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en Oplnions Are Free
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STUDENT GOVERNMENT:
Comin of Age
Atthe University
By JEAN SPENCER
Daily Staff Writer
STUDENT GOVERNMENT in its present form at the University is a
combination of two forces in the broad area of student concerns:
an organized student voice, and a University-sanctioned authority.
The formerly separate groups representing these forces which
merged to form Student Government Council early in 1955 were the
University Senate Committee on Student Affairs, which had authority
over non-athletic student activities, and the, Student Legislature, or-
ganized to represent and express student opinion but not recognized by

litorials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers
or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints.

Y, MARCH 16, 1960

NIGHT EDITOR: THOMAS HAYDEN

CA
WAX

Mass Education Theory
Could Have Appalling Results


A sweeping solution of the complex and diffi-
cult problems of American high school
education was proposed by Prof. J. Lloyd
Trump of the University of Illinois at a con-
ference here some time ago.
His plan is based on a college type program,
with large lectures, a great deal of independent
student research, and some small class discus-
sions. It is presented, in a little booklet pub-
lished by his backers (the Ford Foundation)
as a package designed to appeal to the Ameri-
can taxpayer both as an important improve-
ment in American secondary school education
and as an economical proposal.
BUT ATTRACTIVE as Prof. Trump's plan
seems to be, it raises several questions for
those who are more interested in education
than in tax reduction.
First of all, what kind of education does the
Trump-trained person get? It would seem to
be a strange type, on one side tending toward
complete isolation, and on the other a kind of
mass production of culture. Both of these are
educationally appalling.
The student in a Trump plan school spends
nearly all of his day alone, either in the isola-
tion of his personal "quest space," an elabor-
ately outfitted cubicle where he is left alone
with his books, his TV receiver and other
assorted aids; or he sits in the isolation of the
mass lecture hail, where he sits in unquestion-
ing silence (since there is no real chance for
questions) getting knowledge in massive doses
together with three or four hundred of his
fellows. Only 20 per cent of the student's time
is spent in small group discussion, led by part-
time discussion leaders, "usually college grad-
uates," on the Trump theory that discussion
periods take less teacher preparation-and ap-
parently provide less education--than the large
lecture.
THSSYSTEM virtually eliminates any pos-
sibility for intellectual interaction among
the students, and forces secondary education
into a mould which is all too near the current
"communication" trends in America. Canned
knowledge sounds like a canned advertisement.
And the student who is trained early to accept
facts and theories from a lecturer as true a
priori is likely to accept the information pre-
sented by the mass communications people as
equally valid.
America seems to already be developing a
passive mind, a mind which sits back and takes
in life in an appallingly inactive manner. The
prospect of the child who comes home from a
day in his mass lecture school where he has
been virtually alone all day, eats dinner, and
then spends the rest of his evening propped up
in front of a television set which spouts fan-
tasy and advertisement in much the same
manner as his schoolteachers, is one of near
human automation.
IPE KIND of adult that such a system would
produce would be a malleable, severely edu-
cationally handicapped person.
He will not have learned to think in an inter-
personal situation. He will have spent his edu-
cational years accepting, without discussion,
and probably without question, masses of in-

formation on numerous subjects. There is much
that can be learned from writing themes based
on source material; but it is near useless when
the facts and opinions are given out near
absolutes, to be ingested and put together.
Such a system is not the answer to American
educational needs. Today more teachers, who
will inspire in students the kind of thinking
that will search out new facts, develop new
theories and actively create new science and
new art. A good teacher in the crucial high
school years can bring out creativity in a
student as no other person can or will be able
to for the rest of his life.
THESE disadvantages so apparent in
the Trump plan, one asks what makes an
educator suggest such a plan and ones like it?
There seems to be two considerations in-
volved: economy and the research basis for the
suggestion of the plan, objective achievement
tests.
These tests have been gaining power rapidly
in the past few years. Their advantages are
apparent: they provide an efficient, quick and
economical means of measuring a student's
grasp of factual material. The dangers of these
tests are a little less apparent. The primary
problem is that they test only a fragment of
one's real understanding. Any student with a
good memory can do well on an achievement
test. But memory is not creativity, which de-
pends on a communication far more delicate
than fact-filled lectures.
Prof. Trump has taken the acknowledged
fact that a student canmake the same scores
on achievement tests in a class of 300 as he
does in a class of thirty, and has used it as a
reason for reducing the number of highly
trained teachers to about ten for every 400
students.
IT WOULD BE ridiculous to say that Prof.
Trump deliberately intends to sacrifice edu-
cation to his hopes for economy. But his
dependence on achievement test scores is
rather frightening in an educator.
Prof. Trump presents a very attractive pack-
age, as do most mass manipulators. But he
presents it, in the words of Prof. Charles
Lehmann, "as a bill of goods to be sold rather
than an experiment to be tried." There are too
many educators like Prof. Trump today, with
handy-dandy educational plans which will
save the taxpayer money and improve edu-
cation.
They overlook two basic things. First, it
always costs more to improve education-a
comparative study of school system costs shows
that quite clearly. Second, their main basis for
research, the objective achievement test, is
valid academically, but invalid educationally.
Education requires some kind of inter-personal
relationship, and this must always be remem-
bered by reformers of the American school
system.
The road to educational hell is doubtless
paved with the good intentions of men like
Prof. Trump, who, apparently in love with the
efficiency and the neat results of mass testing,
grow to depend on them to the detriment of
education.

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WE I

DISARMAMENT MYTH:.
The Problems of World Peace

--FAITH WEINSTEIN

INTERPRETING THE NEWS:
Peiping and Moscow

By J. M. ROBERTS
Associated Press News Analyst
EVEN IF RED CHINA is inclined to go along
with Nikita Khrushchev's desire for a
period of lessened world tensions there is a
question whether her internal situation will
permit it.
Peiping has been suspected on numerous oc-
casions of creating international disturbances
in an attempt to rally the people to endure
their domestic hardships.
There have been enough reports of ration
cuts in the communes, drought, food riots and
attacks on government granaries to indicate
these hardships are growing.
BEFORE CHOU EN-LAI agreed to go to New
Delhi for negotiations over the Indian bor-
der dispute there was speculation Peiping would
Editorial Staff
TRO0MAS TURNER. Editor
PHILIP POWER ROBERT JUNKER
Editorial Director City Editor
CHARLES KOZOLL .............. Personnel Director
JOAN KAATZ ........................Magazine Editor
fJM BENAGH................... . sports Editor
PETER DAWON."........Associate City Editor
BARTON HUTHWAITE .. Associate Editorial Director
J0 HARDEE .......................Contributing Editor

create some new disturbance abroad. But that
decision was taken as a sign of renewed ad-
herence to the Moscow line after a year in
which Khrushchev's influence appeared to be
waning.
The United States State Department has
been wary of the theory advanced by many
observers that there was a serious cleavage in
the Moscow-Peiping axis.
J. Graham Parsons, Assistant Secretary of
State for Far Eastern Affairs, said last month
he saw no signs of a serious rift despite some
differences over tactics. He rejected the idea
that the United States might be able to play
on these differences.
HE DID SAY, however, that there was wide-
spread popular resentment against govern-
ment-enforced regimenation and "speed-up" in
the agricultural emergency and industrializa-
tion program.
If this resentment should spread to the
armed forces, he said, a possibility of violent
destruction of the regime would develop.
Incidental to this thought, Red China main-
tains a very large army, idle except for police
duties, a dangerous thing in a country where
the men are prone to consider military service
a battle-to-battle affair and where desertions
were wholesale even during war.
This is not intended to suggest that the
time for counterrevolution is ripe or that
Chiang Kai-Shek's hope for a mainland inva-
sion in the foreseeable future is more than


By JAMES SEDER
Daily Staff Writer
EVALUATION of the recent
movie "On the Beach" in
terms of "it's a good movie" or
"it's a bad movie" tend to obscure
the basic importance of the film.
The movie's chief significance
(perhaps its only significance) is
that it dramatically calls atten-
tion to a vital problem. The prob-
lem that nuclear war and the re-
sultant radiation fall-out may
make the planet uninhabitable.
The chief symbol of the movie
is a Salvation Army banner say-
ing "There is still time, brother."
This in itself is fine. Everybody
hopes that there is time and that
something can be done. The only
problem is what can we do with
this time.
It is on this point that the
movie fails miserably. It focuses
its main attention on dramatizing
the horror of radiation fall-out,
but it tries to slip in a conclusion
without presenting arguments to
justify this conclusion. This is
doubly unfortunate because the
conclusion which the movie reach-
es resembles the rantings of Nobel
Prize-winning chemist Linus Paul-
ing.
This position (which, incident-
ly. in "On the Beach" is uttered
by a Pauling-like brilliant, but
disillusioned scientist) is that the
scientist should see that his bril-
liant work is inevitably leading to
world destruction and he should
use his position to stop the mad-
ness.
Failing this, there is the impli-
cation, the scientist should simply
refuse to produce the weapons.
IT IS certainly legitimate for
an individual scientist, as an indi-
vidual, to publically oppose the
armament race and to refuse to
participate in it. This is analogous
to a conscientious objector refus-
ing to serve in the armed services
or picketing against the draft.
But T. S. Eliot once pointed out
that there is a great danger that
a man might misuse in one field
the prestige that he has justly
acquired in another field.
This is exactly what Pauling
and the scientist in "On the
Beach try to do. The fact that one
has helped build a weapons system
does not convey any automatically
valid insight into the question of
what should be done with that
weapon system.
And if one is looking for advice
or leadership, one should go to
someone who has had experience
in dealing with the political, dip-
lomatic and moral problems in-
volved rather than one whose ex-
perience is in a totally unrelated
area.
Once the argument for disarm-
ament is striped of the I-worked-
on - the - bomb - and - I - ought -
to - know type of prestige, much
of the dramatic force of the argu-
ment is lost and the argument
can be analysed in rational terms.
* * *
IT IS clear that nuclear tests

Letters to the Editor must be signed and limited to 300 words. The Daily
reserves the right to edit or withhold any letter.

assumption ignores two factors.
Every nation capable of devel-
oping building complex weapon
systems are capable of developing
a panic-proof system for initiat-
ing a nuclear attack. The argu-
ment that "some stupid or drunk
sky-watcher will suddenly see an
unidentified aircraft, sound the
alarm and then some general will
decide that there isn't time to
check and so he will send off our
missiles" is absurd. Even a gen-
eral can realize that an enemy is
not going to fight a nuclear war
with one plane. An isolated un-
identified plane will not start a
world war. An attacking nation
would send off sufficient missiles
or bombers so that their inten-
tions would be obvious.
It is true, however that there is
danger of an irrational attack.
In fact, this danger is fearful.
But the dangers of an irrational
man in a position of power are
nearly as great even if he had no
nuclear weapons he came to
power.

Another Hitler would build the
weapons himself.
* *.*
ESSENTIALLY, the cry for dis-
armament is scape-goating. Dis-
armament seems to be something
tangible, clear-cut and significant
that can be done to alleviate a
very real danger. It's comforting
to do something, so let's disarm.
Unfortunately, the problem of
peace is not that simple. First a
mechanism for solving the world's
disputes in non-violent fashion
must be devised. Then the nations
of the world must be induced to
agree to use this process and re-
nounce violent solutions. Finally,
there. is. frighteningly complex
problem of irrationality: occasion-
ally a man arises who cannot or
will not act rationally.
How can he be handled?
These problems must be solved
before we can be assured of peace.
The disarm-and-you-will-be-
saved approach is far more simple
and comfortable, but it may prove
to be fatally self-deceptive.

Seems to Mea...
To the Editor:
IT SEEMS to me
That SGC
Is run by a bunch of hams
For a lot of don't-give-a-damns
Who would rightly rather
drink their beer
Without being bent at the ear
By an SGC catharsis.
Not to show discrimination
Which would lead to alienation
By a high-blown ultimatum
overruled.
I extend to Quadie states
With their scores of sophomore
presidents
(And an occasional polyannic
freshman)
'Cause there are few residents
That foolish past two years.
AND for the Greeks
Who seem to do the best of all,
Word has it
one would rather clasp a mug
And pitch some woo
Than with a gavel hug
And pitch some (but should I use
than infantile expression).
But this all points to the true
demand
For less a fuss
From most of us
Who really don't give a
good damn.
-.-Pete Sturgeon, '62
Conspiracy . .
To the Editor:
A S THE SGC election nears, fra-

lack. The Klan is exclusive because
it enforces barriers, unlike the
frats which enforce barriers be-
cause they are exclusive.
Rev. Luchs, in his fraternity let-
ter, neglected the point that man
Friday was a Negro, and had
Robinson Crusoe been a frat man,
he wouldn't have associated with
Friday at all.
-Robert Bailey, '61
Thin ...
To the Editor:
YOU WERE quite incoherent
again, Rev. Luchs. Just what
do you mean?
For instance: '"I have just seen
the refutations of my fraternity
article. Some are excellent, some
remind me of my sermons-irrele-
vant and thin. With the rise and
popularity of socialism and totali-
tarianism maybe fraternities are
doomed. But I'd like to see them
continue with all their faults."
If you do not consider this re-
quest too irrelevant and thin, just
what do you mean?
-J. Amato, '604
Misjudged,
To The Editor:
N REGARD to the discriminat-
ing remark on the front page
of yesterday's Daily:
Although I will admit that the
title, "ex-officio member of the
Board in Control of Student Pub-
lications" does not exist in my
case, the term was definitely not
misleanznvIn essence.ltherepare

Hatcher to review the composition
of the Student Affairs Committee
produced a plan for a student gov-
erning body which was modified
into the first.SGC plan.
THE COMMITTEE'S report said
in part, "After preliminary studies,
it became apparent to the commit-
tee that the Student Affairs Com-
mittee was part of the larger prob-
lem of student government, and
that many of the functions then
performed by the Student Affairs
Committee could well be handled
by students."
For the first time, the Regents
granted recognition to a student
governing group. SGC was dele-
gated direct authority over student
organizations - including the
power to grant them recognition.
Presumably, expressions of stu-
dent opinion presented to admin-
istration and faculty by the Coun-
cil would carry more weight than
those by Student Legislature, since
SGC had won the basic support
of the Regents' recognition.
But with increased power and
official status, limitations on stu-
dent government were noted. SGC
had responsibility only in areas of
purely student concern, Daily staff
writer Jim Dygert asserted. In
issues involving both the student
and the University, it was just as
impotent as SL had been.
Dygert also warned that the
jurisdictionaltauthority of SW
was subject to review, and that
the "annoyance capabilities" of
the group were curtailed by its
new status as a regental agent
under University control.
IN CONCLUSION, Dygert em-
phasized that student n'embership
of high caliber could make SGC
an effective governing instrument
"despite its structure."
After the SGC vote to withdraw
recognition from Sigma Kappa
sorority and the reversal of this
decision by the Board in Review,
the Regents set up a Clarification
Committee to study the SGC plan
and recommend changes.
It appears that the sorority was
unfortunately caught up in a
struggle of titans which would in
the end have proved inevitable.
Members of the Board of Re-
gents expressed opinions that SGC
"could not have acted any other
way" in the matter. The Univer-
sity Senate supported the SGC
decision in a statement following
the reversal.
The Bylaw opposing discimina-
tion which came out of the same
Regents' meeting at which the
revised SGC plan was approved
tacitly upheld the policy which
had motivated the SGC decision,
it was said.
* * *
REGENTAL action to estab-
lishing the Clarification Commit-
tee seemed to imply an intention
that the University should never
again place itself in a position so
open to criticism for interfering
in a jurisdictional area it had
delegated to students.
The Board in Review's com-
plaint was on procedural grounds
- ostensibly because SGC had
failed to agree with administrative
policy in its consideration of Sig-
ma Kappa's status.
However, the significant addi-
tion of "unreasonable action" as
a basis for review under the re-
vised plan suggests that this was
the actual basis for review in the
Sigma Kappa case.
Significantly, the phrase, "in
accordance with administrative
policy," was deleted from the plan
in the revised form.
The major change in the plan
Is that SGC actions are now sub-
ject to review by a seven-member
Committee on Referral, weighted
in favor neither of administrators
or students - faculty has a one-
vote edge.
Members are appointed to this
committee rather than serving on
it by virtue of administrative or

SGC positions, resulting in an "im-
partial board which is not directly
involved," as Regent Eugene B.
Power phrased it.
* * *
THUS SGC's new tie with Uni-
versity supervision is impartial in
at least its theoretical structure;
the new review board has yet to
function.
In one sense, the Sigma Kappa
decision and its aftermath can be
viewed as a "rite of passage" - in
approving the revised plan, the
Regents have implicitly affirmed
the coming of age of student gov-
ernment at the University.
In its present form, SGC has
more independent jurisdiction and
a wider area of responsibility--on
paper--than it has ever had. Its
expansion can be interpreted as a
direct result of the Sigma Kappa

tee appointed by President Harlan
DAILY
OFFICIAL
BULLETIN
The Daily Official Bulletin Is an
official publication of The Univer-
sity of Michigan for which The
Michigan Daily assumes no .ed-
torial responsibility. Notices should
be sent in TYPEWRITTEN form to
Room 3519 Administration Build-
ing, before 2 p.m. the day preceding
publication, Notices for Sunday
Daily due at 2:00 p.m. Friday.
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 16, 19ff
VOL. LXX, NO 124
General Notices
University of Michigan Graduate
Screening Examinations in French and
German: All graduate students desir-
ing to fulfill their foreign language re-
quirement by passing the written e-
amination given by Prof., Lewis (for-
merly given by Prof. Hootins), must
first pass an objective screening exam-
ination. The objective examination
will be given four times each semester
(i.e., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec., Feb., March,
April, and May) once during the Sum-
mer Session, in July. Students who
fail the objective examination may re-
peat it but not at consecutive admin-
istrations of the test (e.g., Sept. and
Oct.) except when the two administra
tions are separated by more than 3S
days. (e.g., Dec. and Feb.)
The next administration of the ob-
jective examinations in French and
German will be on Thurs., March 17 in
Aud. C, Angell Hall at 7:00 to 9:00 p.m.
Within 48 hours after the examination
the names of students who have passed
will be posted on the bulletin board
outside the office of prof. Lewis, the
Examiner in Foreign Language,, Rm,
3028 Rackhaxn Bldg.
Students desiring to fulfill the Grad-
uate School's requirement in French
and German are alerted to an alternate
path. A grade of B or better in French
12 and German 12 will satisfy the for-
eign language requirement. A grade of
B or better in French 11 and German
11 is the equivalent of having passed
the objective screening examination.
Research Club, monthly meeting:
Wed., March 16 at 8 p.m., Rakham
Amphitheater. (Council: 7:15). Papers:
Prof. Oleg rabar. "Origin of the Is-
lamic Mausoleum." Prof. Phlipp Ger-
hardt, "Inside of Germs."
Tomorrow at 4:10 p.m. the Depart-
ment of Speech will present Christopher
Fry's "A Phoenix Too Frequent" in
Trueblood Aud., Frieze Building. No ad-
mission will be charged.
Burton Holmes Travelogue: Robert
Mallett will narrate the film "Italy-
Roundabout Rome" on Thurs., March
17 at 8:30 pm. in Hill Ad.
Physical Education--Women-Wom-
en students who have not completed
the physical education requirement may
register for the spring season according
to the following alphabetical groupings:
Wed., March 16, 4:45-6:15 p.m. A-Co
and H-La.
Fri., March 18, 4:45-6:15 p.m. p-G
and P-St.
Mon., March 21, 4:45-6:15 p.m. Lb-O
Iand Su-Z.
Registration will be held on the main
floor of Barbour Gym. Students should
bring their I.D. cards, a copy of their
schedules and a pen or pencil.
Recitals
Student Recital: Carolyn Henderso
will present a piano recital in Rack-
ham Assembly Hall on Wed., March 16,
at 8:30 p.m.. in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree Mas-
ter of Music (Pano). She will play
compositions by Schubert, Bach, and
Bartok, and the recital will be open to
the general public,
Lectures
Lecture: John H. Murphy' manager
of Product Planning and Coordination
Dept. of Stran-Steel Corp., will speak
on the role and importance of "Prod-
uct Planning and Coordination," in
company operations. 7:30 p.m., Wed.,
March 16, Rm. 131, Bus. Ad.
Prof. C. Lanezos of the Dublin Insti-
tute for Advanced Studies, will speak
on "A Universal Approach to Linear
Boundary Value Problems," Wed.,
March 16 at 4:00 p.m. in Rm. 246 W.
Engrg. Refreshments will be served at
3:30 pm. in Rm. 274W. Engrg.
Lecture: Herman Zanstra, Visiting
Prof. of Astronomy will speak on "The
Philosophical Foundations of Knowl-
edge." Wed., March 16 at 4 p., in
Rm. 33, Angell Hall.

Lecture: Dr. Vernon Ingram, Prof. of
Biology at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, will speak on "The Genetic
Control of Protein Specificity" on
Thurs., March 17 at 4 p.m., Third Level
Amphitheater, Med. Sc. Bldg.
Lecture: Prof. Harry G. Johnson, Uni-
versity of Chicago, will speak on "The
Political Economy of Opulence" on
Thurs., March 17 at 8 p.m., Rackham
Amphitheater.
Prof. Howard Emmons, of Harvard
University, will speak at a combined
seminar with Aeronautical Engineering
and Engineering Mechanics on "'Nigh
Temperature Gas Dynamics," Thurs.,
March 17, at 4:00 p.m. in Room 311 West
Engineering. Refreshments will beo
served in the Faculty Lounge, 214 We"
Engineering, at 3:30 p.m.
Lecture by Prof. Martin Malia of the
University of California, Berkeley, on
"The Origins of the Russian Intelli-
gentsia" on Thurs., 17 March at 4:10
p.m. in Aud. 8.
Academic Notices


I