SEPTEMBER 24, 1935 THE MICHIGAN DAILY PAGE Success Based On Mystic 'G,' Scientist Finds Italian Machine-Gunners Leave For Ethiopia Psychologist Says 'General Factor' Is Indefinible Personality Element A new form of public opinion sur- vey, based on personal interviews on a large scale, was outlined and dis- cussed before the American Psycho- logical Association's convention here recently by Dr. Paul S. Achilles of the Psychological Corporation, a non- profit research organization with headquarters in New York. Already in use by the corporation since February, 1933, the new tech- nique has produced interesting re- sults, of which the most outstanding is the progressive study of the popu- larity of NRA. From 2,000 to 5,000 housewives in the so-called upper-middle economc group were interviewed by associated psychologists in 40 to 50 cities throughout the country on six dif- ferent occasions, and were asked to answer the question: E "From what, you have seen of the NRA in your neighborhood, do you believe it is working well?" Begin Tests In 1933 In October, 1933, when the tests were begun, a plurality of 47.6 per cent answered "yes," 27.- per cent answered "no," and 25.4 per cent were doubtful. Other surveys with the same question were made in No- vember, 1933, January, April, and September, 1934, and a final survey in January, 1935. The result showed a gradual trend from the "yes" vote to the doubtful followed by a second transfer fromI the doubtful to the "no" vote, Dr. Achilles said. The final survey re- sulted in a vote of 38.2 per cent "yes," 32.5 per cent "no," and 29.3 per cent doubtful. A geographical analysis of the vote, tabulating sectional differences in respect to NRA, made on the basis of the January, 1934 vote, showed strongest support of the measure in the Southern states, which returned a favorable majority of 70.4 per cent. with 9.1 per cent opposed and 20.5 per cent doubtful. New York state returned the strongest opposition vote on this oc- casion, with 43.8 per cent for, 27.9 per cent against, and 28.3 per cent doubtful. Consider Two Problems "Two important problems must be considered in evaluating the reliabil- ity of results from studies of this kind," Dr. Achilles pointed out. "The first is the nature of the question itself." He then went on to cite a survey undertaken by a large commercial re- search organization, which asked a question in respect to NRA of 40,000 housewives. The wording of the question was not revealed, but the report stated that 92 per cent of the women thought NRA beneficial, while the Psychological Corporation's sur- vey at the same time (November, 1933) showed only 40.9 per cent in favor of NRA among a similar but smaller group of housewives. The second element, Dr. Achilles said, was the size, distribution, and character of the group interviewed. Pointing out that the standard de- viations with either 4,000 or 40,000 interviews would vary only about one per cent, and that both surveys were nation-wide, only the character re- mained as a variable element. Group Homogeneous To demonstrate the homogeniety of the group interviewed, on 10 surveys the percentage of families owning automobiles was determined, and found to vary only from 64.5 to 69.7 per cent. Another approach to the reliabili- ty of careless or general surveys was given by Dr. Achilles in the following results: On the question, "Do you believe in the farm allotment plan?" results of 22.6 per cent "yes" and 35.8 per cent "no" wereobtained. Thus while 70.8 per cent did not know the nature of the plan, 58.4 per cent of the same people felt them- selves capable of expressing an opin- ion on it.' Other surveys just begun by the corporation, and waiting for back- ing at present, will divide those in- terviewed into such categories as cor- poration presidents, college profes- sors, teachers, trade union officials, (Continued on Page 7) AMERICAN SHOE AND HAT SHOP Shoe Rebuilding Full Sole Half Sole WORKMANSHIP and STOCK Absolutely GUARANTEED HAT CLEANING and HATS MADE-TO-ORDER. -Associated Press Photo. All the weapons of modern warfare were taken along when Italian troops embarked for East Africa from Naples. Here is a contingent of machine-gunners waving their deadly weapons aloft just before boarding the S.S. Saturnia. * * .. * . Oalo-Ethiopian War mill Be Ii Duce's Big Show'- To Build Up His Prestige longed. "Sir Arthur Salter has in- troduced a plan that sounds ex- tremely reasonable," said Professor Preuss. "Instead of not selling to a belligerent, as the United States neutrality measure suggests, it would be simpler and equally effective not to buy from a belligerent. In this way, the regular customs officers could be used, and the danger of contact with warring countries would be lessened. Furthermore it is easier to tell the origin of goods than their destination. Ethiopia's natural defenses may defeat Italy, in the opinion of Colonel Miller, an internationally known au- thority on ordinance and war prob- lems. "The war zone constitutes a distance equal to that from Washing- ton to Detroit, a total land area over five times the size of Michigan. Starting at Washington, a modern army would face a mountain range more formidable than the Rockies, not a single highway admitting smooth movement, a rough plateau scored across with impassable gorges, vegetation so dense in places as lit- erally to halt progress, no growing foodstuffs and no supplies of drink- ing water. "Only the natives, who know every JEWISH NEW YEAR CARDS A Large and Choice Selection at O. D. MORRILL'S 314 South State Street inch of the terrain, could operate rapidly in this nightmare field of war," declared Colonel Miller. "The invading force would have to chase innumerable bodies of these nimble native fighters all over the area, sub- ject to sudden counter-attacks and ambushes and the exhausting ef- fects of disease, insect pests, heat and unnatural living conditions. Modern methods of warfare will prove of scant aid under these condi- I Use 8575 More Often- Try Schlenker's for count- less household necessities. Have you seen the new Coke-tester? Completely installed for - $134.50. tions, faced by Italy, and the four years assigned to the task by Mus- solini may be too short, even provid- ing that Italian national morale can be kept at war pitch for so long." W atches ... . THE TIME SHOP 1121 S. University Ave. SCHLENKER HARDWARE COMPANY 213-215 West Liberty Phone 8575 if I 306-308 SOUTH MAIN STREET PHONE 4503 (Continued from Page 1) colonial empire, at the conclusion of the World War. All that Italy has gained thus far has been by way of a rectification of the boundaries of her three African colonies -Libya, Erit- rea, and Italian Somaliland - con- ceded on the basis of the promises made to her by France and Great Britain in the Secret Treaty of Lon- don of 1915." Fascist imperialism is also justified in Italian circles by the conception that boundaries should be not fixed but subject to alteration inaccord- ance with population, Professor Ehr- mann concluded. Of Professor Preuss was asked the question: "What do you think of Mussolini's statement to the League that it is 'monstrously unfair' of Great Britain to interfere now after having been so guilty of aggression herself?" Mussolini Pledged To Pact "Mussolini overlooks the fact that, in joining the League of Nations, Italy pledged not to resort to arms for the settlement of a dispute with any League member without having first submitted the issue to a League committee for arbitration," he re- plied. "Furthermore he is pledged through the Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact against acts of armed aggres- sion. Great Britain's conquests were all made in the last century, when territorial expansion was condoned by public opinion. "As Sir Samuel Hoare remarked in his speech before the League, we must not make the mistake of per- sonifying the League in blaming it for not stopping aggression. It is not a personality, but a union of the various governments, and can be no stronger than its weakest link." "Why is it," Professor Preuss was asked, "that Great Britain has taken such a firm stand in this incident when it stood by so passively in the case of Japanese aggression?" Explains British Stand "Two definite reasons may be seen for Great Britain's unexpectedly strong stand," he replied. "First, be- cause the present incident falls with- in a field of primary British interest, whereas Manchuria is a field of sec- ondary interest. Conversely, the United States was interested in Man- churia, a field of primary interest, but not as strongly concerned about Af- rica ,a field of American secondary interest. Secondly, it has been a British policy never to allow a pri- mary power to break the line of comunication between India and England. The question is, to what lengths will Great Britain go to maintain this policy? Sir Samuel, in the same speech, indcated that Great Britain would opose all armed ag- gression and will support the League with arms, if necessary, in combat- RENT THIS NEW ALL-PURPOSE REMI NGTON PO0RTABLE ing it. The statement is qualified by the fact that the League can not act without the unanimous approval of its members, and Great Britain; knows it." France, Italy In Accord "Why has France not cooperated with Great Britain and the League in the peace efforts?" Professor Preuss was asked next. "First of all," he replied, "there appears to be a certain amount of justification for the suspicion that France has given a free hand to Italy in Ethiopia. We must appreciate that France can not be blamed for valuing Italian friendship. France is aware of the very real danger of an Anschluss between Germany and Austria and is uncertain of British support in opposing it, while she is sure of Italian aid. 'It is not so much for economic gain that Italy seeks these colonies, but for the sake of internal and foreign prestige," Professor Preuss stated. Colonies do not pay. England has found that out and is now en- gaged on a policy of colonial devolu- tion. Germany to before the War found that her colonies were a heavy drain on the Imperial treasury, and could not get more than 25,000 Ger- mans to live in the German colonies. 'On the whole, I regard this ag- gression as the inevitable result of a fascistic regime," Professor Preuss stated. "ascism must result in war; no other effect can be expected from the mass inculcation of the military spirit into a country when accom- panied by deliberate efforts to create a population surplus. I regard this particular crisis as only one of many that are sure to come bceause of the spirit of fascist imperialism seen in Europe today." It is not at all unlikely, thinks Professor Preuss, that Italy may be defeated by the economic sanctions against her. With the United States, Great Britain, and even France threatening not to sell to Italy, Mus- solini may find himself in straitened circumstances if the war is pro- 1111 a MAKE KLINE'S YOUR HEADQUARTERS FOR ALL OF YOUR NEEDS Here Is Just a Few of the Hundreds of Things You Will Find Here: Single Size "Pepperell" Q c Bed Sheets ..... . Ruffled and Cottage c Set Curtains, pair .... . 63 x 99 "Housekeeper" Bed Sheets ...... 42 x 36 "Pepperell" Pillow Cases ...... 42 x 36 "New Deal" Pillow Cases ....... Single Size Quilted $' Bed Pads ........I 17 x 21 Feather Bed Pillows ...... . 63 x 72 Crinkled Bed Spreads ...... New Candlewick $1 Bed Spreads ..... 59c Plaid Sheet Blankets S9 27c Part Wool Plaid $>09Q Double Blankets, pr. . 8 17c 1.69 69c 98c 1.98 Colorful Indian $ Blankets .. . . . . 72x78 Chintz Cevered Comforts1. .. 22 x 44 Heavy c Absorbent Towels .. 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