"Artes, Scientia, Veritas"

Seventieth Year
EDITED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
UNDER AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS
STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG. * ANN ARBOR, MICH. * Phone NO 2-3241

hee Opinions Are Free
Troth will Prevail"

AT HILL AUDITORIUM:
Bach Aria Group
'A Imost Exquisite'
THERE ARE relatively few people who can sit thrbugh two and one
half hours of Bach, and vocal Bach at that. Those who can do-this
had a genuine musical experience last night when the Bach Aria Group
performed little-heard selections from the vasticollection of the Bach
cantatas. It was indeed a treat (and far from a treatment) to listen
to a group of nine performers who each anticipated the other in every
phrase ending, every dynamic change, and every breath.
The ensemble was exquisite with perhaps the exception of the first
number on the program where the piano slightly overshadowed in

Editorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staf writers
cr the editors. This must be noted in all reprints.
)NESDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 1960 NIGHT EDITOR: KENNETH McELDOWNEY

The Sigma Kappa Issue:
Divergent Courses of Action

STUDENT Government Council's meeting to-
night will see the situation regarding Sigma
Kappa and general discriminatory practices
thoroughly complicated.
The Council is faced with a ruling providing
that no organizations recognized since 1949
should discriminate - which most members
seem to feel needs revision, a tabled motion to
consider the guilt or innocence of Sigma Kappa
under the existing regulation, two motions pro-
posing changes in the rule, and a report from
the committee established to consider restric-
tive practices regulations.
Judging by the debate at the last SGC meet-
ing, the members favor several divergent
courses of action. Some seem to believe that the
Council is bound to enforce the regulation as
long as it remains on the books unchanged, and
therefore support consideration of the possible
guilt of Sigma Kappa.
Even among those who share this point of
view, there is disagreement. A few advocate
judging the sorority but not disciplining it,
some would both judge and sentence it (most
likely with a light punishment), and others
would judge it and hope to have changed the
regulation by the time for taking disciplinary
action.
Of course, SGC is not required to take disci-
plinary action against the sorority, but it would
appear rather strange for them to find that it
did not satisfy their own regulation, and then
to refrain from doing anything about this.
And what purpose could it possibly serve to
judge Sigma Kappa under a regulation which
at the same time is being revised? If it were
sure that the revision would only add to the
organizations covered by the ruling, extending
it to all organizations, then Judgement of
Sigma Kappa would be the same under either
the old or the new regulation, and it would
not hurt to have considered the sorority under
the '49 ruling.

HOWEVER, there is a faction on the Council
which does not believe that the solution to
the problem of the '49 ruling is to make it
cover all organizaions instead of only those
recognized after 1949. This group would rewrite
the rule entirely, substituting one of a number
of proposed new regulations for it.
If this faction were to succeed in passing one
of its measures, then the judgement of Sigma
Kappa under the previous regulation would
have served little purpose, for hearing would
have to be hel dagain to determine if the
sorority violated the new ruling.
Therefore, it would seem that the best action
for SGC to take at the point is to refrain from
considering Sigma Kappa until it can consider
what regulations it wants in the field of dis-
criminatory' practices. After it has established
a final ruling in this field would be the time to
hold hearings on not only Sigma Kappa, but
other affected organizations as well.
Considering the motions on the agenda for
tonight proposing changes in the regulation, it
would appear that they have been advanced
early. With the final report of the restrictive
practices committee not even scheduled by this
meeting, these motions are an attempt either
to conclude what the recommendations of this
body will be, or to avoid the usual process of
investigation previous to regulation, or to sub-
stantially influence the recommendations of the
committee.
The proposal to consider Sigma Kappa, not
in relation to the '49 ruling, but in relation
to the Regents' Bylaw on discrimination, would
certainly provide relevant inforfation, no mat-
ter what the new rule of the Council, but it
could easily provide extraneous information
through useless work of investigation.
Thus, SGC's best action would be to refrain
from consideration of Sigma Kappa until they
have considered the '49 ruling, and to consider
this only after their own investigative body
reaches its conclusion.
-ROBERT FARRELL,

spots. However, the instances were
few and only in several places did
the group sound unbalanced.
The personnel comprising this
group are nine of the top artists
in the country. Eileen Farrell and
Jan Peerce are known of course
for their appearances with the
Metropolitan Opera.
MISS FARRELL has one of the
most genuinely brilliant voices of
the century and the expert control
with which she handles sustained
tones and pianissimi were more
than evident in both the aria from
the Wedding Cantata (No. 202),
ind the familiar "Mein Glaubend
Herz" (Cantata No. 68). Jan
Peerce and Norman Farrow both
sounded somewhat "tired" in in-
stances and of the four, Carol
Smith outshined in her diction.
This young lady has a superb
command of register changes as
well as a thoroughly clear, de-
lightful sound in her natural con-
tralto.
The instrumentalists deserve
nothing but the utmost of praise.
Robert Bloom presented some of
the finest oboe playing we will
likely hear for some time to come.
It was a beautiful, singing tone
that few oboists can achieve. Paul
Ulanowsky has been here several
times before. Last night his per-
formance as "continuo" lacked
very little and served to enhance
his reputation as a fine ensemble
pianist.
Julius Baker's flute playing in
the aria from Cantata No. 113
sonded exactly as one would pic-
ture; an infinite silver ribbon
winding through the air.
ALL IN ALL, this concert was
probably the one ofsthe year that
those of you who did not attend
shall regret missing. The group is
an extraordinary combination of
genuine artistry, and as I over-
heard during the performance,
"... there's so much talent in that
twenty square feet."
-Karen McCann

J. M. ROBERTS:
Chinese
'
Border
Dispute'..'
By J. M. ROBERTS
Associated Press News Analyst
PRIME MINISTER Nehru's in-
vitation 'to Chou En-Lai for a
personal discussion of the Chin-
ese-Indian border dispute offers a
test of just how far Peiping is
willing to go in promoting Soviet
Russia's peace offensive.
The question posed is not an
easy one for Chou, who would be
placed in the position of explain-
ing, in India's capital, why Chin-
ese Red troops killed some Indian
policemen, detained others, and
seized Indian territory without
negotiating first.
He had offered to meet Nehru
in Peiping or on neutral territory.
Nehru refused on the public
ground that preliminary negotia-
tions would be required if such a
meeting were to have any hope of
success. In the background, ap-
parently, was the feeling that In-
dia is- the injured party,
NEHRU'S unexpected shift has
subjected him to charges, both at
home and abroad, of backing
water.
He denies that the visit of Ni-
kita Khrushchev of Soviet Russia
influenced him, pointing out that
his letter to Chou was written be-
fore that.
Announcement of the offer to
negotiate, however, coincides with
the announcement in Moscow of a
new presummit peace campaign,
similar to the "Stockholm Appeal'
of the Stalin era, to put the West-
ern Allies under public pressure
for negotiated settlements.

-Daily-James Richiman
"The tapes have been made from the microfilms .. . broadcasts begin at 9:00. Turn on the unit when
you receive the exam ... select your channel ... watch the volume-and bring a spare battery. Don't
clutch ...final briefing at 8:30! Dismissed."
CHEATING AT MICHIGAN:
Part o the. Studeni"tCuture .

TODAY AND TOMORROW
French Nuclear Testing
By WALTER LIPPMANN

EXPLOSION in the Sahara Desert,
which showed that French science and tech-
nology are as good as anyone else's, is notice to
all of us that there is no monopoly and not
much mystery about nuclear weapons. What
France can do today, China will be able to do
tomorrow, not to speak of Germany and Japan.
This would not necessarily mean the end of the
world. But it will certainly mean that as the
test explosions are multiplied, the air will
become polluted, and the consequences to future
generations are horrible to contemplate.
For fourteen months the USSR, the UK, and
the USA have been negotiating a treaty de-
signed to put an end to test explosions. These
negotiations have progressed marvelously, and
they represent something quite new and unex-
pected in the relations between the Soviet
Union and the Western world.
To be sure the three of us, who now have
nuclear weapons, cannot impose our treaty,
even if we reach final agreement, on the rest
of the world. But if we are agreed on a treaty,
we shall set an example, we shall create the
machinery, around which world opinion will
surely rally. There is little reason to doubt that
France, for example, if her rights are respected,
would join in and contribute valuable help in
making the test ban workable.
YET FOR the time being the negotiations are
stalled. The issue arises out of experiments
conducted by the Atomic Energy Commission
in a salt mine in Louisiana. These experiments
showed our experts that relatively small under-
ground explosions cannot be detected by the
existing instruments. They cannot surely be
distinguished from earthquakes. Our difference
with the Soviet Union is over the size of the
underground explosions which can be detected.
Our experts say that the underground explosion
can be nine times as big, and still go unde-
tected, as the Soviet experts say it can be.
The Administration has taken the position
that we will not agree to abandon underground
explosions if our experts say they are too small
to be detected. We propose, therefore, to au-
thorize such small nuclear testing. As it hap-
pens, these authorized explosions would be just
the ones which the Atomic Energy Commission
and the Pentagon regard as desirable in order
to perfect a number of weapons they are work-
ing on. The Soviet position, on the other hand,
c' Ljrjjzu&zr
Editorial Staff
THOMAS TURNER, Editor
PHILIP POWER ROBERT JUNKER
.dti... nirskntr.cityR ditnr

is that all tests must be banned, even those
which cannot be detected.
THE ABSTRACT logic of our position-ban
only what can surely be detected-is perfect
in itself. But there is very good reason to think
that it is unrealistic and that if we hold to it
inflexibly, refusing to work out any one of the
many compromises which are quite conceivable,
it will prove to be quite an unwise position. For
it is based on the assumption that no treaty is
better than an imperfect treaty.
I think this assumption is miscalculated. The
miscalculation is a failure to realize the signifi-
cance of the concessions which have been made
by the Soviet Union to an elaborate worldwide
inspection system, of which a large number of
stations, manned by foreigners, would be on
Soviet territory. In the perspective of Russian,
not to speak of Communist, suspicion and dis-
like of foreigiers, the Soviet concessions prom-
ise a political breakthrough of historic signifi-
cance.
OUR POLICY-MAKERS have not, it seems to
me, taken into account the full consequence
of the Soviet concessions. It is that the Soviet
Union is by way of convincing most of the
world outside this country that it is sincere
about ending nuclear testing. We have been
told by the experts of the Atomic Energy Com-
mission not to worry about fallout. But man-
kind is terrified by it, and the Soviet Union is
buying world support by agreeing to be in-
spected by foreigners in order to end the test-
ing.
The President and his advisors should bear
this in mind when they talk about resuming
our own testing. The President has said that
"we consider ourselves free to resume nuclear
testing" but that we shall not resume it without
announcing our intention to do so.
What does the President think would happen
if he did announce such an intention? There
would be an uproar around the world. Quite
competent and cool observers believe that the
uproar would bring about a special meeting of
the General Assembly of the United Nations to
protest against our action, and that if the
question were put to a vote, we should be lucky
to get ten votes out of eighty.
IN ANY EVENT the damage to our influence
and our prestige would be enormous.
Moreover, and this is the point that the
Administration should not overlook, if the
treaty fails because it is not totally perfect,
the Soviet Union will have won a sweeping
diplomacy victory. The Soviet Union will not
have to admit foreigners to carry out inspection
of her territory. At the same time the United
States will not really be free to continue test-

By JO HARDEE
Daily Contributing Editor
"IN ONE SYSTEM a boy outside
reads the multiple-choice ques-
questions from the board with
field glasses and relays the an-
swers to those near the window
by means of hand signals." Such
an intricate de-. ::e is but one
method of what some fear may
become the new Great American
College Pastime: cheating.
An article by Jerome Ellison in
the January 9 Saturday Evening
Post present.s, with a good -degree
of insight, the problem of academ-
ic dishonesty facing many Ameri-
can universities and colleges.
Philip Jacob in his report on
"Chang;ing Values in College"
finds: "The chinks i the moral
armor of American students are
most obvious in regard to cheat-
ing . . . The practice is so wide-
spread as to challenge the well-
nigh universal claim of students
that they value honesty as a mor-
al virtue. Frequent cheating is ad-
mitted by 40 per cent or more (of
the students) at a large number
of colleges, often with no apology
or sense of wrongdoing.,
The majority of cheating de-
vices are hardly as imaginative as
the field-glasses technique. Any
student who has taken examina-
tions at the University could name
the major methods without diffi-
culty - plagiarism, concealed crib
notes, exchanging answers during
examinations.
RECENTLY, the problem of
academic dishonesty was brought
DAILY
OFFICIAL
BULLETIN
(Continued from Page 2)
'Thle First National Bank or Cicago,
Cicag o. III.ILocttion of work: Chiccg,
Iii. Graduates: June or Au. Nature
of business: banking, Largest non-
bran 'hhiolk in the world. tiin ii
i1 the U.S. andtit outside of New
York and California. Men with a de-
ree in ieonomics for General Bank-
ing positions or Management Train-
n;, Progran, Finance, Investments.
Tues., Feb. ".3:
Nitional Security Agency (NSA)-See
Monlday s itingsU1 -.
Dewey & Alny Chemical Div., Cam-
bi !,e 40, Mass. Location of work:
Cambridge, Mass,.: Acton and Adam,
Mass.; Chicago, Ill.; Montreal; Owens-
boro, Icy.; Sane Leandro, Calif. Gradeu-
tte: June. Mt-n with a degree in Lib-
eral Arts or Business Administration
for Financial Managenent, Production
Mt and Market Development
and Sales
Lincoln National Life Insurance Co.,
Fort wayne, lad. Location of worl
Fort Wayne, Did. Graduates: June.
Nature of busines: Legal reserve lif
insurance. Mena withi adegree in Liber-
al Arts or Bu ines aAdministration or
Mathematics for Administration, Agen-
cy Administration, Agency Sales, Ac-
arlal, Claim, Electronics, Investment,
Planning, Policyholders Service, and
Underwriting. For all positions there
re formal and on-the-job training pro-
gramts. Womena with at degree, or back-
ground or ability in the area or con-
.in.. M .. roz..1101 C afi 1 ~ - .,+

graphically to the attention of
students at this University by the
announcement that three students
had been suspended for cheating
on an examination while one, a
graduating senior, was failed in
the course.
Students noted greater precau-
tions being taken against cheating
in the last final exam period prob-
ably due to a greater conscious-
ness of the problem among the
faculty. A cross-organizational
committee of seniors in the liter-
ary college was recently formed
to consider the question of aca-
demic honesty. This is a reflec-
tion of greater interest among
students in combatting cheating.
Such a concern in a national
magazine, but particularly within
the University, with the problem
leads the student to ask several
probing questions. Is cheating, as
one educator has put it, "part of
the student culture?" Are inci-
dents of cheating increasing? Why
do people cheat? What happens to
them when they do? Is only the
student responsible for intellectual
or academic dishonesty?
According to James A. Robert-
son, Associate Dean of the literary
college, there has been no increase
in cheating over the past few
years, although "it is clear that
academic pressures areincreas-
ing." He questions the percentages
given for cheating in American
colleges (Jacob says 40 per cent
or more students at large universi-
ties cheat) and particularly ques-
tions such a figure at the Univer-
sity,
PROF. AXEL Marin, advisor to
the Honors Council of the engi-
neering college noted that the
percentages of cheating may be
affected by the manner in which
a survey is taken. "Honest an-
swers or bragging answers" to the
question, "Do you cheat?" can be
conditioned by the manner in
which the question is posed.
In the engineering college, Prof.
Marin said, "less than one-tenth
of one per cent" are involved in
cheating.
Neither man, Dean Robertson
or ProfhMarn, "has any illusions"
about the number of cases that
go undetected. Both take the at-
titude that they are more inter-
ested in the man who commits a
dishonest act,- than in ferreting
out all possible instances of cheat-
ing.
The reasons for cheating, ac-
cording to Dr. Jacob, are "over-
emphasis on grade-exam proce-
dures and a widespread student
tradition of tolerance toward the
practice." As a midwestern stu-
dent put it in the Post article on
cheating, "The whole stress is on
getting that degree, not on learn-
ing."
Other commentators view stu-
dents as a reflection of the nation-
al morality. Income tax evasion,
corruption in high places, shady
practices in business cannot avoid
being reflected in students' ac-

they have deserved thus far
study.
* * *

DISCIPLINE for cheating in the
literary college is handled by the
Administrative Board of three
faculty members and three stu-
dents after referral by the in-
structor of the student involved.
Although each case is considered
as a separate entity, one over-all
policy is generally observed.
When a student is clearly guilty
of a dishonest act, repeatedly de-
nies his actions, the Board con-
siders this "cause for separation"
from the University. Students in
this category are nearly always
suspended.
The burden of reporting viola-
tions lies with the faculty in the
literary college. In the engineering
college, which operates under the
honor code, this is a student re-
sponsibility.
"No system will prevent cheat-
ing" is a statement to which ad-
ministrators and faculty in both
colleges would adhere, but one en-
gineering college takes the posi-
tion that better cooperation is ob-
tained from students "when you
tell them you trust them" than, as
in a proctored examination, the
assumption is that you do not.
In addition to citing the nation-
al moral climate and grade-con-
sciousness as causes for dishon-
esty in college, commentators
blame faculty to a large degree
for facilitating cheating. Those
who give the same exams, field re-
port assignments, and paper top-
ics year after year are held re-
sponsible for "aiding and abet-
ting" dishonesty.
THE LITERARY college admin-
istration is "quite concerned with
making the faculty realize its ob-
ligations to refrain from creating
an atmosphere "conducive to
cheating." But, in addition to
"pedagogical laziness on the part
of instructors," variety in assign-
ments and examinations is often
limited by the nature of the ma-
terials to be covered
Exam files which include not
only previously-used quizzes, but
lab reports, essays, and field-trip
analyses are aids to dishonesty.
Refusing to permit a student to
take an exam with 'him is not al-
ways sure control for such abuses.
There is a question more seri-
ous than "who can we blame" -
anyone but oneself will do - the
fraternity with its nicely stocked
exam file, the "tutors" sometimes
engaged by athletes, the faculty
members who repeat the same
sterile assignments, the national
morality. That question is what
does cheating in a university, in
this University, imply about the
individual student and about the
aims of the institution?
HOW SERIOUSLY a student
regards the problem of cheating is
determined by his concept of the
kind-of education he should be re-
ceiving. The attitude that dishon-
esty is bad in the academic realm

by

To The Editor

Diatribe . .
To the Editor:
MR. PETER STUART'S "editor-
ial" in your issue of February
12 are so replete with misinforma-
tion as to constitute a disgrace in
a student newspaper of the gener-
al quality of The Michigan Daily.
His discussion of "Sales Tax vs.
Income Tax" contains assertions
that are entirely without basis in
fact and reads like a diatribe em-
anating from any of a number of
well-known special-interest sup-
ported propaganda mills.
No one has in fact demonstrat-
ed that any industries have moved
from Michigan because of "the
state's recent financial plight."
There is no evidence that there
has been an outward migration of
industry; Mr. Stuart is spouting
nonsense in his assertion that
higher taxes, in the form of an
income tax, would "spark another
such migration."
* * *
PERHAPS the most ludicrous
statement of all is the one that
claims that "the poor, the aged,
the unemployed . ." etc. would
pay "little sales tax" but would
pay income tax.
It is, it seems to us, a great pity
that a student at this University,
with its fine libraries stocking a
wealth of materials on the sub-
ject of Mr. Stuart's diatribe and
its offering of courses in econom-
ics, government, and public and
business administration, should
have written an editorial based
solely upon ignorance and preju-
dice rather than on thoughtful
research.
-Harvey E. Brazer
-Wolfgang F. Stolper
Department of Economics
A Little Logic . .
To the Editor:
"ARITHMETIC is an interesting
subject." Mr. P. S. might find
a little logic helpful, too. Appar-
ently this talented arithmetician
believes that the same man who
wouldn't run General Motors for
$50,000 would, using his ratios, be
very happy with the job if he
netted the $53,000.00 he would get
without the state income tax of
eight per cent. I am assuming that
even Napoleon would realize that
the Federal tax is already in effect
and would be weighed in any deci-
sion to accept the position at

thor" is a freshman engineer,
whose high school activities were
"both mental and physical."
A notable property of this work
is that each of its sentences was
lifted from an article entitled
"Nocolas Bourbaki" by professor
Paul Halmos of the University of
Chicago which appeared in the
May, 1957 issue of "Scientific
American." (With some slight al-"
terations of the type made by high
school students who are employing
the aid of the Encyclopedia Bri-
tannica.)
* *
IN ADDITION, two illustrations
were copied, probably by coinci-
dence, from the same article, in
the cozy company of their cap-
tions. Needless to say, the editors:
and the -"author" neglected to
make any reference to the article
by Halmos, whose activities seem
to be more mental. I wonder what
sort of "practical experience" the
"author" acquired last summer
while "working in the office of an
engineering firm." and I also won-
der if this is representative of a
general practice of the "Michigan
Technic."
-Darryl Katz, '60
Smug .y.
To the Editor:
AS A" CASE in point why The
Daily movie review column is
tread as an extension of Ann
Landers, to be taken as much to
heart, we have the remarkably
smug review of Marc Alan Zago-
ren (Feb. 10).
It's kind of wonderful, and by
that I mean full of wonder, how
anyone could possess the requisite
amount of self-esteem to evaluate
another person - Susan Kohner,
whom we are told is a "extraor-
dinarily ugly heroine-or a pro-
fessional production in the terms
which this reviewer brings from
his vault of near-slander.
If, in fact, Mr. Zagoren did ful-
fill his journalistic mission by fol-
lowing up his perusal of the bill-
board outside the theatre, surely
he could have commented on the
sloppy sentimental appeal this type
of story can have, instead of
merely hurling indiscriminate in-
sults. Why not also ring in the
poor deluded people whom I heard
sniffing and clearing their throats
at various times during the course
of our reviewer's "stunning disas-
ter." They might also be good for