-LOCAL/STATE- The Michigan Daily - Tuesday, November 10, 1998 - 7 NDOWS inspect any other residence hall win- dows, Levy said. In 1979, windows at Alice Lloyd, Betsy Barbour, Couzens, East Quadrangle, Helen Newberry, Mosher-Jordan, Stockwell and West Quadrangle residence halls all were replaced. "Those windows should last a very time," Levy said. Low-cost federal loans for projects improving energy conservation during the Carter administration made the massive window reinstallation possi- ble. The new windows provide better quality insulation, saving on heating bills. Since other residence hall win- dows are not going to be inspected, Levy said it is the resident's responsi- bility to put in a repair order if his or & window is not working properly. In public areas such as bathrooms and stairwells, maintenance workers are responsible to place repair orders. But that does not necessarily mean all windows that need maintenance receive proper attention. Engineering first-year student Dan Lee has noticed problems with the Windows at Alice Lloyd. Although the window in his Lloyd *m works properly, "if you look around, probably half of the screens can be easily jiggled or pushed out ... they aren't the most reliable screens" 11 Looking out the screenless win- dow of the third floor men's bathroom in Lloyd's Kleinsteu House, two screens laying on a roof facing Observatory Avenue could be seen yesterday. "Without screens, it wouldn't be at hard to fall out," Lee said. All windows in residents' rooms ,fe supposed to have screens, Levy sid. . Students are not supposed to emove screens from their window oasings, though in some rooms, cer- tain fan units require the removal of screens. Window use falls under the aus- pices of Housing's proper use con- O t, which residents sign before moving into their rooms. "Whatever you damage in the room, you are responsible for," Levy said. In the wake of Cantor's death, Housing may update its room readi- Hess checklist. Before move-in, Housing officials check each room to be sure everything is working proper- Ty. The checklist does not currently elude window screens and stops, but most likely will in the future, Levy said. "When you have a death as tragic as (Cantor's), you want to do every- thing possible to make sure every- thing is working properly," Levy said. Besides Cantor's death, "there is no record of anyone falling out of a ndow in (Housing's) collective Iemory." The other instance of a person falling from a University residence hall occurred at Markley in the '70s, Levy said. A resident, who fell asleep on an exterior ledge while sun- bathing, landed in bushes with minor injuries. Child's play Study: City size affects crime By Dave Lu For the Daily Poverty activists have long argued that crime has many negative effects on urban populations. But the claim has been proven for the first time by the research of economics Prof. Julie Cullen and colleague Steven Levitt, an economist at the University of Chicago. The study, which will be published in an upcoming issue of Review of Economics and Statistics, proposes that for every reported urban crime, a net effect of one person abandons the city for suburbia. Moreover, the study claims that for every 10 percent increase in the urban crime rate, city population subse- quently declines one percent. "People know that crime and a decrease in population are related, but there has never been a study to prove it," Cullen said. "'Urban flight' or 'white flight' started in the '80s, and it is the trend of people moving out to the suburbs." Cullen's research set out to demonstrate crime as the primary culprit for the exodus of urban residents, as opposed to the idea that crime rates rose as a result of people leaving the cities. Employing a very detailed study with three different data sets, Cullen showed that people were encouraged to move out of the cities at a faster rate than people were encouraged to move in. "We studied 10-year changes of the urban population from '70 to '80 and from '80 to '90. We then conducted a year-by-year investigation of the same population. Finally, as the third data set, we took information from the census and studied the '75 to '80 cross-section," Cullen said. "We saw where people ended up, and all three yield- ed the same results," she said. Although the study did not detect distinguishing racial or ethnic trends, it showed that an individual's education level and number of children were influential factors in residential choices. High school graduates and those with children were "Crime has actually ;gone down over the years" - Steven Levitt University of Chicago Economist twice as likely to leave the city than those who dropped out of school and had no children. Cullen said she believes families with children and the ability to move would generally feel safer away from the crime and dangers of the city. "Although those who leave still maintain their jobs in the city, their leaving as residents cause housing values to plummet," Cullen said. "The feed to city taxes also decreases." Levitt said this pattern characterizes the situation in Detroit over the past two decades. "Urban flight is very detrimental to cities," Levitt said. "People generally prefer to live in cities because they are centers of art and culture. "When they leave, all the infrastructure that is already there is wasted," Levitt said. Although the suburbs have grown over the past two decades, big cities will most likely survive the changes, Cullen said. "Crime has actually gone down over the years," Levitt said. "We are presently seeing a rejuvenation of cities like New York and Houston." Levitt said he believes that with a lot of redevelopment, reinvestment and better police forces, cities can become more attractive. Michelle Zdrodowski, deputy press secretary to Detroit Mayor Dennis Archer, echoed Levitt's comments. "We have seen many people moving back to Detroit over the past few years,' Zdrodowski said. "The city is undergoing a renaissance of sorts. "There are new businesses, new development - includ- ing the 34 new residential projects currently underway - and new reforms in the police department," Zdrodowski said. AP PHoTO Anne Klanka works with kindergartners at Lansing's YMCA Child Care Center yesterday. FRATERN ITI ES Continued from Page 2. director of Theta Chi, said the president of the campus chapter, Wesley Cornwell, has been cooperative. He added that Cornwell was given a deadline of 4:30 p.m. today to turn in a complete report of the house's events this past weekend. After Theta Chi's headquarters reviews the report, the risk management and standards committee will make a recommendation about the campus' charter. Westol added that the committee can make a sugges- tion to revoke the charter, but members of the fraternity have the opportunity to hold a show-cause hearing. At this hearing, members would show why the charter should not be revoked. Both Theta Chi and Sigma Nu have set goals to be alcohol-free fraternities. Westol said Theta Chi set a time- line to make all of its 144 active chapters alcohol free by July 2003. Currently, five of the 144 are alcohol free. Westol added that because Theta Chi has some men who join for social reasons, making the fraternity alcohol free would filter out individuals who join Theta Chi for the wrong reasons and change the culture of the chapter. "If they knew it was alcohol free, they wouldn't join," he said. By the fall of 2000, Beacham said the Sigma Nu fra- ternity should be alcohol free. Out of 204 active Sigma Nu chapters, Beacham said 150 of those have houses and 70 of them are alcohol free. - Daily Staff Reporter Adam Cohen contributed to this report. GOP Continued from Page i Influence was flowing to Livingston, who chairs the Appropriations Committee and was elected last Tuesday to his 1Ith full term. Cox announced his decision on ABC's Good Morning America, then wrote a letter to fellow Republican lawmakers, saying Livingston "deserves our unanimous support as he takes on this daunting chal- lenge." The maneuvering continued in the House while in the Senate, any threat of a challenge to Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-Miss.) disappeared during the day. Sen. Don Nickles (R-Okla.), the GOP whip, was sending a letter to colleagues, saying he will seek a second term as sec- ond-in-command. Livingston, as a veteran of the House Appropriations Committee, has spent a career making deals with lawmakers of both parties to build support for legisla- tion. While solidly conservative - he is firmly opposed to abortion, for example - he bristled at several points over the last few years when other conservatives wanted to use the spending bills that came out of his committee to carry con- troversial amendments dealing with social issues. Normally genial - on one recent day he lingered to explain details of a diet that has enabled him to shed several pounds - Livingston also has occasional out- bursts of temper. Past targets of his anger say it passes quickly. One GOP source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said Livingston has been assuring senior committee chairs that he will not resort to the numerous task forces that Gingrich created to oversee the drafting of legislation - an approach that eroded the role of chairs. Livingston is also very much a man of the House, unabashedly supporting past pay raises for members of Congress, for example, even though the issue makes fellow lawmakers squirm. He had been on the verge of announcing plans to retire earlier this year when he decided .4the last moment to seek one more term. He said at the time that he wanted to be ready to run for speaker if Gingrich stepped down to campaign for president. If Livingston seemed secure as the new speaker, there was intense jockeying for other leadership positions. NIKE Continued from Page 1 setting up their own monitoring processes," said Vada Manager, a spokesperson for Nike. The FLA also will make agreements and compile data. Complaints from workers will be routed through FLA, which will mediate the complaints and monitor the company's response, he added. "Companies will still be responsible for their own internal monitoring," Manager said. The companies can rest easy in the knowledge that the com- plaints are being handled, Manager said. People can consume these goods knowing they were produced under fair conditions. These goods include many University T-shirts, sweatshirts and jackets. "College apparel shouldn't be made in sweatshops," U.S. Labor Secretary Alexis Herman said ina teleconference Oct. 5. Joel Seguine, an information officer for the University, said the University of Michigan is one of many universities follow- ing the example of Notre Dame University and Duke University in creating a code of conduct for its apparel manufacturers. "The University is very serious about making sure that appar- el that bears its logo is not made in sweatshops," Seguine said. He said the University supports AIP's efforts but is working with its licensing contractor to come up with a code of its own. Nike and other manufactures already have codes of their own, he added. Nike's fulfillment of its current obligations will be a highly debated issue during the Athletic Department's con- tract review with Nike in 2000, Seguine said. The AIP agreement also mandates publicly available reports detailing the conditions of the factories and for the AIP to edu- cate workers of their rights. He referred to the situation in Indonesia when Nike hiked wages in April and October - a total increase of 40 percent. Currently, only eight companies are signed to implement this code of conduct and monitoring system. Among them are Nike, Liz Claiborne, L.L. Bean and Reebok International Ltd. "We have created the foundation," said Roberta Karp, a spokesperson for Liz Claiborne. Karp added that she feels the agreement is receiving nega- tive attention and could drive businesses away from joining. Many human igt agreement. 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