Page. Six. THE MICHIGAN DAILY Thursday, September 9, 1971 Page Six THE MICHIGAN DAILY Thursday, September 9, 1971 - o <==.>04=>==>C)> S s(<==X> 0 04o==>)--- to brighten up ici Fall Days Q ""i 334 S. State Street 663-5049 Q CIIRCLI_.E BOOIKS Zen, Yoga, Tarot, Alchemy, Astrology, Theosophy Magc Parapsychology Macrobiotics and Health Food Books ci FREE BOOK LIST ON REQUEST S215 S. STAE ... 2nd Floor I10 A.M.-6:00 P.M. 769-158 '"OG E30tG 00<=.()Onfo l t>GO YnE)G:! AT THE LECTERN: Viewing the life of the faculty member 'U' research: Eyes of the army (Continued from Page 4) should be to serve students - and this is best done through teaching. But faculty members point out that in addition to the per- sonal question of tenure, it is necessary for them to do a large amount of research just to keep up with their field, parti- cularly if they are in the ex- perimental sciences. Due to their extreme inter- est in maintaining the academic quality of the University's edu- cation, most faculty members tend to be wary of change and advocate adherence to tradition- al methods of education. The classroom is the faculty member's sanctuary.Since the University maintains no writ- ten policy on what a professor is empowered to do in the class- room, the assumption seems to be that the teacher has an im- plicit idea of what his task is, and will structure his class to best suit his student's educa- tional needs. Still, the faculty is by no means in agreement over what that structure should be. Some faculty members ad- vocate many restrictions on stu- dents - such as mandatory at- tendance, assigned seats, strict deadlines for late papers and regularly scheduled quizzes. They believe that by doing so, they are providing students with the necessary impetus to insure completion of the course material, and hopefully benefit their education. There are other instructors, however, who believe that t h e more restrictions placed on stu- dents, the greater their hostility will 'be toward the c o u r s e material and the less their mo- tivation will be toward learn- ing. These teachers tend to give students as much freedom as possible without the above structuring. The faculty member's tradi- tional conception of himself as a "font of knowledge f r o m which the student drinks," is being replaced in many cases with the role of teacher as fa- cilitator and advisor, a kind of mediator who is available when problems arise. Most faculty members are hesitant to give students a voice in matters of curriculum, ten- ure, and University governance, because they believe students are inexperienced in such mat- ters, as well as being transient. Nevertheless, with the mark- ed increase in student input over the past few years, facul- ty members are finding them- selves with less of a strong- hold over matters, concerning students and themselves, than they have been accustomed to in the past. They still make up the most powerful body by far on mat- ters of an academic nature, and their opinions are sought after and respected. But faculty members find themselves in the same boat with students as both groups come up against the monolith university. Along with students, they constantly clamor for more voice in general University de- cision making. And, in addition, both groups find themselves ad- versely affected by the Univ- ersity's financial predicament- students watch tuition and dorm rates skyrocket while fa- culty members wish their sal- aries would follow suit. By DAVE CHUDWIN Managing Editor "DOD must support first-class university research or risk com- .promising our national security . . ." says a spokesman from the Department of Defense. And for a quarter of a century, the Defense Department has turned to the vast resources of this University for the development of modern military technology-much of which is now: being put to use by U.S. forces in Indochina. It is this complex research program, costing the DOD several million dollars each year, whose fate awaits the resolution of the dispute over on-campus classified and military research. (See story on Page 1). Centered in the University's Willow Run Laboratories and Cooley Electronics and Radiation Laboratories, the research pro- gram has played a key role in the development of the "electronic battlefield"-a set of complex battle devices now being tested by American forces in Indochina for use in. future conflicts. In aiding the development of the electronic battlefield, research in these laboratories has spawned new military devices that detect enemy troops, lead soldiers and aircraft to hostile troops and pro- tect friendly forces from counterattack. University researchers received about $10.4 million from the Pentagon last year, about half of which was for classified projects. Current activity here in the military research field includes: -The measurement of heat, radar, sound and vibration char- acteristics of military targets such as rockets and tanks. These measurements are used by electronic sensors to aid in identifying targets for attack; -The development of advanced radars to take surveillance photographs and to track moving objects such as vehicles and troops from the air; -The testing of acoustic and seismic devices which provide means of following the sounds and vibrations of troop movements; -The refinement of military communications devices and an- tennae; and , -The investigation of advanced countermeasures techniques which allow offensive aircraft to carry out bombings without fear of counterattack and which protect military vehicles on the ground from attack. One of the chief University contributions to military technology has been in the area of infrared remote sensing, a technique for measuring the heat of different objects. Since objects are at different temperatures, they can be iden- tified by the characteristic amount of heat they emit and their shape. For example, a human being is much warmer than sur- rounding jungle and would easily be visible in an infrared photo- graph of the scene. Infrared sensors are now used on many U.S. aircraft in South- east Asia, including the B-57 bomber, RF-4C Phantom jet, EA-6B Intruder and Cobra helicopter gunship. Willow Run has also developed a synthetic aperture radar that is capable of taking detailed photograph-like radar images 24-hours a day in all weather. Another type of radar under development is a moving target indicator radar that pinpoints the position of moving objects such as tanks and trucks from the air. "Such detection is particularly useful in observing enemy troop movements, concentrations and supply lines," according to John Foster, director of defense research and engineering. To ban or not to b Agonizing over classified, military research V 117 SATYRN 1 111 INC. BOOTS: Frye, Acme, Texas I BELLS AND FLAIRS: Male, Levi, Landlubber LEATHER: Pants, Shirts, Vests, Jackets CLOTH ES NOON 'TIL 9:00 MONDAY-FRIDAY NOON 'TIL 7:00 SATURDAY 215 S. State/ 2nd Floor l III r is (Continued from Page 1) partment habitually "overclassifies" - in other words, puts unnecessary secrecy on its sponsored projects. This, they say, is no reason to ban the research. As far as the military sponsorship of the research, researchers point out that the defense department - to a lesser extent than in the past, but still to a great de- gree - is "where the money is", supply- ing research funding which permits ad- vances in basic and applied fields which would otherwise not be made. Discoveries made in this research, re- searchers note, are put to important civil- ian uses. To stop contracting with the mili- tary, they claim, would slow scienti- fic advances and isolate the University from developments in many fields. Many researchers actively defend the idea of doing specifically military research, say- ing that while one might disagree with American policy in a' certain place at a certain time, the nation needs a military to defend it, and should be able to count on the universities, where so many of the best academic minds are, for aid in this regard. A final argument is the question of aca- demic freedom. It is claimed by some re- ,searchers that a general University ban on classified research would interfere wit h their right to decide what they wished to research and thus would be an intrusion into their traditional prerogatives as inde- pendent academicians. Since the Second World War, defense research had been done at the University, and had encountered little opposition. But the volume of the research escalated mark- edly in the '60s, and this, combined with opposition to American involvement in Viet- nam, aroused concern over the propriety of military research on the campus. In October 1967, a series of articles in The Daily attempted to detail the type of work being done here for the defense de- partment. The most controversial of the revelations was that the University was directly aiding the Thai government in a $1 million counter-insurgency project to equip and train Thai officers to use com- plex remote sensing equipment to d e t e c t guerillas. The resulting controversy culminated in Senate Assembly's acceptance of a re- era Shops A 'U' research center port from its Research Policies Committee, setting guidelines for future classified pro- jects. and establishing a committee to re- view each project to assure conformity with the guidelines. The guidelines provided that no contract be entered into the "specific purpose" of which was to kill or incapacitate people, and that no contract be entered into if its existence, the name of its sponsor, or the nature, scope and purpose of the research could not be revealed. Classified research opponents denounced the report as doing little, but these critics had the ground cut from under them when a Student Government Council (SGC) ref- erendum in March 1968 calling for an end to all classified research was soundly re- jected. The Classified Research Committee (CRC), went into operation, the Thai con- tract was not renewed, and the issue died down. Then in February of this year, Michael Knox, one of CRC's graduate student mem- bers, issued a public letter charging that the committee was not enforcing the guidelines, and that University researchers were in- volved in "perfecting weapons systems . . . developing devices to help protect bomb- carrying aircraft . . . locating human tar- gets for destruction." The Knox letter pointed up the ambiguity of the guidelines. The University doesn't develop guns and napalm which directly destroy human life. But, critics of the guidelines argued, University researchers do develop devices which locate individuals so that they can subsequently be destroyed, and they do develop devices which protect bombers which do destroy. Knox' letter came almost simultaneously with the Laos invasion, which triggered a protest march of some 4,000 people here. A group of students organized after the march around military research along with sev- eral other issues, and held a series of gen- erally low-keyed demonstrations, marches and sit-ins over the next month. Meanwhile, a group of faculty members began pushing hard for a Senate Assembly vote asking a ban on classified research. A week-long fast was organized by a group of faculty, and was joined in by many students. At meetings on the research issue during March, Assembly voted by narrow margins not to consider proposals to bar or severely restrict classified research. Assembly de- cided instead to ask for a report from CRC on the effectiveness of its procedures in enforcing the guidelines, and a report from its Research Policies Committee evaluating the guidelines, with a suggestion that they be altered so that projects with "the clear- ly forseeable purpose" (rather than "the specific purpose") of killing or incapaci- tating people be barred. Meanwhile, at the end of March, an SGC referendum indicated that student senti- ment had changed substantially on the question. In a near-reversal' of the 1968 vote, students voted 4,461-3,069 in favor of barring all classified projects from the from the University, and by an even great- er margin in favor of refusing all con- tracts whose "primary" or "initial" use would be military. In May, CRC reported to Senate Assembly that its procedures were "adequate", and suggested that in the future, the Research Policies Committee conduct "post-award au- dits" of classified projects to see if the na- ture of the work was what CRC had original- ly understood it to be. The June faculty meeting was expected to receive the report of the Research Poli- cies Committee, and to take some action concerning both reports. A f Whatever your photographic needs may be- WE CAN SERVE YOU I p. .Authorized Dealer for most nationally advertised merchandise p Cameras repaired in our own modern repair shop PROMPT PHOTO FINISHING STOP IN AND BROWSE over the most complete stock of photo equipment in the Ann Arbor area! IT'S NOT ONLY TEXTBOOKS YOU NEED WHEN YOU'RE A STUDENT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TRY US FOR " Outside Reading " Paperback of All Kinds * Reference Books : Children's Books " The Latest Fiction and Non-Fiction Titles ALSO STUDENT SUPPLIES BANrD Serving Michigan's Men and WomenEn 1 LVW"C41' |amera Shops SMiCGA 0 I ii I