f THE M 4 .. iCI-HGAN DAoLYtit_ QRAHAM ISCUSSES PR EVENTWON Of ATTACK&S ATTAIgNFNEW GLIDER RECOa R LITERARY CLASS HEAD' BY SRUEBUD NORM ON NATION'S[QFf5RSJ , ,,,MAKES APPOINTMENTS~ -. .. m,... . ,..,a. .. ._ I'nriowus Met J11o"Iqof (heel ig Inisetls Oiitlin ml By 1Eiitoiulogi"cal Authority SAY PAASIES USELESS On ii ii '~ u mnof investi- Iiiuq n te abits and control of luret i~ces wichwas started in a prviusis~ f TeDalProf. 1orPt i, ''i vov inbe akeStates r~~-tiwIiur a~ f ~r~ ~i')-oy, ;says ~'AfI~' li budv, OV ^,r, os from its- lon _i rr e tronighout the ~ iOI(I ;)-,:J1,in to feed on the new gro~hsof the spruce tree, Judging f r om t he results of experiments it n~m probable that cultural methods enb dfeveloped that will prevent fu- f wreomtbreaks of the budworm. The grcat sori-s of recent budworm out- hra~has been made possible by an unobalanced condition in the forests. A s a result of the logging m ,thods use(d In the northern pipie and spruce orests vaste areas of the cutover land have_ grown up with balsm fir. This haqs produced food conditions that are favorable to the budworm. Conditioni Cause Outbreaks This condition, coupled with favor- a bl'e weather and a p)ossible scarcity of natural enemies has resulted in greaAt outbreaks. The logical course of procedure is to reduce the amount~ of the budworm's favorite food. Inas- much as balsam fir is now regarded as a valuable forest tree it is impossible to reduce the quantity of this species by logging the fir as rapidily as is economically possible. In logging operations~spruce and pine should be fav'ored so that succeeding forests will contain a minimum amount of these species.": Professor Graham does not believe that parasites can be used to check outbreaks of insects. "When a pest Is multiplying at an unusually rapid rate parasites cannot multiply fast enough to control their host,"' he said. "There is not a single authentic case in which natural parasites have stop- ped an outbreak of a pest. It is only after the rate of reproduction of the host has ben checked by some other actor that the percentage of parasites increase markedly. Parasites Regulate The value of parasites lies in their regulative influence upon the host species when that species occurs in normal numbers. Parasites help to plrevent an outbreak but they cannot slpone once it is under way. Al- mtost the only possibility of using par- asites to check an outbreak is to breedi them, by -the millions and liberate them ithe places where they are most Plrevention is the keynote of forest insect control but sometimes direct meJthodsi have been found valuable. Small forest areas have been dusted b Y airplanes in an experimental way, w.t it has never proved practical to' du st large areas, Graham said. Meth-~ ods of spraying from the ground have been used in the New England states for the control of the gypsy moth. Similar areas have been sprayed inr Y Yellowstone National Park. Tfhe use of this type of control, however, is usually limited to shade andl orna- mental trees. One of the interesting features of experimnfts %with the spruce budworm is the discovery that this insect oc- curs in two distinct forms1. One feeds on the balsam fit, nd spruce and the other feeds exclusively on jackpine. Apparently they are two species in the making, Profe sr>or G raham said. The two farms do not intermix, althougTh tiiev- Ibelong to the same species. They can therefore be troated from the economic view point as if they were one separate species. Saw Fly V ie'oins The ,jackpine sawfly is another uni- portant defoliator in the Lake States and can also he controlled by silvicul- tural methods. The insect, only be- came economically important in 1. =23 Previous to that time it was ne ; to science. F avorable conditions in the jackpine forests resulted in a rapid multiplication of the insect, Professor IGraham saidl. The sawfly gets its name from the fact that the female is equipped with a saw-like ovipositor with which it saws slits in the needles of the jackpine in which it deposits its eggs. The lar'va are hatched in the spring and feed on the 01(1 foliage. When a jackpine tree is attacked at the same time by the budworm on the new growth and the sawfly on the old needles, the tree is in a p~recar- ions position. lu4rch Fly Investigated The third defoliator with which Professor Graham is experimenting is the larch sawfly. This insect lays its eggs in the spring in the new growth of the larch, or tamarack as it is commonly' called. The eggs are placed in slits along one side of the growing twigs. This injury stops the gowth on one side of the infected twig. This injury is conspicious and indicates the presence of the larch sawfly even in winter when the trees are bare from needles. The larva of this species feed on the needles. When full grown they drop to the ground and spin cocoons. No control for the larch sawfly has yet been discovered, according to Professor Graham. At the University of Texas there are 41 students from Mexico, three from China, Ireland two, and from Turkey, Switzerland, and Persia one each. 7 ,dV R; o i j . : _ k y 11! F . t xi x s l r x i i x i i , N&Iiies We*re lndl eiinntly Omitt~edI Front Yesterday's Issue Of The Dally COMMITTEES ANNOUN1CED The follow~ing senior literarIy 1lass appointments made by Robert C. lie- land, '28, president of t hei Class, were inadvertently omitted from yesterday's issue of ThQ Daily: Advisory commnittee--William f'usch, '28, chairman ; Court larrd C. Smith, '2r Ellis R. Merry, '28. jCaps and Gowns committee--Mar- tin Garber, '28, chairman; .Arthur P. Grigg, '28, Frank W. Busch, '28, Thomn- azs J. Fitzgibbons, '28, Marian L.. Welles, '28, TODAY AND SATURIDAY Presenting~o 4 Class Thiv (aix'o tmtc' V-- V Si i U. ( CamIpbell, Jr., '8, chairman; Henry J. Grinnell, 28, .John P. Red rick, '28,1 Wil hbur P1 Petrie, '28, William Drum- baugli, '28, Elizlabeth L. Eastman, '28. 1 t. s;i r4Finane.commrit t ee-Joh niJ L.Wis, '~* *'28, chairman; Clarence W. Brownell, 28, Ray C. HuImph rey, '28, Florence S. ^< x > \Vestel, '28, Jlean G. Creen shields, '28. Senior sin} committee-I-larold 'T. Fitzpatrickc, '28, chairman; Gordon W. °- «fi iPacker, '28, Vincent C. Wall, '28, Elsie 14, . Murray, '2S, Murtha M. Ilerrnstein, ~~kY~~~ ~~~'K ~ dl' -1' ecr olalur, Jr, ' oertIu. 1laloerl,1 Geran gla' exertW 1 1J>~d((~ d~(X W)1( Jr, 28, Adiona ono;Gerg A '28io, Mary th may e iealyhld:b"ttinngt ai litdeo 52 mrs (2,6 Loisel Murray,'28 sciene'SoegliingboaalegreobeyndtARc-lDancaOrcestr aeran mnsthesieroor,pert, who(haPaddIedaaewword' Theompston Sroretr '8,RbArt adoM r th an e leaderskllboti s bilding and litieofG2mtes(,56J.,'8Adio . onr '8Mr; flynthsrasngesthemoormedrshFrets........uise- -Murray, - '28.- thern ship e toan asolte aminimum lTinglower, en.rct& ]a OES L M N -PH N 4. while retaining the greatest possibl' I. i I E 1 i 4 JOHN cCOR7flIC'SW7 Comedy a- ulesue #; L I EAR' t 2 41c) 7:00 :5 4~e COLLEGE MEN AND WOMEN will find the Packard Restaurant bigger and letter than ever. 703 Packard St. Ask So these boys yelled-where is. this war? We've had rain~, hail, rpudl, mixups, women, baribed wite, cooties, and top-sergeants. Everything Except a War! If the enemy doesn't attack us soon I'll never speak to l.:lvwiches and -ADDED- Showgr *n Off Fable Cartoon -SOON- A NV * °- I - wafles.I lI I I'l I' ~~tw ~ F f:*"; V=