E MICH

GAN DAILY


Propaganda In The Press,
No. 6: Potential Effect On The Public; Opinions Little
Changed; Press Today Is Almost Entirely Conservative

I'

/'

m -b

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g Editor . . Robert D. Mitchell
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eEdiitor. . . Robert L Itzhenry
e Editor . . . . 8. R. Kleiman
e Editor . . . . . Robert Perlman
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e Editor . . . . . William Elvin
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NIGHT EDITOR: JUNE HARRIS.
he editorials published in The Michigan
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f and represent the views of the writers

t " 4

A RTHUR C. HORROCKS, in his ad-
dress to the Foremen's Institute here
t week, painted a bright picture of industry's
ure. He said that industry for the first months
this year is 30 per cent better than during
e same time last year.
f it is true, as Mr. Horrocks believes, that the
feels of industry are actually rolling forward
ain, certainly nothing should be placed in.
eir way. That is the attitude industry takes,
A the administration seems to be falling in
e with that view.
A great hindrance to recovery, however, was
inted out recently by the Council of State
vernmerlts which met in Chicago. The Coun-
emphasized the existence of restrictive trade
rriers between states in spite of the prohibi-
n in the first article of the Constitution.
President Roosevelt said in a communication,
the conference that "damaging restrictions"
the last few years have hindered the free flow
commerce within American borders. "Busi-,
5s, agriculture and labor have all suffered,"
said, "because of State and regional discrim-
tory measures adopted in 'vain hope of pro-
ting local products from the hazards of eco-
nic fluc'tuations."
3e added that "Interstate trade barriers, if
owed to develop and multiply, will . . . con-
ute problems even more serious than inter-
tional tariffs."
['he conference learned of the -bewildering and
tly mass of restrictions which truckers of
rchandise face ininterstate commerce. Regis-
tion fees for a five-ton truck driving froW
bama to South Carolina amount to $1,100.
es or taxes on incoming trucks in a number
states range from $30 in Illinois to $400 in
bama.
'he "Ports of Entry" and "Inspection Sta-
as" in eight states are hardly more than in-
state tax collection agencies. Many grading,
eling and packaging laws are so administered
to "protect" home industries. In many cases,
-of-state beer has a higher sales tax than
al brands. And there may be special license
s and restrictions on those who sell it.
Since reciprocity is the only effective weapon
tes can use against each other, the selfish,
low-your-nose trade policies these several
tes have adopted may ultimately constitute
.angerous threat to our national unity, instead
only to industry as at present.,
-Hervie Haufler
urphy's Reforms
)ne of the great tragedies of the Roosevelt
ministration is that Thomas J. Walsh of Mon-
a died on the eve of his assumption of the
ies of Attorney General; and that the Presi-
it chose as his successor the easy-going, poll-
il-minded Homer Cummings. The realization
what might have been is brought home by the
w Attorney General, Frank Murphy, whose
h idealism, stern conception of the duty of
blic officials and administrative vigor are rem-
scent of Senator Walsh.
In his comparatively short tenure, Mr. Murphy
s already made a deep impression on the
mtry by actions on a score of fronts, and on
ssouri particularly because of his scornful re-
;al to permit the Pendergast fixers to influence

By JOSEPH GIES
In the five previous articles I have cited some
of the means by which newspapers propagate
their views through tricks of phraseology, dis-
tortion and emphasis. By being constantly on
the lookout for these devices we can do much to
mitigate their effect. Before going into that,
however, let us examine a few facts in connection
with newspaper propaganda in general and its
potential effect on the public.
Elmo B. Roper, Jr., writing in Publi Opinion
Quarterly for July, 1937, on "Neutral Opinion on
the Court Proposal," said:
"Contrary to the apparent belief of some poli-
ticians in election years, public opinion on mat-
ters of importance does not change overnight.-
While a convincing case might be made out in
behalf of the fickleness of public opinion, it re-
mains by and large one of the most solidly de-
pendable forces in this country." He then quoted
the Fortune Magazine polls on the Supreme
Court of April, 1936 and April, 1937. In the first,
before the court fight, 21.7 per cent of the people
thought the court stood in the way of the people's
will, 39.2 thought not, the rest being non-com-
mittal. A year later, in the midst of the press
campaign against the court plan, 28 per cent
favored the plan while 36 per cent opposed it.
Another group of 14 per cent preferred "some
other way" of changing the court. On the whole
there was 'little change in sentiment.
Reorganization Bill;
Yet in the case of the Reorganization bill,
there is no doubt that the measure was defeated
by a public opinion artificially created. The key
to the successful use of propaganda in the lat-
ter instance probably lies in the obscure nature
of the Reorganization bill, and the general pub-
lic's uncertainty about its purpose. It was com-
paratively easy to induce ignorant people to
believe that the bill would establish a "dicta-
torship," because hardly anyone actually read
the measure's content. It is undoubtedly of great
significance that so purely emotional an appeal
to the American people at large could be so suc-
cessful. One is inclined to wonder .whether an
appeal for a dictatorship (under another name,
of course) might not be equally successful some
day. It is easy to imagine the reactionary press
demanding "emergency powers" for a conserva-
tive President in a time of crisis.
Prof. Theodore Newcomb of the psychology de-
partment of Bennington College presented a
summary of attitude studies in the October, 1937
issue of Public Opinion Quarterly. Ektent ana
likelihood of attitude changes, he found, are
determined largely by the direction in which
,change is attempted. A correlation between lib-
eralism and intelligence, which he said "may
apparently be accepted as a demonstrated phen-
omehon" and a similar correlation between lib-
eralism and amount of information on the sub-
ject in question, seem to indicate that all people
can be influenced toward liberalism more easily
than toward conservatism, and that this is
especially true in the case of people of above-
average intelligence. The important qualification
is' the institutional allegiances transmitted by
families, which are hard to break.
Borne Out In 1936 Election
The lesson of the 1936 campaign seems to
bear out this contention. As a writer for the
Quarterly, after discussing at length mistakes in
the Republican campaign strategy, remarked
with somewhat humorous gravity, the Democra-
tic victory was not due entirely to superior pro-
paganda technique. It demonstrated that, if
actions do not necessarily speak louder than
newspaper copy for the American public, at
least they do if combined with a good radio
personality. Without going into the question of
the actual relative merit of the two candidates
in 1936, we can say with so'me assurance that the
public was presented with both sides of the
question in reasonably adequate form.
The point is, as the New York Times once
remarked, propaganda itself is not dangerous, a
monopoly of it is. As long as both sides of any
issue get ample opportunity to indulge in catch-
words, sloganeering and petty distortion, no
who have disgraced the Judicial robes; it is be-
cause the courts have played fast and loose with
the assets of bankrupt estates, parceling out their
administration to political hangers-on for the

collection of extortionate fees; it is because each
Federal Judge has been permitted to run the
affairs of his-court like a petty kingdom, with no
system of co-ordination; it is because Judges
have been selected on a basis of partisan con-
siderations, as a reward for political activities,
rather than for their intrinsic merit.
Mr. Murphy proposes to take corrective meas-
ures. The Mantons are to be driven from office,
bankruptcies should be handled, instead of on
a fee basis, by responsible officials serving on
salaries; the work of the courts should be coor-
dinated to relieve intolerable delays and docket
congestions as the United States Supreme Court
has coordinated its work; while political con-
siderations will continue to play a part in the.
selection of Judges, there must be a limit.
On the last-named point, Mr. Murphy re-
marks that, within the short space of three
months, we have witnessed the appointment of
nine men in the appellate courts "who, for rare
learning and integrity, it would be difficult to
surpass." Unfortunately, in the.same period, we
have also witnessed the appointment of a Judge
in Louisiana whose activities during the Huey
Long regime unfit him-for the bench, and an
unseemly row in Virginia in which the President
played small-time politics in an apparent and
unsuccessful attempt to rebuke two hostile Sena-
tors.
The country has' a long way to go before the
Murphy conception of the Federal judiciary is
attainer. hu tthere qsems nonmustion that he

great harm will be done. This is probably true
even when there is a marked discrepancy in the
relative volume of propaganda. The marginal
audience, people who haven't made up their
minds in advance, will be stimulated to do some
measure of thinking, to at least consider which
of the stereotypes has the greater rational value.
The press at the present time is almost entirely
conservative. The New York Post, The Louisville
Courier-Journal, The Philadelphia Record, The
New York Daily News, The St. Louis Star-Times
and one or two others are the only members of
the regular press which can possibly be called
liberal, and even they frequently take the con-
servative side. The labor press is discouragingly
small.
This is a chronic situation with no immediate
prospect of remedy. It is undoubtedly highly
dangerous, for the masses of the people cannot
be expected to take any special care to get at
both sides of social, political and economic mat-
ters. It is certainly open to question whether
the majority of the press can be counted on to
support democratic institutions if those institu-
tions threaten the publishers' interest, or even
tio maintain impartiality in news columns. In
this connection, certain facts brought out by a
study made by Leo C. Rosten last year are of
great interest.
Mr. Rosten interviewed the Washington cor-
respondents, the elite of the journalistic profes-
sion, on the dependability and general worthi-
ness of American press, publishing his findings
under the auspices of the Social Science Re-
search Council (The Washington Correspond-
ents, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1937.) In anony-
mous replies to a questionnaire, 86 per cent of
the 127 men who stated their views, expressed
the opinion that "compartively few newspapers
give significant accounts of our basic economic,
conflicts."
Other Views Expressed
Other views expressed by the correspondents
included the following: 60.5 per cent believe
the press devotes too much space to scandalsand
sensations; 63.8 per cent believe the publishers'
cry of "Freedom of the Press" in fighting against
the NRA wasa ruse; 46.2 per cent beileved most
newspapers printed unfair or distorted stories
about the Tugwell Pure Foods Bill (a majority
since 32 per cent expressed no opinion on this
matter); 60 per cent admitted it was almost im-
possible for them to be objective in their report-
ing because of their employers' bias; 55.5 per
cent testified that they had seen their articles
"played down, cut or killed for 'policy' reasons."
Questioned concerning the integrity in news
presentation of the nation's newspapers, the
correspondents named the following journals
"most reliable:" (in order) The New York Tines,
The Baltimore Sun, The Christian Science Mon-
itor, the Scripps-Howard papers, The StLouis
Post-Dispatch, The Washington Star, The New
York Herald-Tribune, The Washington Post, The
Philadelphia Record, and The Kansas City Star.
The least reliable, in order, were given as: the
Hearst newspapers, The Chicago Tribune, Tli
Los Angeles Times, the Scripps-Howard papers,
The Denver Post, The New York Herald-Tribune,
The Washington Post, The Philadelphia Record,
The 'Daily Worker and The Philadelphia In-
quirer.
Divergence Of Opinion
Certain newspapers, it will be seen, appear in
.both classifications, indicating considerable di-
vergence of opinion among the correspondents
on the merits of the particular newspapers. This
indirectly bears out our earlier contention that
it is not propaganda itself which must be guard-
ed against, but the exclusive control of it by a
particular individual, group or class. Naturally,
one tends to consider those newspapers reliable
which present one's own side, and unreliable
those which do not. Clearly, one cannot hope
to find the truth by reading one or two news-
papers, even with the greatest precautions
against deception. A synthesis of propaganda is
the only possible path to truth in the present
condition of journalism, and such a synthesis,
though by no means impossible to get, is diffi-
cult. The Daily Worker will just about balance
any Hearst newspaper, The Midwest Record will
balance The Chicago Tribune, in news slant. But
the Worker and the Record do not reach more
than one per cent of the total readers who see
the Hearst and McCormick publications every

day.
Whatever the future may bring in the way of
development of labor and liberal newspapers
through subsidization, trade union publications
or other means, the outstanding fact about the
American press in its present state remains thit
the great majority of Americans read their in-
formation on daily events from newspapers
whose copy is slanted toward conservatism.

It Seems To Me
By HEYWOOD BROUN
I listened with interest to the
speech which Harold L. Ickes made
about newspaper columnists. It
seemed to me both lively and high
spirited, and to'
my ears it was
rather more
prankish t h a nC
vitriolic. B o t h
those who were
praised and those
44 who were blamed
will be wise, I be-
- lieve, to take
their brickbats
or bouquets with
a heavy side dish of salt. -
The Secretary of the Interior was1
for the most part kidding. He is like-
ly to find that he chose a tough
audience for badinage, because even
the most humorous of columnists is
likely to be a fellow much more able
in the matter of making jokes than
taking them.
Insofar as Secretary Ickes was seri-
ous I disagree with him on several
points. He touched all too lightly on
the root causes of columning and
columnists. In attacking the mem-
bers of the craft, or.racket, to which
I belong the Secretary failed to note
the environmental influences which
made us what we are today. A lot of
it can be bl'amed on bad housing and
a lack of ventilation,
Mr. Ickes and I are newspapermen
of approximately the same vintage.
He was writing baseball in Chicago
about the same time that I was dong
a similar chore in New York. And so
he has been in a position to watch
with his own eyes the genesis of
columnists.

DAILY OFFICIAL BULLETIN
Publication in the Bulletin is constructive notice to all members of the University.
Copy received at the office of the Assistant to the President until 3:30 P.M.;
11:00 A.M. on Saturday..

* * *
No single person invented this type
oa feature. Its genealogy is far more
palpable than that of Topsy. Signedi
columnar comment was sired by;
newspaper editors when they began
to abandon the old tradition of per-
sonal Journalism.
As a baseball writer Harold Ickes
ought to know that no fan would pay
much attention to any account of a
game unless a name appeared at the
head of the article. If the piece con-
tained bitter comment about a pitch.-
er or an outfielder the average fan'
would want to know, "All right, but
who says so?" i
A popular : reaction is somewhat
similar in the case of Presidents. Thel
dogmatism and omniscient attitudea
which Secretary Ickes assigned to?
columnists is far more apparent than'
real. Indeed, it is a surface manifes-
tation of inward quakings and
qualms. The derisive finger of scorn
has.1 often been pointed at all who
use the first person perpendicular in
carload lots. And yet "I" is a far less
swaggering word than the editorial
"we."
Even though a columnist may seem
to be sounding off with twenty-one
guns, that telltale "I" betrays the
fact that he speaks for himself alone
and not a battery or corps of tanks.
On the other hand, the "we" of
the unsigned leader may suggest that
the estimate set down comes from a
convention of all the pundits of Man-
hattan or Emporia, Kan.
The columnist should not be obliged
to add "in my opinion" to every sen-
tence which he sets down. That goes
without saying. It is the ghost which
invariably haunts his writing. Any
faithful reader gets to know the
limitations of Sir Oracle as well as
his virtues, if any. The addict should
understand that he is not dealing
with a stream of living water spring-
ing out from the eternal rock but
taking a tepid beverage from a most
imperfect filter.
* * *
It should be easy for any column
reader to take both the beam and
the mote out of the eye of the com-
mentator whom he chooses to peruse.
He can do that much more easily
than the columnist himself. Any
slave to a six-day stint might under-
take an auto-psychoanalysis and pro-
claim to the world, "I think I should
list the following blind spots in what
I laughingly call my mental equip-
ment." But when he was done even
an inexpert accountant would dis-
cover that he had omitted at least a
dozen failings.
Fortunately, columnists can func-
tion by both direct and ricochet fire.
For instance, a friend of mine told
me that the first thing he read every
morning was the effusion of a man
whose name happens to be pure
prussic acid as far as I'm concerned.
"You' don't mean you like his
stuff?" I inquired.
"Like it!" roared my friend. "I
think he is the greatest rascal who
clutters the earth. But I've got low
blood pressure. When I'm finished
with that poisonous tripe of his I'm
so mad that it peps me up for the
whole day."
Accordingly, any columnist under
attack by Mr. Ickes or other critics
can keep his chin up and reply, "I
grant it is a poor thing, but at least
it is my own and not a moving pic-
ture."
Union To Give Life Cards
Registration for life membership in
the Union will be conducted from

' (Continued from Pag 2)

anoeing, boating, lifesaving and if
>ossible sailing. Salary: $90.
2. Cook for Michigan Girl Scout
amp. Salary: $110.
Literary Seniors: The Cap and
:own Committee has officially chos-
:n Moe's Sport Shop and advises fit-
ing at once. No deposit required.
The Bureau has received notice of
he following Civil Service Examina-
ions. Last date for filing application
s noted in each case:
Michigan Civil Service:
Welder Bridge Worker A. Salary
range: $130-150. May 4.
Weights and Measures, Inspector
B. Salary range: $105-125. May 5.
County Accounts Examiner IL Sal-
ary range: $200-240.
Right of Way Agent II. Salary
range: $200-240. May 10.
Boys Supervisor C. Salary range:
$80-100 less maint. May 10.
United States Civil Service:
Senior Air Safety Investigator, $4,-
600, May 22.
Assistant Librarian, Department of
Justice, $2,600, May 22.
Complete announcements are on
file at the Bureau of Appointments
and Occupational Information, 201
Mason Hall. Office Hours: 9-12 and
2-4.
University Bureau of Appointments
and Occupational Information.-
Academic Notices
Sociology 51: Make-up Examina-
tion will be held Saturday, April 29,
at 2 p.m. in Room D. Haven Hall.
Freshmen, College of Literature,
Science and the Arts. In order to give
freshmen adequate opportunity to
discuss their sophomore elections with
their counselors, appointments may
now be made at the Office of the
Academic Counselors, 108 Mason
Hall, telephone, Extension 613. You
will be notified by post card when to
ararnge for your appointment.
Freshmen will find it to their de-
cided advantage to secure official ap-
proval of their sophomore elections
now, since opportunities for consul-
tation in the fall will be of necessity
very limited.
Arthur Van Duren.
Concerts
Carillon Recital. Sidney F. Giles,
Guest Carillonneur, will give a re-
cital on the Charles Baird Carillon
in the Burton Memorial Tower,
Thursday evening, April 27, at 7 p.m.
Exhibitions
Exhibition of Six Paintings by
Three Mexican Artists-Rivera, Or-
ozco, and Siqueiros-and water colors
by Alexander Mastro Valerio, under
the auspices of tle Ann Arbor Art
Association Alumni Memorial Hall
North and South Galleries; After.
noons from 2 to 5; April 27 through
May 13.
Lectures
American Chemical Society Lecture
Prof. M. S. Kharasch, of the Univer-
sity of Chicago, will speak on "The
Present Day Status of the Struc-
tural Theory of Organic Chemisfry,'
in Room 303, Chemistry Building
today at 4:15 p.m.
Mayo Lecture: The annual William
J. Mayo Lecture will be delivered by
Dr. Harold I. Lillie, in the Hospita
Amphitheatre, University Hospital
on Friday afternoon, April 28th, a
1:30 o'clock. Doctor Lillie will speal
on the "Correlation of the Specia
Practice of Otolaryngology with th
General Practice of Mediine."
All Junior and Senior classes wil
be dismissed to permit students t
attend this lecture. The Staff an
Internes of University Hospital ar
cordially invited to be present.

Events Today
The Political Science ]Round Tabi
will meet this evening at 7:3
p.m. in the East Conference Room o
the Rackham Building. Subject
"Scope and Methods of Political Sci
ence.
Institute of the Aeronautical Sci
ences: All members of the Institut
are informed of a meeting to be hel
this evening, at which time ar
election of officers will take place
This meeting will be held in Natura
Science Auditorium at 7:15 p.m., in
stead of the Amphitheatre of the
Rackham Building at 7:30 p.m., a
originally scheduled. Movies will b
shown, and the inspection trip to th
Curtiss-Wright Corporation, Buffaio
N.Y., will be discussed.
Camp Filibert Roth: All students i
forestry who expect to attend Cam
Filibert Roth this summer pleas
meet in Room 2039 Natural Scienc
Building, this afternoon, at 4:3
p.m. Important information wil

will deal with the excavation of the
dinosaur, which took place last sim-
mer in Montana.
An interesting evening is promised
and every member is urged to be
present.
Phi Beta Kappa. Annual Initiation
for members elected this year will be
held in the Michigan League Chapel
today at 4:15 p.m.
Professor Herbert A. Kenyon will
address the initiates. All new mem-
bers are expected to be present at
this meeting.
Varsity Glee Club: There will be a
business meeting and a short appear-
ance in the Union tonight.
Prof. Mentor Williams will discuss
the Humar, Rights Roll Call at a
meeting of the American Student
Union tonight at 8 p.m. in the North
Lounge of the Union. Everyone is
invited to attend,
Men's Glee Club. Rehearsal and
business meeting tonight at 7:30.
Short program for Chamber of Com-
merce banquet. Payments for pic-
tures are due. All music should be
turned in at this time.
Sailing Club. Meeting tonight
at 7:30 pm.
The revised, constitution and by-
laws will be discussed. Entries .for
the teams that will race at The Co-
lumbia Yacht Club in Chicago in
two weeks will be considered. Entries
for The Quarterdeck Trophy races
will also be taken.
All members are urged to attend.
Special invitation is extended to all
students who are in any way in-
terested in sailing or racing.
tMen's Physical Education', lub. to-
night.at 9 p.m. in Room 318Of te
Michigan Union. Dean J. B. Ed-
monson of the School of Education
will talk. All members are cordially
invited to be present.
Omega Upslion, National Profes-
sional Speech and Dramatic Sorority,
invites all women interested in radio
to come for auditions at Morris Hail,
7:15 this evening.
Michigan Dames: The Book Group
will meet in the Rackham Building
this evening at 8 o'clock.
Coming Events
Phi Beta Kappa. The Annual Iita-
tion Banquet of the Alpha Chapter
of Michigan will be held at the Mich-
igan League on Saturday, April 29 at
6:45 p.m. Price one dollar. Profes-
sor Robert S. Lynd of Columbia
University will speak on "Scholar-
ship in Time of Crisis." All members
r of Phi Beta Kappa are urged to at-
t tend. Especially' are members of
other Chapters invited. Reservations
should be made at the Secretary's
n office at the Observatory by Friday
evening, April 28.
Hazel Marie Losh, Secretary Phi
Beta Kappa.
Visitors to Schoolmaster's: You are
invited to a tea, Friday afternoon,
e April 28, from four to five o'clock in
the University Eelementary School
Library. Members of Pi Lambda
Theta will be your hostess.
Fraternity Presidents: There will
n be a dinner meeting of house presi-
y dents Tuesday, May 2, 6 o'clock at
1 the Psi Upsilon house, 1000 Hill St.
t Tau Beta Pi. The next regular din-
k ner meeting will be held at the Union
tl on Monday, May 1, at 6:15 p.m. Pro-
e fessor Sherzer will present a talk and
moving pictures on the Hudson Bay
1 country.
d The Annual French Play: The Cer-
e cle Francais will present "Ces Dames

aux Chapeaux Verts," a modern
French comedy in one prologue and
three acts by Albert Acremant, at the
Lydia Mendelssohn Theatre tomor-
e row at 8:15 p.m.
All seats. are reserved. Tickets will
f be on sale at the box-office today
: from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. and tomorrow
- from 10 a.m. to 8:15 p.m. A special
reduction will be made for holders of
the French Lecture Series cards.
e The Outdoor Club invites you to ac-
d company them on a bicycle hike Sat-
n urday, April 29.
. We will leave Lane Hall at 2 p.m.
il Those who do not own bikes may rent
. them. The following week we shall
1e hold a moonlight hike and weinie
s roast. All students are cordially in-
e vited to attend these outings.
.e
; Suomi Club: Meeting at 8 p.m. Fri-
day in the Upper Room at Lane Hall.
n A symposium on women in journal-
p ism, sponsored by Theta Sigma Phi,
e journalistic sorority, will be held at 8
e o'clock Tuesday evening, May 2 at
0 the Michigan League. Catherine
1l Lynch of the Detroit Free Press,


The Editor
Gets Told

German Play
To the Editor:
On Monday night the Deutscher Verein pre-
sented "Die Gegenkandidaten." I would like to
express my objection to the practice of some of
the instructors of "forcing", their classes to go.
One instructor gave his class the choice between
the play and five pages of translation; another
the choice between the play and a summary of
a novelette the class was reading.
Tt nn hp a ia,d i, e a g e that the nlsv