Limited nuclear wa -I "" By JON STEWART A TWO-YEAR-OLD effort to reshape America's strategic nuclear forces to cope with the possibility of limited nuclear war has now forced to the surface the first real debate of the early sixties. That debate, now being aired in Congress, re- cently hit the headlines with a Boeing Aerospace study unmasking a menacing new Soviet capacity to weather nuclear war. The debate stems from a basic shift in Pentagon thinking that places new credibility on the chances of waging, and even surviving, a nuclear confrontation. According to interviews with experts in and out of government, the civil defense debate is a neces- sary adjunct to a massive, multi-billion dollar ef- fort to retool U.S. strategic forces around a new definition of "flexible response," giving new em- phasis to the concept of limited nuclear war. The limited nuclear war emphasis, championed by former Defense Secretary James Schlesinger for the last two years, is a product of growing con- cern in the Pentagon that the Soviet Union may achieve nuclear superiority in the next decade. If the Soviets come to believe that they could destroy enough of our strategic force in a first strike, while retaining enough nuclear missiles to hold the U. S. population hostage, it could give the Soviets increased leverage - usually called nuclear blackmail in crisis conditions. To counter such a possibility, Schlesinger and others have promoted development of a two- pronged strategy of limited nuclear war. First, they urge deployment of highly accurate, high yield, mobile Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) that could knock out the Soviets' hard- ened ICBM silos. Second, they want an effective civil defense program that would drastically limit U. S. casualties in a limited nuclear war fought against each side's military forces. The new emphasis is gradually replacing the notion of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD), a policy based on the premise that once a nuclear weapon is fired by either side, both sides would be consumed in nuclear holocaust no matter which had more weapons. To implement the new strategy, civilian and military advocates are waging a public relations campaign to convince Congress and the public that, given an effective civil defense program, Americans could survive a limited nuclear war with "acceptable" levels of destruction. Advocating the strategy outside the government is the prestigious Committee on the Present Dan- ger, made up of such anti-Soviet hardliners as former Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Nitze, former Secretary of State Dean Rusk, former Navy Chief Elmo Zumwalt and former Undersecretary of State Eugene Rostow. Inside the government, advocates include Sec- retary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, Secretary -of the Air Firce Thomas C. Reed and Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. David C.~Jones. Critics of the limited nuclear war/civil defense strategy argue that it will destabilize the current "balance of terror" by escalating the arms build- up on both sides. They also contend it will prevent meaningful progress in the upcoming SALT II talks, scuttle whatever has been accomplished by four years of U. S. - Soviet detente and usher in a return to the Cold War. , Further, critics say that once a nuclear war is unleashed, however limited the intentions, it will inevitably escalate to all-out retaliatory attacks killing tens or hundreds of millions of civilians on both sides. Though both Nitze and Schlesinger are Carter advisers, the president-elect expressed such doubts during the campaign. If the limited nuclear war strategy were to win executive backing, however, it would still require congressional approval for new and enormously expensive weapons system, including: - the B-1 bomber, described by Air Force Gen. William Evans as the only plane that "in' the r: Pentagon event of a limited nuclear war" could "penetrate viets are spen hostile territory, strike against assigned targets, defense (comj and come home to do it all over again"; have an activ the MX, the next generation of ICBM, now en- ployes and are visioned as a mobile force with greater accuracy stand nuclear than the current stationary - and thus vulner- These studie able-Minuteman III, and designed to counter the of Soviet civil four new Soviet ICBMs now being deployed; 1974 the U.S.S * the MK 12A, a new higher-yield warhead for the evacuate maj Minuteman missiles, designed to blast through re- szruction of ur cently hardened underground Soviet ICBM silos, industry pers Each of the weapons systems is designed spe- Soviet indus cifically to meet the needs of waging and surviving countryside, si a limited nuclear war. ulation center The debate on civil defense began more than Professor L two years ago. Alarmed by the 1974 appointment the University of the highly regarded General Altunan to head the civil defenseI Soviet civil defense program, Defense Secretary casualties tos Schlesinger set in motion a series of studies to clear exchang determine the size and effectiveness of both the So- levels of "acc viet program and our own, which under the Pen- A 1974 Nati tagon's Oefense Civil Preparedness Agency had figure at less been generally dormant since the early sixties. hypothesized t According to John Davis, director of the Agen- gets with two- cy, the earlier reliance on urban fall-out shelters 45 percent oft has now been scuttled in favor of mass evacua- given the pres tions of target areas, plans for which Davis claims The studye will be available by 1985. A joint study by the CIA reduced to jus and Defense Intelligence Agency , now nearing a $35 billion completion is reportedly stalled over major differ- evacuate cities ences of opinion, according to a congressional The Boeing source. of the Soviet p A parallel National Security Study Memoran- tack. It claim dum being prepared for the President has reached ing" is suffici' the general conclusion that "we shouldn't be do- survive with n ing much more than what we're doing already," equipment, thr a source familiar with the project told PNS. He cent of the ma said the report is "ambiguous" on many points, rication facilit but concludes that "the Soviets probably don't tries. have as effective a program as they claim." Boeing-as7 But Pentagon advocates of a stepped-up civil man ICBMs - defense cite other studies indicating that the So- defense debat pla iding roughly $1 billio pared to $82 million ve civil defense forc e "hardening" key in blast assault. es, based on translat defense manuals, r S.R. has developed d or cities and has u ban shelters for key1 onnel. try is also dispersed cattering important t S. eon Goure, a civil d of Miami, estimates program is now cap seven to 12 million p e - well within both eptable damage." onal Security Counc than five per cent. :hat if Russia hit U. thirds of its ICBMsi the U. S. population sent civil defense pr estimated that casu st five percent if the' civil defense progra s and construct effec study asserted that u opulation could survi ned that Soviet ind ent to withstand a U more than 50 percent ree-fourths of its fou achine shops, 80 perc ies and 80 percent o manufacturer of the - has a clear inter e and a strong adve ns with glee n a year on civil panded program. in the U. S.), On the other side of the debate, Sidney Drell, a e of 72,000 em- Stanford University professor and consultant to dustries to with- the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, ar- gues that such claims "have no basis in fact." ions of hundreds In a rece't articles in Scientific American, Drell eport that since contends that all estimates of Soviet civil defense letailed plans to spending and effectiveness are nothing more than undertaken con- elaborate guesswork - mostly based on Soviet government and civil defense manuals. "Manuals are not a civil defense program," throughout the Drell told PNS. "One has got to look at whether targets and pop- there's a realistic basis for carrying out an opera- tional plan under the manuals, and according to the efense expert at expatriates from Russia who've been interviewed that the Soviet here there is no basis for believing there is." able of limiting He notes that Moscow's mass evacuation plan persons in a nu- has an inherent flaw that could drastically alter Soviet and U.S. the casualty estimates: "Seven months out of the year if you evacuate people from Moscbw they'll il study put the go out and freeze to death." In contrast. it "I think the present civil defense program in S. civilian tar- this country is a sensible one," Drell, says. in a first strike, Rep. Les Aspin (D-Wis.), an ex-Pentagon sys- would be killed, temns analyst and another critic of the limited ogram. nuclear war civil defense concept, agrees that alties could be there is "an enormous gap between the rhetoric U. S. undertook about Soviet civil defense efforts and their actual am designed to capabilities." tive shelters. Aspin notes that if Soviet planners read Ameri- up to 98 percent can civil defense manuals, which show shelter' ve a nuclear at- capacity for some 227 million persons, they "might ustrial "harden- conclide that we are trying to develop a 'war J. S. attack and winning capability' too." of its industrial In an interview. Ed Schallert, an Aspin aide, nderies, 90 per- dismissed the "scare stories and exaggerated ent of steel fab- cliims" of the Pentagon and the Committee on the f aircraft indus- Present Danger "as a convenient rationale for the Air Force to sell its programs." U. S. Minute- - 'est in the civil Jon Stewart is a PNS editor who covers military ocate of an ex- and foreign affairs. Ile 5irti an Daxig Eighty-Seven Years of Editorial Freedom 420 Maynard St., Ann Arbor, Ml 48109. Tuesday, November 23, 1976 News Phone: 764-0552 Edited and managed by students at the University of Michigan' U obligated to solve tieket line problems WITH THE INEVITABLE Rose Bowl ticket lines flowing out of the Union, it is time to consider the wis.- dom of Michigan students in their never ending quest to be first in ev- erything. We see students lining up hours- sometimes overnight - in advance for. crisp tickets, weeks in advance for basketball tickets, a year in ad- vance for football tickets. What were once mere inconveniences have turned into projects that might well challenge the organizational skills of Bo Schembechler. Many students complain, and right-' ly so. But they look for scapegoats. They blame the administration, the Athletic Department - anyone and everyone in a position of authority. But how can the students complain when they bring most of their trou- bles on themselves? If nobody lined up for tickets until two or three days before sale, a lot of unnecessary waiting would be eliminated. The senseless extra hours, therefore, are actually the students' fault. Of course most oft the problems here could be solved by a compre- hensive University policy, and that is what will' probably have to hap- pen; the cuttliroat competitive na- ture of so many students will almost certainly prevent any "gentleman's (gentleperson's?) agreements about lines.. Yes, it will have to be the Univer- sity that solves things. But before college America starts blaming their parents for the "rat race" and ultra- competitiveness, maybe they'd better take 'a long look at themselves. TODAY'S STAFF: News: Jim Tobin, Barb Zahs, Tim Schick, Bill Turque, Jeff Ristine, Jenny Miller rape articles To The Daily: WE COMMEND you for your most sensitive treatment of the article "Rape Victims Tell Their Stories." But most of all, we wish to extend our heartfelt thanks to the two women of Oxford Hous- ing who shared the story of their ordeals with all women. It is no exaggeration to say that rape is a woman's most dreaded fear, yet how many of us are conscious of the number of times each day that we put ourselves into just that situa- tion. Much as we wish it were otherwise, the fact is that it is a treacherous world for women and we must be constantly alert. As former residents of Oxford Housing, we look back and re- member how many times we courteddanger by coming home alone from the library late at night, taking false comfort in the fact that the streetlights were on and we were in a resi- dential area. Even though we no longer live in Oxford, the lesson is well taken. Again, we wish to extend our sincere gratitude to the two wo- men who consented to tell their stories. We empathize with them and hope they will sur- vive the experience relatively unscathed. It's frightening to think it could have been us. K. Spiegel Kiedrowski S. J. Eldredge U. L. Danvinich November 22m To The Daily: IN VIEW of the gravity of the current surge of rapes and attacks of women in Ann Arbor, Letters it is commendable that the Uni- versity has taken such quick action in implementing the ; Night Owl Bus Service for stu- dents living in University Hous- ing. However, there are a great number of students who live in1 off-campus housing who are also in need of protection. Most of these houses and apartments are located in a few concen- trated areas, so designing an effective bus route would not 4be difficult. The University owes the same concern and protection to off- campus dwelling students as it demonstrates to those who live on campus. They've taken a step in the right direction; I urge them to continue and to expand this service for the pro- tection of all University women. Anne Hoffman November 22 geo article To The Daily: THE NOVEMBER 11, 1976 Daily carried a lead article by two Daily staffers attempting to analyze theGEO defeat. The article has provoked a good deal of indignation within the Washtenaw County labor move- ment. The article viewed the GEO defeat as essentially the fault of GEO members: "Ap- parently GSA's were no longer willing to fightmfor the rights of women and minorities or for the quality of undergraduate education. They were not even willing to fight for a more just contract for themselves ... most GSA's, like many others on this campus, have lost the will to fight." What utter nonsense! The article contains its own refutation. It traces out in gory detail how the GEO leadership betrayed GEO members and to, the sound trade union tactics by handing over to University man- agement every demand worth fighting for - without a fight! According to the article, "at meeting after meeting its mem-, bership instructed them (the GEO bargainers) not to move on the major issues - affirma- tive action, non-discrimination in hiring, limits on class size and economics." On the other side, "the administration was content to wait for a cold day in hell before consenting to the union's demands." Management was out to break GEO by prov- ing to GSA's that their union was helpless and could gain them nothing. Given the rank-and-file mili- tance and management's union- busting, what should the GEO leadership have done? Obvious- lv a course of tame "respec- tability" and constant capitula- tion - the course actually chos- en by the leadership - was ex- actly wrong. By surrendering nrincipled demands without a fight, the leadership simply de- moralized the membership and won nothing but contempt from management. As the GEO lead- ers softened the union's position, management hardened theirs. The GEO leadership should have kept their strongest prin- cipled demands on the table to the end, so that GEO members could choose between the clear alternatives - either strike for something worthwhile or capitu- late entirely. GEO members never got to make this choice. No, GSA's did not "sell out" their principled demands. The GEO leadership had already done that before the strike vote. With the most important de- mands abandoned by leaders too afraid to fight, it is little wonder that the GEO member- ship reduced the strike question to economic arithmetic and de- Daily cided a strike couldn't win. In order. to save their union from destruction, GEO mem- bers will have to remove their present no-fight leadership and develop militant leadership to replace it. GEO members will have to keep direction of the next negotiations and strike in their own hands. But the GEO struggle cannot win so long as it remains isolated within the boundaries of the present un- ion. Forsyth and Fleming are backed up by Milliken. Milli- ken is backed up by Ford/Car- ter. And Ford /Carter are back- ed up by the entire U.S. ruling class. In order, to win, GEO must link up with other organized and unorganized workers on campus, at this time through the medium of the All-Campus Labor Council. University work- ers must build alliances with University students and Hospi- tal patients, and, above all, must work to integrate our struggle here into the general labor movement. But only on the basis of full; conscious class struggle against 'the corporate owners and their government can working people take real control of society. The trade union struggle must be general- 'ized and given a political direc- tion through a workers' party based on the trade unions. This party must fight for a workers' government, which will take control of the forces of produc- tion for the benefit of all work- ing people. Clericals for a Democratic Union November 21 CRISP-hig To The Daily: THIS BUSINESS of standing in line to get CRISP tickets has gotten out of hand: the reason that the University instituted the present system was to elim- inate as much as possible the idiotic custom of standing in line for interminable hours. It's not fair to people who perceive the absurdi% of the overnight wait in the bitter cold to shut them out of classes. Let's try other methods of determining who gets to register when: A three legged race: all students shall lineup with a partner down on Ferry Field with their middle two legs strapped together. The first group to 1221 Angell gets the best times, and so on. Money Stakes: Richest stu- dent gets to register first. A Fight to the Death: Group all the students in the stadium and fly a plane overhead, drop- ping, random CRISP tickets. Good exercise and highly Dar- winian. I also find it very interesting that the first person in any line gets to make the policy for that line. I would therefore like to take advantage of this public forum and announce the forma- tion of the line for 1979 senior football tickets. I am first, and will buy as many tickets as I ' please. The rest of the people who line up weeks in advance will be behind me. Gosh, I hope they don't change the policy on me, for that would be most un- fortunate. Eric Zorn November 19 Letters should be typel and limited to 400 words. The Daily reserves the right to edit letters for length and grammar. Force Editorial Page: Rob Meachum, Stevens, Andy Glazer Tom Arts Page: Lois Josimovich Photo Technician: Brad. Benjamin Battling the Marijuana Air By HIGH TIMES NEWS SERVICE FLYING LOW to keep a nation's heads high, pilots of what High Times magazine calls the "Marijuana Air Force" (MAF) daily risk prison and death over the Mexican border to keep America supplied with grass. It's estimated that up to 85 per cent of the marijuana entering the U.S. now gets in by plane. The preponderance of these flights has escalated into a full- scale air war between the smugglers, the Customs Bureau and the Drug En- forcement Administration (DEA). For some idea of the extent of the traffic, note that during 1975 Customs confiscated 130 planes full of Mexican weed. In the first six months of 1976, 142 grass-laden planes crashed on their homecoming flights while flying low to avoid radar.' Jacques Kiere of the DEA's El Paso Intelligence Center conservatively esti- mates that at least 150 herb-filled nlanes And Customs .is using part of its $30 million annual Mexican-air-war budget to buy RPVs - remote-piloted vehicles developed for the war in Vietnam, which the U.S. also lost.. Customs is also using the facilities of the North American Air Defense Sys- tem (NORAD) and the Air Defense Command (ADCOM) to track the dope planes. Since 1974, according to High Times, at least 18 Customs agents have been staffing the NORAD/ADCOM radar system, designed to warn of enemy nu- clear attack. Suspicious planes found on the radar are then tracked by Customs craft and occasionally by the Air Force. * * * . pRESIDENT-ELECT Jimmy Carter is holding himself "personally respon- sible for thorough investigation and cor- rection of the defects in the Drug En- forcement Administration," according to High Times magazine, which interview- criminalization and head of Georgia's drug abuse programs when Carter was governor. (Note: Dr. Bourne is sched- uled to address the NORML conference as an aide to the president-elect in Wash- ington on December 11.) As for specific drug policies of the Carter administration, Vice-President- elect Walter Mondale is slated to head a task force on drug traffic. According, to his aides, Mondale also favors a housecleaning of the DEA, which has been accused of harboring extensive corruption. * * - WERE ALL THE world's major re- ligions originally inspired by the ingestion of magic mushrooms? Best-selling novelist Tom Robbins re- ports in the December issue of High Times that this may indeed be the case, Robbins chronicles a variety of investi- gations concluding that the mushroom Allegro, a 51-year-old professor of an- cient written languages and ,member of the original Dead Sea Scrolls team. Al- legro shook the theological community four years ago by announcing that he had discovered that the Jewish and Christian religions were founded by mushroom-worshiping cults. Allegro's claim that the Old and New Testaments are rife with mushroom-coded metaphors and terminology is based on his research into Sumerian, the oldest known writ- ten language. Hinduism was also affected by amani- ta muscaria. The Rig Veda, a religious Hindu text, is a book of 114 hymns in praise of soma, the legendary divine plant which is supposed to create a godlike state in the mind of the user. Aldous Huxley first. theorized that soma was a mushroom. Then Professor R. Gordon Wasson positively established that soma was amanita muscaria. MX'/X\1 A'.AMWi\U"