Page Six
THE MICHIGAN DAILY
Sunday, February 14, 1971
Page Six THE MICHiGAN DAILY
- - .. -- t r . _,® -- . 7
POLLUTION EFF ECTS DEBATED
Weather control
nears reality
California students
lire state lobbyist
UNWANTED PREGNANCY?
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SAN FRANCISCO (A) - On a recent
flight into San Francisco, an airline captain,
encc. ering fog, announced the flight was
bein0 . erted to Los Angeles because the
weatherman had made a mistake.
Aboard the flight was a delegate to the
annual meeting of the American Meteor-
ological Society Convening in San Francisco.
He took out a business card, scribbled "It
wasn't me" on the back and sent it up to the
crew.
Although meteorologists probably always
will encounter difficulties predicting each
quirk of the weather, sudden airplane-
diverting fogs soon may be a thing of the
past.
Scientists have learned how to briefly dis-
pel certain types of ground fog by seeding
For instance, weather scientists are split
over what the results of weather modifica-
tion experiments mean. Ecologists warn
that even the most innocent-looking weath-
er modification project could wreak havoc
with the environment.
"It is clear that we as scientists have
developed a primitive but probably real caps
ability for manipulating certain kinds of
atmospheric processes and as a result we
are entering a new era, an era of weather
management," Dr. Robert White, acting di-
rector of the National Oceanic and Atmos-
pheric Administration, told the American
Meteorological Society.
The new era had its beginnings in the late
1940s when scientists discovered that silver
iodide, or dry ice, caused growth of ice crys-
encouraging results. By seeding a brewing
thunderstorm, scientists force it to give up
'rain early, preventing formation of hail.
But many weather scientists say results of
experiments have been overrated.
"No analysis has ever satisfactorily shown
whether cloud seeding has actually caused a
net increase in precipitation or only a re-
distribution," Dr. Helmut Landsberg of the
University of Maryland wrote in a recent
issues of Science magazine,
Inability to predict the outcome of their
efforts is weather scientists' biggest handi-
cap. Attempts to increase rainfall in a small
valley may unknowingly be changing the
weather hundreds or even thousands of
miles away,
One of the most dramatic examples of the
effect of air pollution on the weather was
discovered at La Porte, Ind.
Meteorologists with the Illinois State Wat-
er Survey found evidence that air pollution
at Gary, Ind, 30 miles upwind, has been
substantially increasing La Porte's rain, hail
and thunder for 40 years.
During each of the six steel production
peaks at Gary between 1923 and 1968, rain-
fall at La Porte increased correspondingly,
Between 1946 and 1967, La Porte received
47 per cent more precipitation than areas
upwind of Gary.
The popular theory is that air pollutants
- dust, smoke, soot, chemicals - act just
like cloud seeding agents. Lead from auto-
mobile exhaust, for example, may be com-
bining with iodine already in the atmos-
phere to form lead iodide, which acts sim-
ilarly to silver iodide, a favorite cloud seed-
ing chemical,
Such chemicals may be increasing cloud
cover throughout the world.
Scientists also know that urban areas are
vast "heat islands" caused by expanses of
heat-absorbing asphalt and concrete, re-
striction to air flow by tall buildings and
heat from man's activities. Clouds ascend
over the heat island, giving up their mosture
as rain or releasing heat that could trigger a
thunderstorm.
Air pollution also is cutting sunlight over
most cities by at least 15 per cent, more in
many heavily polluted areas. And research
has shown that although some levels of
pollutants increase precipitation, heavier
concentrations cause too many ice crystals
to form, decreasing precipitation.
But theories advanced so far about the
the effect of air pollution on world climate
are speculative. Predictions that increasing'
levels of carbon dioxide will heat the earth,
melt the polar ice caps and raise the oceans
several hundred feet are countered by pro-
phesies that increasing dust, smoke and
clouds will cut sunlight, cool the earth and
bring the onset of another ice age.
SACRAMENTO, Calif. (P)-
University of California students,
often trend setters in radical poli-
tics, are dealing with the estab-
lishment on its own terms. They've
hired a lobbyist to represent them
at the state Capitol.
Richard Twohy, a 26-year old
law school graduate, was named
this week as a full time, paid stu-
dent body lobbyist.
For $10,200 a year Twohy, a
graduate of Seattle University and
New York University School of
Law, will represent the nine UC
campus student body presidents on
legislative matters affecting the
often controversy-wracked univer-
sity.
Twohy will provide i'iformation
to his 110,000 student bosses on
government matters of interest to
them.
Twohy said his lobbyist post can
help "conservative and radical ,tu-
dents alike, fraternity people, com-
mune people, dorm people, and
bald and the hairy and down the
line."
He said his office will deal only'
with matters directly affecting the.
university, which has an enroll-
ment of 110,000 and won't touch
upon general issues which concern
students, such as the environment,
drugs and law enforcement.
"If we do our job well, we'll pro-
vide an alternative to street con-
frontations," he said. The lobbyist
office will give students the means
"to extend expressions of their
grievances and their hopes and
visions within the system," he
said.
Twohy said that in the future the
operation may be expanded to in-
clude student seminars on the leg-
islative process or even "shadow
committees"-group of student to
attend each meeting of the legisla-
ture 's committees.
Student body presidents praise
the idea,but caution it won't mean'
an instant end to street confronta-
tions by frustrated students.
Adult politicians of both parties
also are optimistic. UC Berkeley
student president, Craig Fenech.
whose campus was the focal point
of the 1964 Free Speech Movement
and subsequent demonstrations and
violence, said "burning and rock
throwing have been large ineffect-
ual and counter productive."
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them with chemicals. And airlines are find-
ing it cheaper to pay for seeding to get a
flight landed than to bear the expense of
diverting it and accommodating inconven-
ienced passengers,
Dissipation of fog is just one of the tech-
niques weather scientists are mastering as
they stand on the threshold of an era of
weather management. They hope it will be
possible to take the lightning and hail from
thunderstorms, dampen the fury of hurri-
cane winds and increase snowfall in moun-
tains and rainfall from tropical clouds.
But the new optimism that man soon will
manage the weather, even if only on local
or regional scales, is tempered by mounting
evidence that air pollution already is chang-
ing the weather. It may even be altering
world climate.
The spectre of weather modification,
planned or accidental, has raised a host of
ecological, social, economic, legal and poli-
tical questions that have sparked a spirited
debate among scientists.
tals in supercooled clouds - clouds in which
moisture remained unfrozen although the
temperature was below freezing. The ice
crystals would attract nearby droplets of
moisture and turn into snow.
The research that followed is beginning
to pay off.
A recent project showed that seeding hur-
ricanes can reduce their death-dealing
winds. Hurricane Debbie's winds in 1969
were cut from 15 to 30 per cent - substan-
tial reductions in a storm in which winds
exceeded 100 miles per hour.
Scientists have learned how to spot winter
clouds in which seeding is likely to increase
snowfall. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
has begun a five-year, $5 million project in
the San Juan Mountains of Colorado to in-
crease the snowpack and the subsequent
spring runoff in the Colorado River, which
serves parched areas of Arizona, Southern
California and Mexico.
Experiments to suppress hail and reduce
lightning in thunderstorms also have shown
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A
ADYLAN ERPIECE.
"It came on the radio in the
late afternoon and from the first
note it was right. Bob Dylan
bringing it all back home again.
"Then 'New Morning' [title
song] came on. Like an early mist.
So clean, so sweet. This must be
the day that all my dreams come
true.' What a love song! What a
message to all of us blinded as we
are by paranoia, grimly trying
to see through the murk and the
smoke and the blood. 'So happy just
to be alive underneath the sky
of blue...'
"God it's beautiful ... it is the
most reassuring thing that has
happened this year of the
bombings."
-Ralph J. Gleason, Rolling Stone
"Put simply, 'New Morning'
is a superb album.... If poetry can
be a story that must be sent by
telegraph, then this is certainly one
of Dylan's foremost achievements
as a poet. Words, music, singing,
piano work, all of the highest order.
"It seems almost superfluous
to say that this is one of the best
albums of the year, one of Dylan's
best albums, perhaps his best. In
good conscience, all I can really say
is get it yourself and prepare to
boogie."
-Ed Ward, Rolling Stone
Bob Dylan'New Morning."
On Columbia Records t
and Tapes
ti
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