___ ___ __ ___ __ ___ _____ __ ___ __ ___ __ ___ _THEr i MICHIGAN DAILY
iiii2tf, AlAkCii
THE MICHIGAN DAILY
Ij
-,
Edited and managed by students of the University of
Michigan under the authority of the Board in Control of
tudenw Publications.
Pubiished every morning except Monddy during the
Uni versity year and Summer Session.
Member of the Associated Press
The Associated Press is exclusively entitled to the
use for republication of all news dispatches credited to
it or not otherwise credited in this newspaper. All
rights of republication of all other matter herein also
reserved.
Eu' pred at the Post Office at Ann Arbor, Michigan as
second class mail matter.
Subscriptions during regular school year by carrier,
$4.00; by mail, $4.50.
Member, Associated Collegiate Press, 1937-38
REPRESENTED FOR NATIONAL ADVERTISING BY
National AdvertisingService, Inc.
College Publishers Rejresentatie
420 MADISoN AVE. NEW YORK, N. Y.
. ChICAGO - BOSTON - LOS ANGELES - SAN FRANCISCO
Board of Editors
MANAGING EDITOR.............JOSEPH S. MATTES
ASSOCIATE EDITOR ..............TUURE TENANDER
ASSOCIATE EDITOR............IRVING SILVERMAN
ASSOCIATE EDITOR............WILLIAM C SPALLER
ASSOCIATE EDITOR..............ROBERT P. WEEKS
WOMEN'S EDITOR ..:................HELEN DOUGLAS
SPORTS EDITOR .....................IRVIN LISAGOR
Business Department
BUSINESS MANAGER ................ERNEST A. JONES
CREDIT MANAGER ................... DON WILSHER
ADVERTISING MANAGER .. ..NORMAN B. STEINBERG
WOMEN'S BUSINESS MANAGER...........BETTY DAVY
WOMEN'S SERVICE MANAGER ..MARGARET FERRIES
NIGHT EDITOR: JOSEPH S. MATTES
AS. i
It is important for society to avoid
the neglect of adults, but positively
dangerous for it to thwart the ambition
of youth to reform the world. Only the
schools which act on this belief are ed-
ucational institutions in the best mean-
ing of the term.
Alexander G. Ruthven.
The editorials published in The Michigan
Daily are written by members of the Daily
staff and represent the views of the writers
only.
imperialist aggression, there has been a propor-
tional growth of political authoritarianism with
each attempt to create a coi~nial empire. The
interests which are supporting the war in China
see in the present impasse on the military front
an excellent opporuiuty to enforce the political
views on the Japanese Nation in entirety, and
if the two bills now being considered by the Diet
are passed, the bureaucratic dictatorship toward
which they have been inexorably gravitating will
be completely ensconced.
The first of these bills, proposed the day after
the Chinese bombing of Formosa, calls for the
national control of the electricity industry. The
second, and much more formidable, would em-
power the government, "in case of war or an
incident," to establish state control of all in-
dustries connected with defense, and to enforce
compulsory labor, press censorship, restrictions
on all expressions of minority dissent-in short
all the familiar fascist trimmings. At this writ-
ing the Diet has not yet passed the bills, but
those who proclaim that this delay indicates
a change in governmental action are merely in-
dulging in low-grade rationalization. The trend
of the development of Japan's economy and gov-
ernment indicate that any temporizing changes
in foreign or domestic policy proposed by par-
liament will lead to the complete suppression
)f party participation in the government, a
process well under way since the formation of
the "National Union" cabinet last June.
Elliott Maraniss.
THE FORUM
The War Question
To the Editor:
I fear W.X.Y. suspects me of naivete, a ong
with the other simple-minded signers of the
Anti-War 'Committee program whose viewpoint
he so effectively blasted in Sunday's Daily. It
disheartens me that there should be such
a fundamental rift in the ranks of those who
seek a practical way to peace. But yet I am
persuaded that the program of quarantining
the aggressors, of attempting to achieve peace
by economic measures or sanctions-a program
which once I, too, endorsed-can only bring
increasing unrest, insecurity, and eventually war.
For such a program pictures War and its ally,
Fascism, which both W.X.Y. and myself detest,
as external monsters to be slain with the sword
or quarantined by blockade or starved by sanc-
tions; while it is beginning to appear that they,
like the Kingdom of Heaven, are rather within
ourselves. For the Fascism that America must
fear most greatly now is not the kind that
invades our country with armies, but the kind
that already lives here, that will use our very
interest in collective security to rouse us to
a new high in jingoism, nationalism, and pre-
judice; it is the kind which men in high places
in our own land are already furthering by lead-
ing us into the armaments race, by increasing
the militarization of our schools, by passing bills
which give a few men at the top the control
of the nation's industry and labor, perhaps even
press, in times of sufficient emergency.
CAN AMERICANS RESIST
POWERFUL PROPAGANDA?
When America accepts the propaganda of
hate that will alone make effective economic
sanctions possible, she strews flowers in the path
of her own militarization and her own Fascism
which will follow close behind; and I question
whether the American people are sufficiently
their own masters to stop short there, when
strong voices urge them on.
But then we may say, suppose indeed the
United States has enough intestinal fortitude
to resist Fascism within while resisting these war-
loving aggressors-by peaceful (?) means-out-
side; is then the outcome clear, the victory
simple? I wonder whether we do not but
strengthen thereby the Fascist position? Will
not the Japanese militarists say then, "This
proves our point. The white races are still
conspiring to deny us our place in the sun?"
Will not a few wavering Italian invaders begin
to think their superiors told them truly that
Britain was motivated solely by self-interest?
Will not the German masses find in the col-
lective security of the "have" nations new fuel
for their arrogance, new fires for their hatred?
WILL BREAKING BACKS
BE OF ANY AID?
But, and I agree with W.X.Y., some will say,
"This is no reason that they should get away with
murder! We cannot wait to placate the murderer;
we cannot wait until he destroys himself!" So
some of the collective security advocates then
suggest that we "break the backs of the prin-
cipal war makers today." Yet where does that
get us? The Allies did just. that, with a ven-
geance, in 1918; the Leader was exiled, the coun-
try impoverished, economic sanctions could not
have bled the people more; yet where did it get
as? Hitler rose with the cry of vengeance for that
broken back. The war that destroyed one Fas-
cism made the world safe for a dozen more Fas-
cisms. The economic sanctions that are to break
the backs of today's war making nations will
leave poverty and hate and the same men holding
the munitions money-bags, and deep in the minds
the seeds for new Fascism out of the old. I think
we've tried that-and had enough of it. Militar-
ism cannot be overthrown by militarists; ag-
gression will not be done to death by aggressors;
Fascism cannot be ended by democracies which
in their triumph become Fascist; threats cannot
be abated by more threats; unneighborliness is
not stopped by more unneighborliness.
So I am conditioned to believe that we shall
be combating Fascism and war when we root out
from ourselves the seeds of Fascism and war; that
not until we can call America honestly peace-
loving and truly a democracy dare we criticize
'J feeinrto Ale
Heywood Broun
It wouldn't surprise me a bit if the new City
Council of New York turns out to be the finest
deliberative body known to any municipality in
the world.
Just now it is still finding itself. There is too
much debate and insufficient
action, but the same thing
is equally true of our na-
tional legislature. And the
quality of the debate in the
Council is at least as high as
that in the House of Repre-
sentatives. Although that
remark, according to the
phrase of Percy Hammond,
may be a matter of praising
with faint damns.
Before watching the city fathers tear one
another's hair out I dropped in to pay a call
upon an old political antagonist, Stanley Isaacs,
who was campaigning manager fo Mrs. Pratt
when I was running for Congress on the Socialist
ticket in 1930. Mrs. Prat was a Republican,
and she was the candidate who was elected.
A Slight Miscalculation
I wasn't even close, but her Democratic rival,
Judge Brodsky, came within six, hundred votes
of winning. And I have no hesitation in saying
that I elected her. With about sixty-five hun-
dred votes I held the balance of power. Only I
didn't know what to do with it.
My second choice in the campaign was Louis
Brodsky, because he once asked me to go to a
speakeasy and have a drink, even while the
cruel fight was on. Mrs. Pratt in her speeches
declared that I was a menace. Since I was
running on the Socialist ticket, she asserted that
if by any miracle I should be elected it would
mean the end of private enterprise, the destruc-
tion of the home and that if I went to Con-
gress no good woman in the 17th District would
be safe. My own ambitions were not as high
as that.
In my own speeches I did not attack Judge.
Brodsky. I merely said, "Keep a good judge
on the bench and don't send him to Congress."
It turned out to be my best campaign argument.
I liked Brodsky, and I didn't like Ruth Pratt
at that time. I haven't seen her since.
Much against my own intentionI succeeded in
taking enough votes away from the Magistrate
to elect the lady. Stanley Isaacs admitted as
much at the time. And since I once did him a
favor, I want to ask one in return.
I think he should pay no attention to the
drive which has been fomented against Simon
Gerson, his assistant, on the ground that Gerson
is a radical. Gerson is a good newspaper man,
and this is a merit appointment. Probably Mr.
Isaacs didn't really believe the silly things which
Mrs. Pratt said about me when I was a mem-
ber of a radical party, and the charges against
Gerson are just as fantastic. After all, the
most able man in the City Council today is
B. Charney Vladeck, and Mr. Vladeck has most
certainly been a revolutionary in his time. At
least they sent him to Siberia.
* * *
One Minor Triumph
My own campaign for Congress was a flop
because I was put somewhat in the middle. Mrs.
Pratt said I was a Red, and the Daily Worker
declared that the only Marx I knew was Harpo.
The Daily Worker was right.
But though I failed of election by many thou-
sands of votes, I scored one triumph. One of
our meetings had Norman Thomas,Walter Win-
chell and Mae West all on the same platform.
Norman got along all rightwith. Mae, but he
quarreled with Walter. The rally was in a
theater, and when Thomas was through Walter
Winchell, who was acting as master of ceremonies,
said, "Mr. Thomas, the audience is giving you
a big hand. Come back and take a bow." Nor-
man drew himself to his full height and an-
swered, with hauteur, "I'm not taking bows
this campaign."
I thought my Socialist confrere was wrong. I
always took bows if I could get them. But
right now I'd like to call on Stanley Isaacs, my
old pal, to take his bow as a man who has dis-
played great courage in facing the pack and
saying, "I've appointed a man to a job because
he's qualified to do it, and I'm going to stick
to him despite the Red baiters."
Consumer Action
Consumers' spokesmen claiming to represent
upward of 10,000,000 American housewives, labor
unionists, clubwomen, farmers and social workers
have just visited Washington to tell their story
to President Roosevelt and members of Congress.
They wanted to know why, with 18,000,000
bales of "surplus" cotton on hand, so many
Americans are poorly clad? Why, with the need
of 9,000,000 new low-priced homes, the building
boom is lagging? Why food prices don't come
down in the proportion to the prices of farm
products? Why, in brief, our industries aren't
working better in behalf of the customers?
"The consumers want an abundance econ-
omy," said Miss Persia Campbell, secretary of
the Consumers' National Federation, a New York
clearing house of these consumer groups. "We
want an increasing supply of goods and services
at prices which people can afford to pay and
of good known quality. In short, we want a
living standard for the American people pro-
portionate to their ability and willingness to
produce such a standard."
The consumers-that means all of us-are
getting s'ne publicity. But can we ever become
a great force in shaping governmental policies?
THEATRE
By NORMAN iELL
Stage Door'
The Play Production version of
"Stage Door," which opens at the
Mendelssohn next Wednesday doesn't
have Ginger Rogers or Katharine
Hepburn in the cast. In fact, the
movies and Play Production don't
even have the same "Stage Door."
Hollywood, when they bought George
S. Kaufman's original effort, must,
as usual, have forgotten to read the
stript.
Kaufman wrote a play about two
actresses, one who succumbs to the
tempting film contract and one who
remains faithful to the more "legiti-
mate" stage. The young lady who
grabs the seven-year contract comes
back east after a while, and boy, is
She divine! But it happens to be an
empty-headed divinity. Jean Mait-
land, the queen in question, returns to
the Footlights Club, her old New
York City boarding house, with a
tremendous fur pom-pom jiggling
around cn her hat and a dazzling
chromo of herself to hang over the
mantel in place of Sarah Bernhardt.
That's one point against Hollywood.
Then there's Keith Burgess, a young
leftwing playwright who can't see
the pitfalls in film writing. He leaves
for the coast too (why dio they al-
ways call Hollywood the coast, why
not New York) and starts reaping in
the shekels. Bythe time he gets back
to the stem on a vacation his stan-
dards are changed, his beliefs
drowned, and his social view-points-
well, the only convictions he has left
are those concerning his pocketbook.
There are a number of tart jabs
thrust toward the cinema center by
every one ofathe mob of twenty-five
girls living at the Footlights Club.
Terry Randall lets you know how she
stands when she says:
" . ..they put you in a tin can,
like Campbell's Soup. And if you
die the next day it doesn't matter
a bit. You don't even have to be
alive to be in pictures."
And in Act III, facing this young
communist writer who has been gut-
ted by the Hollywood pace, Terry
clinches her ideas of the movies:
"In two years you're a star, in
four years you're flickering, and
in six years you're back in Swe-
den."
Kaufman knew what he was talk-
ing about when he wrote this stuff in
"Stage Door." He spent a few months
lolling on the West Coast beaches
himself, but he had to come back east
to write. And he had a plenty big
grudge against Hollywood. They paid
him so darn much money for doing
nothing.
Well, the movie changed all that.
They made it just another success
story, about a rich girl who is a swell
kid but a rotten actress. She can't
get a part until - by waving her
pocketbook - she cheats another de-
serving actress out of a role. When
poor Andrea Leeds commits suicide,
Katharine Hepburn is stimulated into
giving the greatest performance of her
life. But that's the movie.
Play Production's "Stage Door"
promises to carry out Kaufman's
ideas - his original humor and biting
satire, and Play Production has a pack
of girls to do justice to that original
story.
Bulnd Fallure
The American-German Volksbund,
pro-Nazi organization, long ago fell
into disrepute among loyal Americans,
including the great majority of those
descended from German stock, be-
cause of its motives and its tactics.
Now, so unsuccessful have been its
efforts, the Bund has fallen into dis-
repute in Berlin as well. An order by
the Nazi Government directs all Ger-
man citizens to resign from it at once.
This is smart strategy on the part
of the Nazi high command. As things
were going, the Bund was not only
failing to win sympathy for the Hitler
regime, but was a great force for
creating antipathy toward it among
our people. In St. Louis, for instance,
the Bund could not even rent a hall
for a regional conference., Loss of
Berlin's support doubtless signifies
lean days for the Bund, for it has
never been able to command more
than a scanty following among Amer-
ican citizens.
Does this mean the Nazis are call-
ing off their propaganda efforts in this
country? Not if precedent and recent
utterances of their leaders are fol-
lowed. Nazi spokesmen in recent
months have reiterated their state-
ments that Germans resident abroad
must be co-ordinated with the na-
tional regime. As Ernst Wilhelm
Bohle, head of the Nazi foreign or-
ganization put it, "The German as,
citizen of the Reich is always and
everywhere a German, nothing but
German, and therefore, National
Socialist."
As to precedent: A Nazi organiza-
tion called the Friends of the New
Germany was founded in this country
in 1933, soon after Hitler came to
power. It speedily incurred enmities
similar to those created by the Bund.
So in due course came an order from
Berlin: all German nationals must
FRIDAY, MARCH 4, 1938
VOL. XLVIII. No. 109
Automobile Regulation: Those stu-
dents who possess driving permits is-
sued while their cars bore the 1937
State license plates and have failed
to renew them, are requested to do
so at once. All old permit tags are
void as of March 1, 1938 and their
continued use will constitute grounds
for disciplinary action. Applications
for renewals must be made at Room
2, University Hall and new sets of
permit tags will be issued at no ad-
ditional cost.
G-tudents who have cars stored in
Ann Arbor and those who are in the
exempt classifications are also re-
quested to report their 1938 license
numbers if they have not done so to
date.
Office of the Dean of Students.
L.S.&A. Juniors now eligible for
Concentration should get Admission
to Concentration blanks at Room 4,
U.H., have properly signed by the
adviser, and return the white slip
before March 5.
Academic Notices
Sociology 51: Make-up final exam-
ination will be given on Saturday,
March 5, at 2 o'clock in, Room D,
Haven Hall.
Senatea
Filibustering.
T IS DISHEARTENING to note the
effectiveness with which the south-
ern senators sabotaged the anti-lynching bill.
It should serve to remind the Senate that it is
powerless against a clever and determined
minority.
The filibuster killed the bill with a lynch law
all its own, retreating within the safety of a
flood of words, much as a lynch mob does within'
its anonymity. It showed well that "senatorial
courtesy" allowing unlimited debate is seldom
returned in kind, since the filibusterers descended
to an incredibly low moral level in using race
hatred and prejudice in their fight against a
measure which the American Institute of Public
Opinion showed a majority of the southern
people to favor.
The United States Senate is the only legis-
lative body in the world that does not have
rigid cloture rules restricting the length of
floor debate. It has been said that rules of
this type have frequently been abused, but the
right of unlimited debate, can be abused also,
witness the recently successful filibuster.
The Senate is an important part of a demo-
cratic government that depends upon majority
rule for its life. This majority rule was lacking
in the discussion of the anti-lynching bill.
Dennis Flanagan.
False Issues
Botany I make-up final
tion Wednesday, March 9.
2004 N.S.
Robert Williams
Students, College of Literature, Sci-
ence, and the Arts: No course may
be elected for credit after the end of
the third week. Saturday, March
5th is therefore the last date on
which new elections may be ap-
proved. The willingness of an indi-
vidual instructor to admit a student
later would not affect the operation
of this rule.
School of Education Students,
Changes of Elections: No course may
be elected for credit after Saturday,
March 5. Students enrolled in this
school must report all changes of
elections at the Registrar's Office,
Room 4, University Hall.
Membership in a class does not
cease nor begin until all changes have
been thus officially registered. Ar-
rangements made with the instruc-
toors are not official changes.
First Mortgage Loans: The Univer-
sity has a limited amount of funds
to loan on modern well-located Ann
Arbor residential property. Interest
at current rates. Apply Investment
Office, Room 100, South Wing,
University Hall.
Faculty, School of Education: The
regular luncheon meeting of the Fac-
ulty will be held on Monday, March
7, at 12 o'clock, at the Michigan
Union.
To The Members of the Faculty of
the College of Literature, Science,
and the Arts: The fifth regular meet-
ing of the faculty of the College of
Literature, Science, and the Arts for
the academic session' of 1937-38 will
be held in Room 1025 Angell Hall,
March 7, 1938, at 4:10 p.m.
- Edward H. Kraus.
Agenda:
1. Adoption of the minutes of the
meeting of Feb. 7, 1938, which have
been distributed by campus mail
(pages 400-412).
2. Reports.
a. Executive Committee, by Prof.
Campbell Bonner.
b. University Council-no meeting
in February.
c. Executive Board of the Graduate
School, by Professor Louis I. Bred-
vold.
d. Advisory Committee on Univer-
sity Affairs, by Professor Arthur S.
Aiton.
e. Deans' Conference, by Dean E.
H. Kraus.
3. Consideration of recommended
changes in certain of the concentra-
tion regulations as set forth in the
February minutes, page 401.
4. Statement concerning defec-
tive English, by Professor Louis I.
Bredvold.
Henry Russel Award: The Commit-
tee on the Henry Russel Award re-
quests the members of the various
faculties to forward nominations for
this distinction. Nomination blanks
have been sent to each of the heads
of the several departments of instruc-
tion in the University and to the
deans or administrative heads of the
various units. The Chairman of the
Committee will be glad to supply ad-
ditional blanks on request.
The attention of the various facul-
ties is called to the statements on
the blanks concerning the nature of
the Award and the qualifications
which will guide the Committee in
the selection of the recipient. It is
desirable that consideration be given
to all eligible facalty members who
have rendered conspicuous service to
the University and that full informa-
tion be provided concerning all can-
didates nominated.
It is requested that nominations,
accompanied by supporting material,
be submitted to the Chairman of the
Committee, H. B. Lewis, 317 West
Medical Building, by March 15.
Unidentifiable mail is being held in
Room 1, University Hall, for the fol-
lowing addresses:
Augustu# A. DeVoe.
J. Milnor Dorey.
DAILY OFFICIAL BULLETIN
yubllcation in the Bulletin is constructive notice to all members of the
university. Copy received at the office of the Assistant to the President
until 3:30; 11:00 a.m. on ;atUrday.
examina-
7-10 p.m.
Monday, March 14. 4:15 Room
Haven Hall., Economic History
Sweden, II.
The public is cordially invited.
C,
of
Events Today
The Political Science Club will
sponsor a tea for Professor E. H.
Carr today at 4 p.m. in the Michigan
League.
D Notice toAll League Committees;
Delegates to Panhellenic and As-
sembly: Eligibility slips must be in
by 12 o'clock noon, Friday, March 3
Deposit in Undergraduate Office.
"Stage Door." Due to an early de-
mand for tickets, Lydia Mendelssohn
box office will be open today from 10
to 8:30 p.m. for reservations. Phone
6300. "Stage Door" to be presented
next Wednesday through Saturday
evenings, March 9, 10, 11, 12, by Play
Production.
Junior Girls Play: There will be a
meeting of the Properties Committee
at 4 p.m. today at the League. All
members are requested to be present.
Norman Thomas will speak on
"Students, Democracy and War" at
the Congregational Church, 2:30
p.m. Auspices Michigan Anti-War
Committee.
First Presbyterian Church, 1432
Washtenaw Avenue. Lenten course
for students on "How To Know The
Bible" is offered each Friday after-
noon during Lent from 4:30 to 5:30
in the Social Hall of the Church.
"The Bible at a Single View" is the
subject to be presented by Dr. W. P.
Lemon this Friday, March 4.
Stalker Hall: Class at 7:30 p.m.
with Dr. Brashares in "Through the
Old Testament." Student party at
8:30. All Methodist students and
their friends are invited to the class
and party.
Hillel Foundation: Friday services
at 8 p.m. Speaker, Mrs. William
Haber.
Topic, "Labor Trends."
Cantor, Bernard S. Rubiner.
Social following the services. Host-
ess, Mrs. Bothman.
Coming Events
German Table for Faculty Mem-
bers: The regular luncheon meeting
will be held Monday at 12:00 in the
Founders' Room of the Michigan
Union. All faculty members interest-
ed in speaking German are cordially
invited. There will be an informal
10 minute talk on: "Die prahistor-
ische Kultur Italiens" by Professor
Henry A. Sanders.
Freshman Round Table: Dr. Ra-
phael Isaacs, distinguished physician
and scientist, is guest speaker at the
Freshman Round Table thin Satur-
Concerts
Graduation Recital: Helen Titus,
pianist, will give 'a recital in par-
tial fulfillment of the requirements
for a Master of Music degree, in the
School of Music Auditorium, Friday
evening, March 4, at 8:15 o'clock, to
which the general public is invited.
Lectures
University Lecture: Professor Eu-
stache de Lorey, of the Ecole du Lou-
vre and the Oriental Department of
the Bibliotheque Nationale, will lec-
ture on "Persian Poets, Inspiration
to Persian Artists," on Friday, March
4, in Natural Science Auditorium at
4:15 p.m., under the auspices of the
Research Seminary in Islamic Art.
University Lectures: Professor Eli
Heckscher, President of the Econ-
omics Institute of Sweden, will give
a series of lectures on Economic His-
tory under the joint auspices of the
Departments of Economics and His-
tory. The schedule is as follows:
Tuesday, March 8. 4:15 Natural
Science Auditorium. Some Post-War
Economic Tendencies.
Wednesday, March 9. 4:15 Room
C, Haven Hall. Mercantilism: Theory
and Practice, I.
Thursday, March 10. 4:15 Room' C,
Haven Hall. Mercantilism: Theory
and Practice, II.
Friday, March 11. 4:15 Room C,
Haven Hall. Edonomic History of
Sweden, I.
Raised About Japan.
* 0
T HE DETERMINED EFFORTS of the
Japanese military clique to rush
through the Diet a series of regulatory economic
measures brings into sharp relief the tenseness
of the internal situation in the country. News-
paper accounts of the stand taken by the few
remaining liberals and conservatives in the Jap-
anese parliament to prevent the passage of
the war economy measures, for the most part
give the erroneous impression that the struggle
is between two strongly opposed camps in the
government.
There is no such demarcation. Dissensions
reported among the Japanese at this stage con-
cern only the rate at which the war in China
should be prosecuted rather than the general
issue of whether the war should continue. The
rapid advance .towards a Japanese version of
totalitarianism is so logical an outgrowth of
the. crisis precipitated by the strange amalga-
mation of monopoly industrialism and the sur-
ivals of feudalism, that even the most cautious
of the conservative business and governmental
groups will yield on the fundamental questions of
policy. The Diet exhibited no qualms of par-
liamentary conscience when it approved stag-
gering 'military budgets and sanctioned emer-
gency laws for control of finance and trade at