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No. 141 ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, SUNDAY, APRIL G, 1921
. No. 141
'ANN ARBOR,, MICHIGAN, SUNDAY, APRIL G, 1924
PRICE, FlVE
E
COLLEGE
OF
ENGINEERIN
I'
I IYI MYYY I IYY
In Field
$pp
A Candidate
Five And Six,
'Year Courses
Con temp la ted
Brilliant Recorda
'I Second Oldest
Of Transportation,
past year there have
of events which have
;ity in' Ann Arbor, butj
ch there had been no
DZwet Tie
Asked To-Stay
IDespije ,limit
apt
te (
vent of Mr. John S.
member of the Board
gineers of the Inter-
Commission and laterI
neer to the Interstate]
mission to the Chairi
>n Engineering in the
lege has been noted,
ing in Ann Arbor in'
e Committee of the
ay Engineering Asso-
nection between the
the new chair by the
he activity of the
ay Engineering Asso-
Society for the Pro-
ering Education, both
appointed. standing
Although Prof. Alexander Ziwet,
head of the mathematics department
of the engineering school has passed
the retiring age as set by the Univer-
sity at seventy years, he has twice
been asked to remain. longer on the
staff by the Board of Regents as a
1 partial recognition, of his exceptional
service to the University of Michigan,
for the last 36 years.
Professor Ziwet was born at Bres-
lau, Germany, February 8, 1852, and
was educated at Karlsruhe. He came
to the United States in 1880, and was
employed by the Lake Survey in De-
troit, under the United States Coast
and Geodetic Survey. In 1889 he be-
came an instructor here. He is now
head of the mathematics department
of the engineering school. He was
made head of this department when
the engineering school was set off by
itself, independent of the literary
school.
"One of the most interesting things
(Continued on Page Eleven)
1
t
Extension of some engineeringrde-
partments to five and six year courses
will undoubtedly be one of the re-
suits of the broad survey of the en-
tire engineering ;field nio' being con-
ducted by the Society for the Promo
tion of Engineering PEducation (S. P.
E. E.). Michigan is taking not only an
active but a leading part in the work
of this organization and already this
University has on file at Washington
a large part of the statistics which
the Society is endeavoring to com-
pile.
The object of the reascarch now be-
ing done is to have on hand such a
fund of statistics that theycan better
plan courses to be taught in engi-
neering colleges dvring the nextj
twenty years. It is expected that in
place of the standard four year course'
there will be degrees given for three,
four and five-year courses, to be ar-
ranged according to the particular
training desired by the student and
the special field in which he expects
to be engaged after graduation.
The S. P. E. E. was organized thirty
years ago and throughout that time
has been dealing with engineering
problems in colleges. In 1922 they
decided that the,. courses were not!
broad enough and were not meeting I
has
The story of the Railroads of
kmerica is one of gripping interest
or the reason that it is so intimate-
y interwoven with the winning of the
'estern two-thirds of the United
tates from the wilderness. It is a
ory of vital interest to every inland
tate and City because the develop-
ent of the railroad came just as the
ream of population began to flow in
onsiderable volume westward across
le Allegheny Mountains. BetweenI
e year 1830 and the beginning of
ie Civil War there was a rapid set-
em~ent of tihe state east 'of the Mis-
issippi River,'and'after e close of
e war a great era of railroad build-
g opened the entire country West
the Miaissippi and brought about
s settlement and the building of
ties and the establishment of new
I'I
Al Smith
who is democratic governor of New
York, is one of the eight men who
will be voted upon at the all-campus
presidential straw ballot, to be held
on Tuesday. Names and pictures of
the other potential candidates are
printed on page 17 of this issue..
Iean ;Mortimer E. Cooley
Whose career as dean of the Col-
lege of Engineering and Architecture
has brought him into prominence in.
all fields of engineering and educa-,
tion, anid has earned for him the re-
spect of the entire engineering pro-
fession.
present day needs and appointed a
committee to see what could be done
in the way of revising curriculums to
serve for the next twenty'years. This
(Continued on Page Ten)
i
r
E .:
The Individual
Citizen and Political
gy Thomas H. Reed
ip between1
ilroads and
is not fully
generation.
(This is the first of a series of seven articles on always, in your own self interest, one reason for your
practical politics, which Professor Thomas H. Reed, being concerned with politics. If you are a lover of
of the poiiticai scgtencec deftarlment, has consented 10o mankind; there are more than a hundred million better
'write for The IDailv. Tje purp~se .9f. 1/he articles is reasons.
to stimulate, among the io,oo. aMi&Iiigani students' who pOTiC' g
will soon be% voters, an inferestin the maciin e ory of
..
,
dill:
11
Movr'nzn.
Those of you who have stuck thus far I! shall as-
1890, a very large percentage of1
alumni "of American engineers
schools went at once into railways
vice. It must be remembered t
Michigan has one of the oldest en
neering schools and that the f
class in engineering was graduated
1860.
These years of great expansl
came during a time when there
no regulation of railroads. T'
were looked upon as private prope
and many wrongs were committed
some of the early promoters and m
agers. Evils of' financing, discri
nation, rebating, unjust ratesa
poor serviee caused bitter antag
ism betweena the public and the ra
ways which commenced in the ea
seventies, and increased in intens
until it resulted finally in regulat
of the railroads by the creation oft
Interstate.Commerce Commissiona
the various state commissions. Alo
with this effort to regulate was a c
stant battle about the rates with
steady decrease in both freighta
passenger rates.
The growth of other industries fr
the middle eighties to the pres
time, the very great in the charac.
of engineering work, and the smal
salaries paid by the railroads
many years than were offered in ot
fields, has resulted in shutting offt
flow of specially trained men tot
railroad field. As a result, veryf
college men' are going into transp
tation at the present time.
The existence of these conditic
led the American Railway Engine
ing Association a year ago to prov
for the appointment of a perman
committee on Cooperation witht
Universities. Several months w
taken in the selection of this co
miittee-, which is composed of a gro
of prominent railway officials, am
whomn are President Storey ofI
Santa Fe; Vice-President Safford
the Burlington; General Mana
Begien of the Baltimore and Oslo;a
Engineers Ray, of the Lackawan
Cushing, of the Pennsylvania, Moc
of the Rock Island, Fairbairn of
Canadian Pacific, Katte of the N
v..t r+..+.,1 - ~ nn a a
- You naturally, want to be a good citiz e. Every
tive one does. But dos you know, how If; you1really
to
the understand the mechanism of parties, primaries; elec-
tug tions, this series of articles is not for you. ' If you
ser- already know what offices to be voted for,' why you
hat do it, and what to expect of those whom you help
n1- to elect, there is no reason for pursuing further this
iret elementary disclosure of the mysteries of politics.
3 in You had best turn your attention at once to the merits
of such things as the Mellon Tax Reduction Plan or
was the pros and cons of the World Court. You may be
hey accounted an undiplomaed graduate of the school of
,rty citizenship. You will not be absolved thereby from
by the necessity of studying public questions, but you do
an- not need to burden yourself with further discussions
ml- of the mere mechanics of the thing. If, howev.er, you
and, belong to: the great miajority in and:out of college to
all whom politics;is.a mystery,if,, when you hear talk of
rly delegates, presidential primaries,..presidential electors,
sity and such you have only a rather.vague idea of what
ion it is all' about, these articles are meant for you.
We usually speak of our country as a democracy
ong meaning thereby that .it is' a country in' which the
on- people rule. Did you ever ask yourself the question,
e al "I-low do the'people rule?'' ':f vot are very ignorant
and { it may seem :a satisfactory answer to say by choosing
persons to represent us in the government. A mo-
ent ment's thought, however, will show that this answer
ter only repeats the original question. We will vote on
tler election day for certain persons whose names appear
for upon an official ballot, but how did those names get
her there? That is one long story. What will those
the elected do after thev- are chosen? That is another
the story equally long. The actual functioning of popular
few rule or democracy is not a simple but a very corn-
plicated and intricate thing. Right at the threshold
ons of our story, therefore, many persons show a distinct
eer- indisposition to go further. "Why," they ask, "should
ide we pursue this difficult and intricate matter-? In what
ent . way does it concern us? What differnce does it make
the wio is President of the, United States or Governor of
ere Michian?" It is only fair to meet this objection.
o x-Vice-President Marshall once said. "The great
ong need of the United States is a g'ood five cent cigar."
the If you think he was serious, hand this paper to. the
oe i 'first person you meet and forget politics. The govern-
ger ment of the United States with its states,,counties
andnd dtowns is a vast organization created and main-
ina, tie ~ ~ ~ o
, tained- forthe satisfaction of some of the most funda-
the mental needs of human Ii fe. Order, justice. peace are
ew among them. To defend our country against foreign
tha .,~~...ee;1 +a.1 iti hcbetween individals. to nro-
'snme are interested in:learningthe 'job of citizenship
-in other words how to play your part in. agovern-
f-inent by the people.: The very first priheiple which
you must master is that your part will not be' a solo
but a place in the chorus. In1 politics we' do. not act
as individuals but as groups or parties. There will
be perhaps 25,00,0oo votes cast in the next presiden-
tial election. No individual by himself can effect any-
thing as against the 24,999,999 other citizens. We can
only be effective in association with others who desire
to see the government carried forward on the same
principles as we do. Such an association is a political
party. Political parties put candidates in nomination
for the offices which are to be filled and marshall as
many votes as possible in their support. Of course, it
is conceivable that fresh associations of this sort might
be formed for each election. As a matter of fact,,
however, political parties are rather permanent asso-,
ciations and for two reasons, first, because their dif-
- ference of principles are to a large extent 'continuing
. character. A man who is for the;world court today.
does not become an opponent of the world. court to-
morrow. Second, because an organization: once cre-
ated tends to perpetuate itself. Sometimes the means,
of this perpetuation are spoils of office or other means
which savor of corruption. More influential; however,
is the fact that building new organizations costs time,
effort and money.
We have in the United States two great political
parties, the Republicans and the Democrats. There
are besides a Farmer-Labor party and a Socialist
party. The coming presidenial campaign may see the
birth of still another party. With us, however, there
have been normally but two great political parties at
a time. As, to just why this has been so, no one has
ever been able to give a completely satisfactory answer.
In most other countries except England and her colo-
nies there are numerous parties. The two party svs-
tem has this great advantage, that one party must win.
thereby becoming responsible for the conduct of' the
government. If its policies and methods do not satisfy
the people, there is the second party appealing for their
votes and ready to assume in' its term responsibility
for the conduct of the government. The party which:
is not in power usually takes a -stand on public ques-
tions exactly opposite "to that of the party in power
-a.nd criticises the latter most heartily. Thus is helps
to enforce the responsibility of its opponent' There.
are certain signs which seem to indicate that we may
not always have a two party system in the United
States. but, so long as we do have it, it is necessary for
the voter to understand it and adjust himself to its
necessities.
and he. may cut short his
time without' notice. On
known fact 'that party ti
strong. The loyalty of p
0111y to the great party lea
itself, and millions of pe
for the candidates of thei
other consideration.
"Joining" a. party is t
lightly undertaken. It me
ciations which may contro
life. Such a choice, howev
our system the only candid
chance for success are tho
parties. The parties now
tions by methods which w
quent article.' It is enoug
tion of candidates and ot
are subject in the last an
party membership. Ift
parties, the good citizenr
choice only between evils.
citizen to/ select a party an
affairs.
"Io'v shall I choose m
ally get a great deal of
subject. Theoretically yo
whose principles most nea
opinions upon public ques
culties in the way, howeve
ful voters have not formi
upon public questions. T
difficult to discern at thel
in principle between our tw
tical matter you will be1
by considerations which ma
irrational-the traditions o
you belong, the attitude o
your first presidential cam
some great political pers
better reasons for so doing
disreputable in choosing
grounds. Of them all, p
satisfying. Parties like 1
from their outstanding lead
to assume that a leader in
anent you have confidence
of your support.
Having once chosen a
'limits of party loyalty?'
line to be drawn. Clearl
support a 'party whose pr
variance with your own.]
bered that the purpose of'
duct of government accor
ihembers. On the other h
at all if every member fe
party every time he foun
than complete accord wit
narcnnc i.', - hPa 'nAf.
In United State
Dean Cooley From one small engineering shop t
D e nJol. two large engineering buiding, o
H as A chieved i' laboratories, two experimentt
and one camp of 1,500 acres wit
M any Triu mphs pans being made for future growt
ispartoftie history of the grow"t%
of the engineering school. the ex
Born and raised on a farm and new building te college probaly T i
plannirg to retire to a farm eventu- get is a separate school for the archi
ally, 1etli Mu'timner E. Cooley dur- tects,-an architecture buldnge a
Ing the iniero t; years has not only cording to Professor Herbert i aer
served his countryain the naval ser- chairman of thebuilding commrrittee
vice and risen to the a ighest place in the school of engineering.
the engineering ,ollege of tC 'Uri- In the act under which the fin yer
versity of Michigan, but has a!s be-IsitY was organized in 1837, provisio
come nationally recognized as a lead-tws made for instruction I, engineer
er in engineering education. . ing ad architecture, This mkes thi
Testimonials of the high esteem ra' ttnfi'erin school of the Unmersita
which Dean Cooley is held by lead- ' Of Micdhig n the second in oint or ag
ing, educators throughout the country ' the i~itw States. Roenseae
and especially among those who haveP POly'ftn biz ltwitute foundu. i
worked with him here, are numerous 1824, lead by r few yeatrs. Anothvm
and they praise highly not only his contrast 1 nimIte'rs can be noe't
work as head of the college here, but here, for in the beginning' the teach-
his remarkable sense of humor, his ing saff was only one ma He had
really ihuman qualities and excep- from time to time, an assist,1 or in:
tional ability to understand the other structor to relieve him of some of the
fellow and solve problems in a man- Work. In the year 1924 there ere 14;
ner satisfactory to all. professors, 71 intsructors, and 66 st
His loyalty to this University, in dent assistants. In 1860 there was a
spite of offers from many sources of graduating class of two, while last
(Continued on Page Eleven) year there was 871 graduates. Since
the year 1850 there has been a total of
5,188 graduates from the school of En-
geering and Architecture.
Begins to Grow
The year 1860 seems to mark the
beginning point in regad to .growth!
of the, chool. It was at this tie tat
f eVolson Wood bicae profesor o
Parties5''~~dtaItr
te progress and. dee opiett
engineering department .has been
noticeable.'.is work on "Therno
Dynamics" is known througho t$ the
engineering world. One of the feat-
ures of his regime that is to be noted
s connection with it at any is that in 1866 he made .a recomen-
the other hand it is a well dation to the Board of. RegentA to the
the other han it is a welleffect that an aItioa tybeiut
ies once. formed are 'very to e ofthea anWi 6i s onth ye rltb
arty members attaches not ' side' of the e'°njimit,'a 'r e61 :
aders but to the party name be apPiriated t the Oi i
ople vote in every' election ing dartinent The is'eactly at
r party regardless of every 'was h'dneailyth rt'ye.late
Ir t$61 'a chir o Milit'ary ,,gtngr
ing as'estblil & 86' c~
here fore not a. matter to be of lnes'gwai
eans the formation of asso. the eprtiie its wre 'o
l your political conduct for 'lows: 'Meietianica g sng
ver, should be made. Under Archietbr6',1 'liehan
lates who normally have any neering, 1885; Electrical engineering,
se of the two great political 89; Naval architecture and Marine
engineering, 1900; Chiemcal en
vadays make their nomina- gieering, 1901; Civil, "Hydraulc, and
ill be described in a subse- Sanitary engineeril, 1904.
h to say here that the selec- Apoiitedin 1872
her matters of party policy One of the outstanding figures in
alysis to the control of the the history of the engineering school
bad influences control the is Professor Ezra Greene, who was
appointed professor of Civil engneer-
may at the election have a ing in 1872. HIs service to the'un1"
It is the part of the good vesity was such that taronz tabe t
nd participate actively in its in the archway " tof a renbgintbln
building bears test'imn to the
iy party?" You will natur- ' ' , and ,regard ot bithstuidents and 0Q
contrary advice upon this thagues o~roStes
u should choose that party through the Navy departmnt, radp
.rly coincide with your own ' an oacr ofefveparsof Yteaid-
tions. There are two diffi gineering and Iron Ship-ildi
.r. One is that most youth- 1881, Profesor Greene agepte t n
Led very clear cut opinions fer and aotin .oleyp thtao
he second is' that it is veryNU.N was detailedhere ie wai
hesend tise ta ifiere at once'made professor of MechqnZeal
present time any difference 'engineering, and in 1885 rsguehi
co great parties. As a prac- comnissibn I'athe navy. 't, isrin' this
led to a choice of a party manner that one regime leads to an-
y at first sight appear rather other,-that of Dean Mortiiner .
)f the social group to which Cooley.
f your family, the issues of Engineering instruction entered 'up-
ipaign, your preference for in a new era in the University .of
onality. In the absence of Michigan. when, in 1895, the Regents
gatyr In nthnhersen oconferred upon the department an in-
Sthere' is nothing inherently .1 dependent existence, and it now be-
a party on any of these ' came a separate school, with proe -
erhaps. the last is the most sor Greene appointed as the first dan.
ther institutions take color The engineering department Is not yet
lers and it is reasonably safe the largest engineering school in the
cwhose integrity, and Jjtdg- couintry , although nearly so.
who e tThe following quotation from an in-
fuential technical journal has this to
say of the 'school: "The state of Michi,
party, what are the proper gan deserves great honor for every-
There is no hard and fast thing connected with that University,
y it is folly to continue to but perhaps for nothing more than
for having started ths first engineer-
It should a'wma benremem-. ing school in the country, which was
It should always be remem-j not the product of private bene-
a party is to secure the con- ficienceandw hich 'wasralso recog-
ding to the principles of its nized from the first on a footing of
hand parties could not exist entire equality with 'the classical de-
It himself free to leave the partnient of the university.
d himself in something less, Architecture Separate
hiself p inesothg lss's The four main divisions of the en-
Ss po:ics Two clagineering school are civil, electrical,
'N