I Eighty-Six Years of Editorial Freedom 420 Maynard St., Ann Arbor, MI 48104 AMERICAN INTERVENTION: Funding mercenaries for Angola r, Wednesday, January 14, 1976 News Phone: 764-0552 Edited and managed by students at the University of Michigan Spain' sfuture: Upheaval A NEW round of violence has char- acterized Spain's painfully slow disengagement from the Franco era. Thirty-six years after the Gener- alissimo's bloody ascension to power, Spain's political balance has once again taken the early appearance of a revolutionary upheaval. Yesterday, postal workers were driven from Ma- drid's central telephone exchange and post office after occupying the key government buildings in support of a general strike by nearly 100,000 workers. The workers, and thousands of Spanish students allied with them, are demanding broader civil liberties and an end to regressive wage con- trols. Madrid's industrial unions report- edly do not have quite enough organ- ized power to expand their struggle to other parts of the country, and the level of the strike appeared to lessen yesterday after it spilled into the streets Monday. AN EXPLOSION damaged a major Madrid subway line Monday. No one was injured but eight other bombs were found, according to the police. The anti-government actions will probably take an increasingly violent character, a fact that may lead lib- eral Americans to pause in their sup- port of such a movement. This re- sponse would indicate great ignor- ance of Spain's crisis. Despite its promise to "hear all grievances", the government of Juan Carlos has offered not one shred of commitment to civil rights or to end- ing the remarkably unjust wage freeze - an economic move which saddles workers with nearly all the responsibility for ending Spain's 15 per cent inflation spiral. The demands of students and workers are legitimate and long ov- erdue. Like all governments that seek to indefinitely stall popular move- ments for change, the Spanish re- gime will face a winter of violence until it sheds the grim, trappings of Fascism. By MICHAEL CODEL WASHINGTON, Jan. 12 (PNS) - While the U.S. publicly pres- sures South Africa to withdraw its regular troops from Angola, there are signs it is secretly training a covert force of mer- cenaries - including South Af- ricans - to fight there. This 'Secretary of State Henry Kissinger ad. mitted in testimony be- fore the Senate Appro- priations Committee Nov. 20 that because the U.S. gives Zaire aid and Zaire provides economic assistance to the FNLA, the U.S. was in fact providing "in- direct subsidies to pro- U.S. Angolan insur- gents." would repeat the pattern of the mid-1960's when the U.S. fi- nanced a largely South African mercenary army to crush a tribal rebellion for the pro-U.S. Congolese government. Reliable diplomatic and con- gressional sources have told Pacific News that the intelli- gence officer who directed American financing of mercen- aries in the Congo (now Zaire) 10 years ago has returned to his old station in Kinshasa, Zaire--now the base for Ameri- ca's Angolan activities. This man could be directing the recruitment and supply 'of an army of mercenaries, as he did in the Congo fighting. Speculation about such financing has been widespread since Pres- ident Ford refused to deny last week that the U.S. is funding the training of foreign mercen- aries for Angola. "We are work- ing with other countries," Ford said, "that feel they have an interest in giving the Angolans an opportunity to make the de- cision for themselves, and I think this is a proper respon- sibility of the federal govern- ment." ZAIRE, A LONGTIME sup- porter of the pro-U.S. FNLA (National Front for the Libera- tion of Angola), clearly has such an interest. It has given eco- nomic assistance - to the FNLA and is reported to have 1,000 of its own troops fighting with the FNLA in northern Angola. Secretary of State Henry Kis- singer admitted in testimony before the SenateAppropria- tions Committee Nov. 20 that because the U.S. gives Zaire aid and Zaire provides econom- ic assistance to the FNLA, the U.S. was in fact providing "in- direct subsidies" to pro-U.S. Angolan insurgents. The question now is whether the aid is direct, following the pat- tern of mercenary financing es- tablished in 1964-66 in the Con- go. There we hired an army of mainly South African mercen- aries who battled their way through the Congolese bush to defeat the Simba tribe, which threatened to break away from the Congo. The Simbas - ma- chete-wielding tribesmen in the northeastern Congo who had lined up with the Soviet-backed government of Lumumba be- fore he was overthrown - were supported by Cuban advisers and Czech arms. LOGISTICAL support for the mercenaries was provided by COMISH, the United States Mili- tary Mission to the Congo, in the form of C-130 air transport supplies and electronic commun- AP Photo SOME OF SEVEN white mercenaries and Malayan soldiers of the UN Congo force, arrested in Katanga sit with their weapons in the back of the truck that took them to Leopoldville. Such US- funded mercenaries may soon appear in the Angola conflict according to informed sources. ications. Technically, the mercenaries were the Fifth Mechanized Brig- ade of the Congolese National Army (ANC), and the Congo, then ruled by Katangan ex-se- cessionist Moise Tshombe, was a congressionally . approved re- cipient of American military aid. Thus, officially, we were pay- ing the Congolese National Army, which happened to have an all-white brigade on its ros- ters. The mercenaries, assisted on the ground by a Congolese bri- gade and in theaair by COMISH, successfully ended the Simba re- bellion in 1965. A small band of Simbas managed to hide in the hills around Lake Tangan- yika, forgotten until last sum-; mer when they kidnapped-and later released - four American and Dutch students. The scenario of 1964-66 seems repeatable today. Funds ear- marked for Zaire or left in the "pipeline" for U.S. covert op- erations in Angola could be laun- dered through President Mobutu for a mercenary force within the Zaire army to be sent in on the side of the FNLA; or Mobutu co-ld simply finance the training of mercenaries by the Angolans themselves. MERCENARIES have been active in other African wars- including the Biafran conflict Howlin' Wolf passes on and the Portuguese colonial wars - and the kind of men who made up the Fifth Mech- anized Brigade (commonly known as 5 Commando) can be found anywhere. The proximity of South Africa and Rhodesia to Angola makes those coun- tries, now as then, prime re- cruiting grounds. [ichael Codel, a former As- sociated Press correspondent in Kinshasa, Zaire and associate edit or for African economic af- fairs of Business Europe, bas ai- thored two books on African affairs and -written widely in the American press. ~ AV6 t V8La OE TTR LF W 7W4/L-1,L-6N3 AJ G)6 w1Lu-COWO. OWLIN' WOLF, a patriarchal fig- ure in the pantheon of American blues, died relatively unheralded last weekend. It's unfortunate that so great a musician and so important a figure ,in the evolution of popular music is not widely known at the time of his death. Wolf, born Chester Burnett, led a career that spanned the development of blues-related music from its start among the black farm workers of the rural South to its transformation into the sounds of such rock groups as the Rolling Stones and Cream. He learned to sing and play guitar as a young man living in the Mississippi Delta country. In the 30's he worked for a time as a guitarist accompany- ing Robert Johnson - the singer who earned the reputation as the first father of the blues with the score or so of songs he had recorded before his death at the age of 21.. Wolf was drawn to Chicago with the promise of a market for his mu- sic. There he switched from playing acoustic to electric guitar, revolution- izing blues guitar playing, and he proceeded to gain popularity among blues afficionados. He penned a slew of tunes which have become classics, including "Sitting' on Top of the TODAY'S STAFF: News: Gordon Atcheson, Sara Rimer, Stephen Selbst Editorial Page: Marc Basson, Michael Beckman, Stephen Hersh, Tom Stevens Arts Page: Kevin Counihan Jeff Sor- ensen Photo Technician: Steve Kagan WE BELIEVE THAT BUSING IS AN UNDESIRABLE MEANS TO INTEGRATIONI THERE ARE OTHER ALTERNATIVES! - " World," "Built for Comfort," and "Little Red Roosters." 4ND JUST A FEW years ago, his career was capped with some commercial legitimacy when he ven- tured to London to record an album of his most famous songs, backed up by a band including Eric Clapton, Stevie Winwood, and two of the Roll- ing Stones: Bill Wyman and Char- lie Watts.I The genre of music of which Wolf was a prime exponent - rough, raw, loud urban-style blues - is anything but complex or intricate. And there isn't much variety in it. In general, it's the lyrics and not the music that differentiates any given blues song from all the rest, because the musi- cal pattern is pretty rigid. But that Wolf could make masterpieces within the tight strictures of the blues is quite a testimony to his talent. Wolf's raspy voice had a tight, au- thoritative feel, and the tough shad- ings and nuances he used so effec- tively are what distinguished his mu- sic. And just as his songs have been played by lots of big-name perform- ers like Clapton, to name one, one can sometimes hear echoes of his voice in the singing of such stars as Dylan and Mick Jagger: aLUnS IS ONE OF America's in- digeous art forms, and it's something we in this country can be proud of. We don't pay it as much attention as we shotld. Editorial positions represent consensus of the Daily staff. .ro jq7r; OF CR A05 A&Jt PE5PAIR W M HR(C rtPLLa~A~, AMP FR ^ TFt- C vs s ASO AJ MOTm Y W a -mUils 15 AQ) oPrINtslic TO- THC e[Iy(I4Jf A G LiCAf. 0"-rrr, (At 7e. 7/ IF- YQL) X ST U)NA65 FEARS fl (mil! @ 1171, Violence and gloom fill Latin America OH? YOU MEAN LIKE ELIMINATING SNOB ZONING? AND CREATIVE SCHOOL REDISTRICTING? - j ff Editor's Note: Compiledr fron Pacific News Service dispatches, this piece is de- signed to provide a survey of the prevailing moods and trends in Latin America to- day. BUENOS AIRES, ARGEN- TINA, JAN. 12 (PNS) - While observers talk of impending civil war, details of a bloody battle between leftist guerrillas and security forces are begin- ning to emerge. The Dec. 23 confrontation - the largest of, its kind in the history of Latin America -- occurred when guer- rillas attacked the heavily for- tified Monte Chingolo arsenal near Buenos Aires.. Government claims that over 100 guerrillas were among the 170 dead are disputed by witnesses who say bodies were hastily buried after their hands were cut off for later identification. They be- lieve most of the victims were residents of a nearby slum where fighting went on all night after security forces in search- light-equipped helicopters drove the attackers out of the arsenal. Informed sources say only 25 guerrillas died. let was released last week in return for what sources here describe as a "considerable" ransom. MONTEVIDEO; URUGUAY- U.S. arms captured during the Vietnam war are finding their way into the hands of leftist guerrillas here via officials in the Soviet Embassy, the head of Uruguay's military govern- ment has charged. President Juan Bordaberry is expected to expel a number of embassy of- ficials for alleged support of Communist guerrillas. The arms were reportedly seized during a recent wave of armed forces arrests of suspected members of the once-legal Communist party. Two top members of the party, includ- ing a former member of Uru- guay's now dissolved congress, are now in prison. TEGUCIGALPA, HONDUR- AS - Corruption in this coun- try's right-wing military gov- ernment has been an explosive issue since last year's revela- tions that United Brands paid $1.25 million to haxe the tax on bananas reduced. The country is the poorest in Central Ameri- ca. Despite a bloodless coup in the wake of the scandals last summer, graft and embezzle- ment apparently continue. Chief of state Juan Melgar Castro is calling for a new cabinet and tough anti-corruption laws aimed at government officials. ASUNCION, PARAGUAY - Poverty is no secret in this poorest of South American coun- tries with its predominantly rural, Indian population. But re- sults of a major statistical sur- vey of income distribution by a government center here were closely guarded for fear of em- barrassing the country's 40-year old military dictatorship. Only top government officials - and the U. S. economic mission - were informed of the figures,, recently leaked to the press. Most striking: 82 percent of Paraguay's rural families sub- sist entirely on what they pro- duce, earning no income what- soever. CALLAO, PERU - Peru's Communist party, generally known for its moderate pro-gov- ernment stance, has just led one of the largest strikes here in recent history. Called to pro- test the dismissal of 170 mem- bers of the Communist-led Gen- eral Workers Confederation from a factory in this Pacific Coast port, the - one-day strike by some 50,000 workers paralyz- ed banks and industry in both Lima and Callao. SANTIAGO, CHILE - While U. S. firms still hesitate to in- vest in this country's inflation- racked economy, a Canadian company has just bought a ma- jor stake in developing Chile's. vast copper deposits. Noranda Mines Ltd. has purchased a 49 percent-interest in a mixed pri- vate- and state-owned copper company that will survey, de- velop and mine the Andacollo copper denosit 280 miles north of Santiago. The agreement is the first between representa- tives of the junta and a foreign company to exploit Chile's cop- per. ACTUALLY, WE HAVE IN MIND A COUPLE OF INSPIRATIONAL SPEECHES.... Letters to the Daily ./ ":":L".}ritiL"}i'": :. -:ti'i{.:i"::} r},::i$;:::{g'":+Yrbfi}"",fi:;},:;hK Kti, ,r: ;-,' "Y," }y+,C+g lts"7' __..- +\ .m x E w CUP RUMTA tM ntico i Revolution To The Daily:. THE STATEMENT in the Daily of January 10 that Chair- man Mao Tse-Tung and Chou have "let the greatest revolu- ition. The excesses of the U.S. government to which the edi- torial writer objects spring from our materialistic view of socie- ty. Most of us who struggled against the excesses of the U.S. Government during the McCar- +hv-nn11e amrlthe Vietnam Contact your reps- Sen. Phillip Ilart (l)em), 253 Russell Bldg., Capitol 11111, Washington, D.C. 20S15. Sen. Robert Griffin (Rep), 353 Russell Bldg., Capitol Hill, I I M '-