Seventieth Year EDITED AND MANAGED BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UNDER AUTHORITY OF BOARD IN CONTROL OF STUDENT PUBLICATIONS STUDENT PUBLICATIONS BLDG. * ANN ARBOR, MICH. * Phone NO 2-3241 Photography As an Art orm Opinions Are Free tth Will Prevail" torials printed in The Michigan Daily express the individual opinions of staff writers or the editors. This must be noted in all reprints. Y. PEBRUARY 21. 1960 NIGHT EDITOR: CAROL LEVENTEN ilk iiYiVifa vaY w w Cheating al Morals amG s PRAGMATIC as the notion may be, those who are concerned with the problem of eating must accept the idea that no amount crusading will immediately alter the moral bric of those who cheat. What serious and oughtful people must do is work toward .minating those factors conducive to cheating. Blatantly obvious is the contribution of re- ated exam questions to academic dishonesty. . addition to implying a great deal of stagna- in in the course material and laziness in aching methods, exams which are repeated rbatim or in slightly-ever so slightly-al- red form make cheating highly tempting and ghly simple. Exam files may well be, as one administrator id, "an unexcusable academic device," but .eir value to the weak or the malicious cheat- is greatly minimized if professors do not re- mt assignments. The problem of such courses sQeology 12 is clear. Field reports must obvi- isly be made on the same geographic area ar after year. But why, many students ask, ust Thoreau's "Walden" be the perennial sub- et for English 23 papers? N INTERESTING corollary to the repeated assignment as an aid to cheating is the uestion, "Are certain courses more conducive academic dishonesty than others?" In short, e the so-called "snap" courses invitations to tellectual dishonesty and to cheating? Widest reports of cheating appear to come om such courses which, curiously enough, are e same ones most frequently cited for re- lated exams and paper topics. It could well be that a course having pitifully w standards of academic performance causes aditional attitude of disrespect that makes ieating easy to rationalize. Since the instruc- r demands so little of the student intellec- ially, why should he demand much ethically? Lach courses should be reexamined by the culty, at the request of students, to see if zere is any place in the University for this xality of instruction. NOTHER WIDELY recognized inducement to cheating is the emphasis on grades as rntrasted with concentration on the indi- .dual's mastery of information and evaluation f concepts. A false standard of student evaluation may ltimately be the cause of cheating. But, like he question of moral change, this problem mnot immediately be attacked by the Uni- ersity. It will take long and thorough study. Nor should an alteration in the grading sys- em be viewed solely in the light of eliminating heating; the justifIcation for dropping or hanging the grade system should be ap- roached from the viewpoint of its positive mtributions to the educational process. Michigan. I Methods MORE DIFFICULT is the question of the exam climate as a contributor to cheating. Does the assumption, implicit in the proctor system, that the student-if provided with the opportunity-is going to cheat make rationali- zation of such action easier? Can the student more readily say, "If I have the name, why not play the game?" In the engineering college administrators say cooperation is better when assumption that the student is essentially honest is adopted. The percentage of discipline for cheating offi- cially noted is 1/10 of 1 per cent. Student re- ports are widely divergent. A senior may say he has never seen cheating while a sophomore reports watching old exams being passed up and down the rows during the last final exam period. Student Government Council debated - a recommendation for an honor system in the literary college for over anyear andfinally de- feated it, primarily on grounds of ineffective- ness of operation. Law School recently rejected such a system. When a preparatory school for a profession that depends on ethics for its livli- hood prefers the proctor method, one may well question its advisability as a panacea for cheat- ing. Honor systems, like the grade question, must be considered primarily for their positive bene- fits, not from their efficacy at combatting the problem of cheating. But those interested in the effects of "the climate of trust" on the rate of cheating might well investikate this area. DISHONESTY OR ITS opposite is a lonely thing. The consequences for either course of action ultimately effect only the individual. Excuses can be made-emphasis on grades, the national morality, the climate of mistrust-but they only serve as rationalization to the in- dividual for the conscious choice of dishonesty. Those who are concerned with academic dishonesty-and this should mean students as much as faculty-must approach it from two points of view: eliminating cheating because it gives unearned advantage over the honest student (a problem of equity); and helping the person who is caught cheating to under- stand its implications to himself and to the educational community. Although the latter category is educationally the most important, it is the one about which the institution can do the least. To deal with the first category, students and faculty must take a long, hard look at the classroom and the college to eliminate that which is conducive to cheating, that which makes it easier for the individual to be weak or lazy or habitually dishonest. --JO HARDEE Contributing Editor --PHILIP POWER Editorial Director The Camera, An Eye Of Art? W IXEN THE METAL sculpture "Bird in Flight," by Brancusi, was brought into the United States, Customs authorities were faced with the dubious task of classifying it as a work of art (duty free) or just a piece of metal at market value. And so it is with the sculptor as well as the photog- rapher that aesthetic embarrass- ments are suffered when rigid traditional art criteria are im- posed upon a revolutionary form. Photographers have generally exposed themselves to an unfavor- able comparison with painters by explicitly or implicitly accepting the established notions of what shall be art as developed by and for the painter. In fact it is still common to see photographic works technically contrived to im- itate the brush stroke and the color separations of a painting. "Painting is painting and pho- tography is photography," grand old master Edward Steichen ad- vised a young photographer re- cently. At the end of a four-hour interview with Steichen, Cuartor of Photography at the Museum of Modern Art, this pronounce- ment stood out as the insightful summary of the session. . . NOT ONLY must we recognize photography as an artistic instu- mentality with its own possibilities and limitations, but also realize that it forces the adoption of a unique expansion of artistic judg- ment and criteria; that is, if we wish to admit photography to our art culture at all. Many photographers do not claim an art product to be their objective. This is frequently true of the commercial photographers, photo-journalists, and documen- tarians. Oddly enough, this attitude may be detected even in a few photog- raphers who "shoot" with a poetic eye. Here the original interaction with the subject - mediated in part by the camera-and the final photographic statement combine to yield an existential eperience justifying itself quite apart from the subsequent judgments or clas- sifications by others. "THE FAMILY OF MAN" ex- hibit of photography, compiled by Edward Steichen and Wayne Mil- ler at the Museum of Modern Art in 1955, was a 'superb example of an awakening realization that photography shows need not con- form to the traditional "Salon Photography" format in which all prints are mounted on a standard size board at prescribed eye-level. Salon Photography exhibits, un- iformly staged by camera clubs throughout the world, maintain "rules" for excellence. Quality is quantified as a sum of points earned by each print. Adherence to a familiar composi- tional structure, for example, earns a relatively standardized number of points while a violation of the recognized compositions receive fewer points, or none at all. The prints of "The Family of Man" varied from magazine size to wall murals. Theirplacements was a work of tasteful and exciting design. PERHAPS the most important elements of control in photography is selection. Aside from equipment and materials the photographer must select his subject matter and . . . . . . . . . . t This picture, taken by Fred Thompson, attempts to portray human nature through juxtaposition of motifs. It is a part of the photographic exhibition now being held at Lane Hall. --- - o AT THE. MOVIES By TOM BRIAN THE LACK OF imagination displayed by the large number of stu- dents who have nothing better to do on a weekend than go to a movie appalls me no less than the same lack demonstrated by the French director, Louis Malle. Exploring sex and love in the movies is always tricky, but rather than degenerating into the usual sop, "The Lovers" becomes quite laughable. The movie currently at the Campus Theatre begins with a rather usual situation, provincial hubby bores provincial wifey. So after a few feeble last attempts to salvage her'marriage, she forays in Paris for love and reassurance. DURING A MIDNIGHT STROLL-in her sheerest lingerie-wife meets arcaeologist, who turns out to be a poet and a gamekeeper on the side. They traipse about fields and meadows, rivers and streams, mill-ponds and water falls. Soon, Jean-Marc Bory has had enough traipsing and he steers Madame down to a rowboat complete with padded gunwhales. The acting is no worse than the directing. The dialogue is quite amusing. At the height of intimacy, as they walk away from their rowboat of bliss, she turns to him, and he says, "Yes . . . I know." A few seconds later, he turns to her and she says, "Yes .. I know." For potential viewers, if you thought Chatterly was a thrill, you'll get the same fare here. PEYTON PLACE thinly disguised as another New. England town, East Dereham, euthanasia and adultery, are the main ingredients which spice up the Michigan Theatre's offering, "The Bramble Bush."° Judging from the first night's crowd, the film was a rousing suc- cess-but as a creative work of either cinematography or acting, it was not. The plot is more than vaguely familiar, an'd the actors do nothing to rise above their stereotyped roles. The essentials are: a young doctor (Richard Burton) returns to his hometown to minister to his best friend, who is dying of an incurable and painful disease. During his (Burton's) prolonged absence from home, his old childhood friend has been to Europe to write the great American novel and met another American in Paris (an artist) and wed her: Thus he returns to New England happy and incurably ill. From this improbable point, the film winds into the plot a dipso- maniac who has some mysterious relationship to Burton's past, a young nurse in the village hospital who is in love with Burton but can't make him notice her and so releases her frustrations with a town lawyer (Jack Carson), who in turn is out for the post of District Attorney and gets his chance to score on the town's prosecuting attorney, his opponent in the election, by conducting a sensational trial at the end of the movie, the trial being caused by Burton's mercy killing of his friend. It's all more complicated because his friend's wife (Barbara Rush) is carry- ing Burton's child, and is constantly in a tearful state, due to such things as almost-attempted abortion, guilt feelings, et al. If you enjoyed "Young Dr. Malone," you'll enjoy this. -Selma Sawaya Rushing Can BeFun WHY SHOULD RUSH - a comparatively harmless sociological phenomenon-elicits such a storm of propaganda? To rush or not to rush shouldn't be an issue. And the worst time to work out a philosophical ground for or against affiliation is during rush; all debate should have been throttled out be- fore hand. Why all this trauma? However one feels about the great Affilia- tion Concept, rush can be fun-assuming, that is, that the rushee is sound of heart and limb. She meets all sorts of girls and glimpses a living unit which represents a compromise between the bare practicality of the dorm and the un- adulterated "gracious living" of one's own F ELINGS ARE NMIXED as to the nature and value of the social contact rush provides. On the whole, rushees and affiliates are probably equally "genuine' in their approach to the situation. I don't think anybody expects rush to be a representative slice of life situations. The mild strain of rush parties is a popular topic of con- versation on which sorority girl and rushee can share a tolerant grin and shake of the head. The disappointment a girl feels when a house drops her is both unavoidable and deplorable. To a large degree it arises from the embarrass- ment of having been tried and found wanting on a purely social scale. But unless her values were misplaced to begin with, a girl could hardly reap lasting damage from this experi- ence. If not being pledged ever ruined a girl's life, she was in trouble long before she rushed. T HE RELATIONSHIP between affiliates and independents, and between one sorority and another, is in general friendly and cooperative on this campus. After all, only a fraction of the coed population can be accommodated in the affiliate system. Somewhere, an arbitrary line must be drawn, and rush accomplishes this. I think rush opens more doors than it closes. Rush, after all, is just a bowl of cherries- don't take it serious, it's too mysterious. -JEAN SPENCER This picture is a study of nature through a portrayal of the interrelationships of its forms. It was taken by William Maud. its specific delineation with a view- finder or ground glass. Whether the photographer has almost complete control of the arrangement, as in a still-life, or little control, as with most "can- did" photos, he selects the moment of exposure. Later he selects the desired negatives, selects a crop- ping, or portion of the original, and finally selects what prints will be shown, One good print can be an acci- dent; a consistent production of tgood prints is no accident. --Fredrick L. Thompson BICKER AT PRINCETON: Those Who Are Out-A Step Down INTERPRETING THE NEWS: Chiang's Succession By J. M. ROBERTS Associated Press News Analyst )RESIDENT EISENHOWER, referring to the possibilities of Formosa as a show window >r the advantages of economic development nder free institutions, raised a delicate point f particular moment to free Chinese. The Chiang Kai-Shek regime at the height f its power over all China was always accused i some quarters of paying only lip service to emocracy.. Under pressure of almost constant ar, Chiang did act like a dictator. And demo- atic institutions were frequently undermined y administrative corruption and the ascend- icy of special interests. bTT' TNT 194R duringr the Chinesn civil war_ elected which in turn elected Chiang as Presi- dent of China. The setup became effective in December, 1947, not long before the Communist victory and the Nationalist flight to Formosa. Under great pressure in a situation where a national election was impossible and where procedures had to be carefully tuned to the Nationalist claim as the only true government of all China, an effort has been made by Na- tionalist China to live up to this constitution. But Chiang holds great emergency powers, governs largely by decree, and many civil liberties are suspended. This has happened in some of the other emerging countries, too. NOW A DELICATE situation has arisen in Free China. (EDITOR'S NOTE: This is the sec- ond and final article in a series deal- ing with the "nicker" system at Princeton for selection to eating clubs. Originally printed in the Htarvard Crimsoneunder the title, "The Search at Princeton for the Cocktail Soul", this section deals with the men who fail to receive bids. By JOHN F. McNESS THOSE WHO do not join the top: clubs must accept bids to lesser clubs, and others still must go through the agonizing process of rushing from house to house, hop- ing to be accepted from the sec- ond list after all their more de- sirable classmates have signed the books. When at last these too are in they drink still more freely and shout more loudly-trying to for- get, though they are in, how it was they got there. Finally there are the Others-- those who are "in trouble," as the euphemism goes, who must some- how be fitted in somewhere by somebody so the clubs can again point with pride to the precious statistic of 100%-"100% of those wishing to join a club did so"-the .n- amrbyr.,hinh mira +tha enfnam predicament (but actual tears will be shed before many hours have passed)-"I'd feel pretty bad if I didn't see so many of my friends here." Kind, soft-spoken Ivy men take them aside and counsel them. Join Prospect, they gently urge (each adjusting his identical green and yellow striped tie). Join the poverty-stricken co- operative where you'll take turns waiting on your own tables and mopping the floor and be looked down upon for three years by the members of the real clubs. Join the wonk club, the club for left- overs, and (ever so gently) hurry up about it, so we can show 100 per cent and go back to the party. Resistance is firm, but in many cases gives way. Something in you resists being classified a wonk, but something 'deeper cries out against exile. On the back porch of Ivy, the stigmata, the brand, the taint, are clearly seen: the error of wearing white bucks for so solemn an evening, the misdemeanor of a soft, stammering voice, the felony of nne ton lod ada end fre.the ifroit run out of liquor and every door on Prospect Street spews forth a jubilant stream of staggering sophomores, juniors, and seniors. Leaning on each other, singing, shouting, a few pausing at the gutter to retch quietly for a mo- ment, then loudly rejoining the buoyant inebriated throng, they totter off toward the campus or a cafe where they can calm down with a cup of coffee. The unbroken tension of weeks -of a year and a hallf for some, has ended. Bicker is over at last, for them. * * * BUT ON IVY'S back porch, for 42 remaining sophomores, the sus- pense has reached its most pitiless climax. Since almost everyone who was inside has gone home now and the porch has long been grow- ing chilly, the one-hundred per- centers are permitted to move into the Ivy dining room. They can see the silver candel- abras now and the rows of empty bottles. Prospect had electric lights and beer toniglt. Somehow the number dwindles AT 2:10 in the morning, the meeting in the library at last, breaks up. and the decision de- scends. The sophomores in Ivy's dining room are hushed as they hear the verdict: ". . . The ICC will take no responsibility for those. who have refused to take bids to Prospect. They consider any rea- sons for refusing as invali ." And so tie sophistry ... is made complete. Prospect held an open Bicker. Therefore, in effect, every sophomore wanting to join a club could have gone to Prospect. Therefore one hundred per cent, A FEW HOURS pass and despite going late to bed and the throb of stubborn hangovers, hundreds of undergraduates drag themselves to chapel Sunday morning, signing little white cards at the door in order to get credit for having been there. "The university is vitally con- cerned with all aspects of Bicker" -William D'O. Lippincott, Dean of Citndentq. Prineeton TTniversity DAILY OFFICIAL BULLETIN The Daily Official Bulletin is an official publication of The Univer- sity of Michigan for which The Michigan Daily assumes no edi-r torial responsibility.Notices should be sent in TYPEWRITTEN form to Room 3519 Administration Build- ing, before 2,p.m. the day preceding publication. Notices for Sunday Daily due at 2:00 p.m. Friday. SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 21,1960 VOL. LXX, NO. 104 General Notices General Undergraduate Scholarships: Undergraduate students may obtain an application for these scholarships by reporting to the ~Scholarship Office, 2011 Student Activities Bldg. Finan- cial need and an overall academic av- erage of approximately B are basic re- quirements for applicants. Applica- tions must be returned by March 1. Sociology 1 Makeup Final Exam will be given on Wed., Feb. 24 from 2 to 5 p.m. Report to Mr. Lenski, Rm. 5634 Haven Hall at 2 p.m. German Make-up Examinations will be held Mon., Feb. 22, 3 to 5 pm..in Rm. 3008 'Frieze Bldg. Please register in the German Dept. office by Mon. noon.