . . . Niemoeller has a tremendous
following. Then those officers such
as von Papen who were summarily
discarded have followers who I am
sure will strike when the opportunity
arises. Thus at the same time a war
is full of danger for the reich, but on
the other hand it is imperative.
"Germany has begun to build a
tremendous highway across Czecho-
slovakia leading toward the Ukraine.
This, if anything, is a very menacing
sign. As a matter of fact, a good
many people predict a German-Rus-
sian war for the Spring of '39. It
isn't outside the realm of the possible,
England is unprepared and it is ques-
tionable whether she would risk a
war for so-called 'red' Russia. France
has her troubles with Italy and the
Tunis question. On the other hand,
Japan would no doubt be willing to
help in humbling Russia. Just what
will happen is difficult to say. I
wouldn't even attempt it. Neverthe-
less, something must happen soon.
This unsettled condition can't con-
tinue interminably."
This ex-Michigan student would be
interested to know Gallupis report of
a recent poll in England of the ques-
tion:

First Mortgage Loans: The Umuver-
sity has a limited amount of funds
to loan on modern well-located Ann
Arbor residential property. Interest
at current rates. Apply Investment
Office, Room 1111, South Wing,
University lIall
Hygiene Requirement: The follow-
ing students are exempt from the
freshman hygiene equirement:
Abraham, Jeanne
Adams, Susan
Alexander, Elizabeth
Altschuler, Shirley
Appleton, Virginia
Arison, Gabrielle
Baisch, Donna E.
Basse, Lois M.
Belisle, Betty
Benson, (Mary) Elizabeth
Bouchard, Elinor J.
Brodie, Jean
Brooks, Dorothy E,
Burton, Mae
Bushman, Janice E.
Campbell, Margaret S.
Carpenter, Patricia A.
Clark, Helen Terry
Clawson, Margie
Cohen, Jeanne E.
Cole, Marion
Cory, Sally Ann
Cottrell, Janet L.
Crockett, Betty
Crosby, Alice H.
Crow, Agnes
Cummins, Martha
Cummins, Mary"
Curry, Sally
Densmore, June
Eberly, Georgiana
Eckert, Barbara
Eiting, Margaret
Ellias, Naomi
Engstrom, Mary
Fausel, Ruth
Fisher, Elaine
Flesham, Audrey
Foote, Barbara
Fowle, Carolyn E.
Fuldauer, Eunice B.
Ferguson, Roberta
Gabriel, Margaret
Gates, Florence
Geiger, Jean
Goetz, Catherine Ann
Gossard, Nancy D.
Gunn, M. Lyle
Guntley, Cora E.
Hackett, Cora
Hadley, Patricia C.
Hale,,Dorothy
Hammond, Mary
Harrington, Gratia
Hartman, Frieda A.
Higgins, Marjory Anne
Hileman, Betty R.
Heames, Harriet E.
Hebert, Bibianne C.
Hill, Elizabeth
Hulbert, Margaret H.
Imber, Shyrle
Jack, Bernie L,
Kann, Vivian
Keller, Ann
Keene, Dorothy
Kettring, Dorothy J
Knisely, Eula C.
LaRue, Anna V
LaRue, Charlotte E.
Laur, Magdalene
Lewis, Bruna
Lewis, Margaret L.
Lewis, Marion
Lovejoy, Phyllis
MacDonald, Lois A.
Maddy, Jeanne A.
Menter, Mary
Miller, Grace E.
Miller, Jeanette I.
Mitchell, Mary V.
Mowrey, Rosemary
Neafie, Mary E.
Nicolai, Marguerite
S1r,: ~ ~ n a ---n f

from Feb. 8 to Feb 17, may secure
application blanks at either Room 2,
University Hall, or from 3-5 p.m. at
the Michigan Union Student Offices.
Both men and women students will
be used. Pay will be 40 cents per
hour for booksellers, and 45 cents
per hour for cashier. Those appli-
cants with previous experience as
salesmen, or cashiers, will be favored.
Please file applications at your earl-
iest possible convenience .in order
that personnel may be selected as
soon as possible.
Academic Notices
English 1 ,O, Junior Honors. All
students wishing to elect Junior
Honors for the coming term should
see Mr. Weaver on or before Jan. 9.
Office hours: 10-11, MWF, 2218 A.H.
February Candidates for the Teach-
er's Certificate: The Comprehensive
Examination in Education will be
given on Saturday, Jan. 7, from 9 to
12 o'clock (and also from 2 to 5
o'clock) in the auditorium of the
University High School, Students
having Saturday morning classes
may take the examination in the
afternoon. Printed information re-
garding the examination may be se-
cured in the School of Education
olfice.
Directed eahing,Qualifying Ex -
aiination: All students expecting to
Fo directed teaching next semester
are required to pass a qualifyi.ig ex-
amnaitiomn in the subject wch tey
expect to teach. This examination
will be held on Saturday, Jan. 7, at
1 p.m. Students will meet in the
auditorium di the University High
School. The examination wil con-
sume about four hours time; prompt-
ness is therefore essential.
Exhibitions
Exhibition, College of Architec-
ture: A national exhibition of Rep-
resentative Buildings of the Post-
War Period, selected by the Commit-
tee on Education of the American In-
stitute of Architects and circulated
by the American Federation of Arts,
is being shown in the third floor ex-
hibition room, Architecture Build-
ing. Open daily, 9 to 5, except Sun-
day, through Jan. 18. The public is
invited.
Algebra Seminar will meet today
at 4 o'clock in 3201 A.H. Dr. Thrall
will speak on "Prime Power Roots."
University Choir: Rehearsals 7 to 8
o'clock, Friday evening, Lane Hall.
Students and members of the Fac-
ulty are welcome. The choir is made
up of those who wish to sing the best
of old religious music, for their own
pleasure.
Assembly Executive Council meet-
ing will be held today at 4:30 p.m.
in the League. Please be present.
3 _
The Suomi Club will hold a social
meeting tonight at 8 o'clock in Lane
Hall. All Finnish students are invited.
Refreshments will be served.
Open Badminton: Because of nec-
essary building repairs, open badmin-
ton in the evenings in Barbour Gym-
asitIM will be~isontinrued until fur-
ther notice beginning today.
Services will be held at the Hillel
Foundation tonight at 8 p.m. Dr.
Abram L. Sachar, National Director
of the Hillel Foundations, will speak
on "The Present Jewish Crisis."
The class in advanced Hebrew at
the Hillel Foundation will not meet
this week

Stalker H1all. Class in "Through
the New Testament" will begin to-
'night at 7:30 o'clock at the First
Methodist Church under the leader-

0

"If there were a war betwen
G"r"any and Russia which side
ould you rather sce win?"
Eighty-five per cent of the volers
favored Russia, although approxim-
ately one third of the British voters
declined to express an opinion. "This
sentiment," Gallup writes, "exists de-
spite Prime Minister -Chamberlain's
policy of making a "deal" with Ger-
imany. It raises a question whether
Germany could expect much aid from
reat Britain in case Hitler's ambi-
tions in the Ukraine lead him to war
with Russia."
The Michigan graduate, studying
in Hungary as the result of a fellow-
ship, dislikes the university methods
there, "so I don't take the classes
seriously. Instead I am reading Hun-
aarian literature, learning the ren