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The Michigan Daily - Monday, December 9, 1998 - 7



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esearchers produce
cows in Japanese lab
eCloning other mammals may b

The Washington Post
Scientists in Japan have cloned several calves from
a single adult cow, the third species of mammal to be
genetically duplicated after sheep and mice, and the
most commercially important animal to be cloned to
date.
The new work, the first cloning of a cow to be ver-
ified by scientists, represents the most efficient appli-
tion of cloning technology yet. Eight cows were
Worn from 10 attempts, far more than the single sheep
named Dolly born after more than two dozen
attempts.
Moreover, several of the cloned calves were made
from a kind of cell never before used in cloning exper-
iments. That suggests there may be many ways to copy
a cow - and perhaps easier ways still to be discovered
for cloning other mammals, including humans.
Most immediately, the cloning of cows promises a
simplified method for expanding herds of valuable
*eeds, such as prize beef cattle or dairy cows that
make more or better milk.
In the longer run it could help scientists engineer
herds of identical cows that make human medicines in
their milk - an avenue of research that is already
advancing in cows that were mass-produced by crud-
er and less efficient techniques.
"This says this technology is here, it's repeatable,
and we're going to see it moving into the biomedical
and agricultural industry, said James Rob, a profes-
sor of veterinary reproduction and developmental
iology at the University of Massachusetts in
mherst. "This is not like when Dolly came out, when
all we could say was, 'This was done once.'" The new
research "clearly tells us that ... the efficiency is high

enough to see it being used commercially."
The growing parade of cloned animals is testimony
to the complete overthrow of a long-standing biologi-
cal axiom that said adult mammalian cells are inca-
pable of growing into entirely new animals. Adult
cells are fully "differentiated," the theory went --
meaning they had become skin, muscle, bone or other
tissues - and could never revert to the blank-slate
state of an embryo cell, which holds the potential to
grow into every kind of tissue.
The realization that adult cells can be forced to
grow into embryos is now spurring a revolution in
agriculture and medicine.
Five surrogate mother
cows carried two calf
embryos apiece.
The newly cloned calves, made by scientists at
Kinki University in Nara, Japan, are not the first to be
grown from adult cow cells. New Zealand scientists
said in August they had made a calf from a single cell
taken from the last remaining cow of a rare breed
there. And five other Japanese groups claim to have
made clones of adult cows.
But the Kinki group is the first to describe its results
in sufficient detail to get the work published in a sci-
entific journal - the benchmark of proof demanded
by other scientists. Their work will appear in Friday's
issue of the journal Science.

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RESEARCH DATA COLLECTION AND
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THE UM MUSEUM of Natural History is
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Employment to begin in January. Duties
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8 cloned
ecome easier
As with all previous adult cloning efforts, the
Japanese team started with a single cell from the adult
to be cloned. In Dolly's case that cell was taken from
a sheep's udder. The Japanese researchers used so-
called cumulus cells taken from a cow's ovaries (the
same kind of cell that researchers in Hawaii used to
clone mice) or skin cells taken from that cow's fallop-
ian tubes - a kind of cell never before used for
cloning.
The scientists placed those cells in laboratory
dishes, each one resting alongside a cow's egg
cell whose own genetic material had been
removed. An electrical shock forced each pair of
cells to fuse into one. Mysterious natural com-
pounds inside the egg cells "erased" the genetic
memories of the donor cells, in effect making
each donor cell "forget" it was an ovarian cell and
begin to divide as though it were part of a newly
developing embryo.
Two by two, 10 such embryos were transferred from
their dishes into five surrogate mother cows. Eight
developed to maturity and were born, seven naturally
and one surgically. Four died soon after birth from
infections and other "environmental" causes, but all
appeared normal, the team reported.
The researchers said they had another batch of
clones developing now, made from liver, kidney
and heart cells, with births expected in the
spring.
Will Eyestone, a senior research scientist at PPL
Therapeutics' research farm in Blacksburg, Va., said
cow cloners are driven in large part by the desire to
make herds of cows that make human medicines in
their milk.
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